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附录一 外文原稿A Kind of Potential Practical Sensors of Metamaterial inElectromagnetic Flaw Nondestructive TestingAbstract：We present a new kind of method of electromagnetic flaw nondestructive testing with coating of metamaterials and simulation near electromagnetic field property for test crack. The simulation of improving a Nondestructive testing (NDT) probe electromagnetic radiant property by Metamatrials (MMs) covering a tiny current element is investigated and analyzed using Ansoft HFSS based on finite element method (FEM), which permittivity and permeability are negative. Electromagnetic model: Ideal MMs ball shell with inner radius of 1 mm and outer radius variation, and the shells relative permittivity and relative permeability are all 3.0, dielectric loss tangent and magnetic loss tangent are all 0.1; and exciting current element length is with 0.3 mm, diameter 0.2 mm, value 1 mA at frequency 10 GHz; and simulation is with radiation boundary conditions. The simulating near electromagnetic field variety with ratio of inner radius and out radius, and so near or local field of MMs sensor on a surface crack, as well as comparing near field value of sensor with coating common material are finished. Results can be seen that MMs film sensor near electromagnetic field and radiation properties are obviously better than other two kinds of structures without coating medium and coating with common medium, and Metamaterial may be opened out some new kinds of sensors in electromagnetic flaw nondestructive testing for potential practical applications in future.Keywords: Metamaterial, Nondestructive, Flaw, Ansoft HFSS Software, Sensor1. Introduction In 1967, Veselago theoretically considered a homogeneous isotropic electromagnetic material in which both permittivity and permeability were assumed to have negative real values. Since the E, H fields and the wave vector k of a propagating plane EM wave form a left-handed system in these materials, Veselago referred to them as “left-handed” media, or metamaterial media 1-3. In such a medium, he concluded, the direction of the Poynting vector of a monochromatic plane wave is opposite to that of its phase velocity. It suggests that this isotropic medium supports backward-wave propagation and its refractive index can be regarded negative. Since these materials were not available until recently, the interesting concept of negative refraction, and its various electromagnetic and optical consequences, suggested by Veselago, had received little attention. This was until Smith et al. 4, inspired by the work of Pendry et al.3,5 constructed a composite “medium” in the microwave regime by arranging periodic arrays of small metallic wires and split-ring resonators 4,6-9 and demonstrated the anomalous refraction at the boundary of this medium, which is the result of negative refraction in this artificial medium 8. Metamaterials are broadly defined as artificial effectively homogeneous electromagnetic structures with unusual properties not readily available in nature. This opened the field of composite materials or metamaterials for microwaves and optical applications. Since the idea proposed by Victor Veselago in 1968, the availability of such a material is taken up nowadays and extended 10-21. In this paper, we present a new kind of sensor of electromagnetic flaw nondestructive testing with coating of metamaterial and then apply it to simulate near electromagnetic field property for test crack. Our aim is to find out some application of metamaterial covering in sensor through better field design, and this method can greatly improve the near electromagneticfield and radiation properties of the transducer.2. Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) Double split ring resonator (SRR) is a common kind of metamaterial cell, and conductive structure in which the capacitance between the two rings balances its inductance, Figure 1. A time-varying magnetic field applied perpendicular to the rings surface induces currents which in dependence on the resonant properties of the structure, produce a magnetic field that may either oppose or enhance the incident field, thus resulting in positive or negative effective . For a circular double split ring resonator in vacuum and with a negligible thickness, the following approximate expression is valid 22: where, a is the unit cell length, and is electrical conductance. It becomes negative for 0m pm, where 0m is the resonant frequency (for which eff ); pm is the magnetic plasma frequency (for which eff 0). Usually, there is a narrow frequency range where the eff 0. Thin metallic wires were described as one of the earliest structures with negative permittivity , and the media with the embedded thin metallic wires can be as artificialdielectrics for microwave applications, Figure 2. The structure with 0 described by Pendry consists of a square matrix of infinitely long parallel thin metal wires embedded in dielectric medium. In the situation, the medium is air or vacuum, and the radius of a single wire is very thinner than the distance between two wires, that is r a , the effective dielectric permittivity can be written as follow 23:where, p is the plasma frequency for the longitudinal plasma mode. Clearly, it becomes negative for p.3. Metamaterial Sensor Simulation Simulation of improving the Nondestructive testing (NDT) transducer electromagnetic radiant property by Metamatrials (MMs) covering a tiny current element is investigated and analyzed using Ansoft HFSS based on finite element method (FEM), which permittivity and relative permeability are negative.3.1. Electromagnetic Model and Assigning MaterialsThe ideal MMs ball shell film is with inner radius of 1 mm and outer radius variation, and the shells relative permittivity and relative permeability are all 3.0, dieloss tangent and magnetic loss tangent are all 0.1.3.2. Selecting the Solution Type Choose the Driven Modal solution type when we want HFSS to calculate the modal-based S-parameters of passive, high-frequency structures such as micro strips, waveguides, sensors, and transmission lines. