微观经济学英文版PPT课件

.,1,microeconomics,.,2,ChapterOne,Preliminaries（引论）,.,3,Introduction,Whatismicroeconomics?Whatistheoriginanddevelopmentofmicroeconomics?Howtohandlemicroeconomics?,.,4,QuarteroneWhatismicroeconomics,MicroeconomicsandMarxistEconomicsDefinitionandtheoryofMicroeconomicsMaincontentofMicroeconomicsTheproblemsettledbyMicroeconomics,.,5,1.MicroeconomicsandMarxistEconomics,Marxisteconomicsisthestudyofthemotionlawofscientificproductionrelations（生产关系运动规律）,itcriticallyabsorbsclassicalplutonomy（政治经济学）scientificcomposition,createssurplusvalue（剩余价值）,revealsthesecretthatthecapitalistsexploittheworkers.Westerneconomicsisthewesternscholarssummaryaboutmarketeconomicoperationrules,andproposestheeconomicpolicy.,.,6,2.DefinitionandtheoryofMicroeconomics,ThestartingpointofeconomicssearchingThedefinitionofMicroeconomicsPeoplehowtomakedecisionWhyneedtobargainWhyneedtobuildmarketeconomics,.,7,2.1thestartingpointofeconomics,Resourcescarcitydecision,Freeaccessobjects,Economicobjects,scarcity（紧缺）,Limitedresourcedifferentuses,Unlimiteddesirepriorities,decision,what,how,who,.,8,Fundamentalmodel,_meansthattheresourcehavebeenusedfullyontheexistingtechnicallevel.,_meanstheresourcehaventbeenusedfullyorresourceidle.,.,9,Productionpossibilitiescurve,PPCisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.ThepointonthePPCmeansthattheresourcehavebeenusedfullyontheexistingtechnicallevel.ThepointinsidethePPCmeanstheresourcehaventbeenusedfullyorwecallitresourceidle.TheadvanceoftechnologyandlargerquantityofresourcecanmakePPCmoverightward.,.,10,Opportunitycost,Theopportunitycostthatproduceoneproductwithcertainresourceisthequantityofanotherwegiveup.Or,theopportunitycostthatuseacertainresourceisthehighestpriceofabandoningotherusesofthisresource,.,11,2.2thedefinitionofmicroeconomics,Economicsisastudy,learningselectionofscarceresourceswithdifferentuses;Thegoaliseffectiveallocationofscarceresourcestoproducegoodsandservices,andinthepresentorfuture,letthemreasonableallocatedtosocialmembersorgroupforconsumption.,.,12,2.3peoplehowtomakedecision,Thereisnomysterytowhatan“economy”is.WhetherwearetalkingabouttheeconomyofLosAngeles,oftheUnitedStates,orofthewholeworld,aneconomyisjustagroupofpeopleinteractingwithoneanotherastheygoabouttheirlives.Becausethebehaviorofaneconomyreflectsthebehavioroftheindividualswhomakeuptheeconomy,westartourstudyofeconomicswithfourprinciplesofindividualdecisionmaking.,.,13,2.3peoplehowtomakedecision,PRINCIPLE#1:PEOPLEFACETRADEOFFS（权衡）,Thefirstlessonaboutmakingdecisionsissummarizedintheadage:“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch.”Togetonethingthatwelike,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthingthatwelike.Makingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.e.g.parentsaredecidinghowtospendtheirfamilyincome.Theycanbuyfood,clothing,orafamilyvacation.Ortheycansavesomeofthefamilyincomeforretirementorthechildrenscollegeeducation.Whentheychoosetospendanextradollarononeofthesegoods,theyhaveonelessdollartospendonsomeothergood.,.,14,2.3peoplehowtomakedecision,PRINCIPLE#2:THECOSTOFSOMETHINGISWHATYOUGIVEUPTOGETITBecausepeoplefacetradeoffs,makingdecisionsrequirescomparingthecostsandbenefitsofalternativecoursesofaction.Inmanycases,however,thecostofsomeactionisnotasobviousasitmightfirstappear.e.g.Whenmakinganydecision,suchaswhethertoattendcollege,decisionmakersshouldbeawareoftheopportunitycoststhataccompanyeachpossibleaction.Infact,theyusuallyare.College-ageathleteswhocanearnmillionsiftheydropoutofschoolandplayprofessionalsportsarewellawarethattheiropportunitycostofcollegeisveryhigh.Itisnotsurprisingthattheyoftendecidethatthebenefitisnotworththecost.,.,15,2.3peoplehowtomakedecision,PRINCIPLE#3:RATIONALPEOPLETHINKATTHEMARGIN（边际）Decisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray.Inmanysituations,peoplemakethebestdecisionsbythinkingatthemargin.e.g.Asanotherexample,consideranairlinedecidinghowmuchtochargepassengerswhoflystandby.Supposethatflyinga200-seatplaneacrossthecountrycoststheairline$100,000.Inthiscase,theaveragecostofeachseatis$500.Onemightbetemptedtoconcludethattheairlineshouldneversellaticketforlessthan$500.Infact,however,theairlinecanraiseitsprofitsbythinkingatthemargin.,.,16,2.3peoplehowtomakedecision,Imaginethataplaneisabouttotakeoffwithtenemptyseats,andastandbypassengeriswaitingatthegatewillingtopay$300foraseat.Shouldtheairlinesellittohim?Ofcourseitshould.Iftheplanehasemptyseats,thecostofaddingonemorepassengerisminuscule（极小的）.Althoughtheaveragecostofflyingapassengeris$500,themarginalcostismerelythecostofthebagofpeanutsandcanofsoda（微不足道的）thattheextrapassengerwillconsume.Aslongasthestandbypassengerpaysmorethanthemarginalcost,sellinghimaticketisprofitable.,.,17,2.3peoplehowtomakedecision,PRINCIPLE#4:PEOPLERESPONDTOINCENTIVES（激励）Becausepeoplemakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefits,theirbehaviormaychangewhenthecostsorbenefitschange.Thatis,peoplerespondtoincentives.e.g.Whenthepriceofanapplerises,forinstance,peopledecidetoeatmorepearsandfewerapples,becausethecostofbuyinganappleishigher.A