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.3.3. Assigning Boundaries Assigning Boundaries and Assigning Excitations For Driven Modal, a radiation boundary is used to simulate an open problem that allows waves to radiate infinitely far into space, such as antenna designs. HFSS absorbs the wave at the radiation boundary, essentially ballooning the boundary infinitely far away from the structure. A radiation surface does not have to be spherecal, but it must be exposed to the background, convex with regard to the radiation source, and located at least a quarter wavelengths from the radiating source. In some cases the radiation boundary may be located closer than one-quarter wavelength, such as portions of the radiation boundary where little radiated energy is expected. Here, simulation is with radiation boFigure 3. Excitations in HFSS are used to specify the sources of electromagnetic fields and charges, currents, or voltages on objects or surfaces in the design. We may assign the current source of excitations to a Driven Modal solution type HFSS design, and exciting current element length is with 0.3 mm, diameter 0.2 mm, value 1 mA at frequency of 10 GHz.4. Running Simulations and Conclusions After specify how HFSS is to compute the solution, we begin the solution process. Adaptive solution, maximum number of 15, and maximum delta energy 0.08 are selected for solution setup, we get some results as following: For three kinds of states of a sensor with coating MMs, those are coating common medium and without coating, simulating near electromagnetic field variety with ratio of inner radius and out radius, see Figure 4. Near field is that one its distance less than 20 mm from exciting source point. Suppose test an aluminum work piece with surface crack by the MMs sensor with r1/r2 =0.5, crack length 6 mm, width 1 mm, and depth 0.1 mm, the near field around crack flaw see Figure 5; and comparing to near field value of probe with coating common material see Figure 6. Results can be seen from Figure 4 that for MMs film sensor, near electromagnetic field property is obviously better than other two kinds of structures without coating medium and coating with common medium, and near field value is variety of ratio inner radius and out radius. When r1/r2 = 0.5 and no load, near and local field of MMs sensor can reach to 10 dB, but only 21 dB for sensor with coating common medium, and 22 dB for sensor without coating any medium. We get from Figure 6 that near field of a MMs sensor is higher about 30 dB than one of transducer coating common medium when r1/r2 = 0.5 and with load. Similarly, radiation power of MMs sensor can reach to53 dB, but only 74 dB for sensor with coating com- mon medium, and 75 dB for sensor without coating any medium. MMs sensor is higher about 20 dB than one of transducer coating common medium. Near field and ra- diation power are both important properties of a sensor. From above results, we know that MMs film sensor is excellent for near electromagnetic field and radiation properties. So some metamaterial nondestructive electromagnetic sensors including sound wave transducer may be opened out for potential practical applications in future. 5. References1 V. G. Veselago, “The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of and ,” Soviet Phys2 V. G. Veselago, “The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of and ,” Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Vol. 92, 1967, pp. 517-526.3 J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, et al., “Low-Frequency Plasmons in Thin Wire Structures,” Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, Vol. 10, No. 22, 1998, pp. 4785-4809. 4 D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, et al., “Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 84, No. 18, May 2000, pp. 4184-4187. 5 J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, et al., “Magnetism from Conductors and Enhanced Nonlinear Phenomena,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 47, No. 11, 1999, pp. 2075-2081.6 D. R. Smith and N. Kroll, “Negative Refractive Index in Left-Handed Materials,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, No. 14, 2000, pp. 2933-2936.7 R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, et al., “Microwave Transmission through a Two-Dimensional, Isotropic, Left-Handed Metamaterial,” Applied PhysicsLetters, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2001, pp. 489-491. 8 A. Shelby, D. R. Smith and S. Schultz, “Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction,” Science, Vol. 292, No. 5514, 2001, pp. 77-79. 9 N. Engheta and R. W. Ziolkowski, “A Positive Future for Double-Negative Metamaterials,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2005, pp. 1535-1556. 10 S. Enoch, G. Tayeb, P. Sabouroux, N. Guerin, et al., “A Metamaterial for Directive Emission,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, No. 21, 2002, Article ID: 213902. 11 B. Li, B. Wu and C.-H. Liang, “Study on Hign Gain Circular Waveguide Array Antenna with Metamaterial Structure,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 60, 2006, pp. 207-219.12 A.-K. Hamid, “Axially Slotted Antenna on a Circular or Elliptic Cylinder Coated with Metamaterials,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 51, 2005, pp. 329-ics Uspekhi, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1968, pp. 509-514. 341. 13 J. B Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, et al., “Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Microstructures,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 76, No. 25, 1996, pp. 4773-4776. 14 C. G. Parazzoli, R. B. Greegor, J. A. Nielsen, et al., “Performance of a Negative Index of Refraction Lens,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 84, No. 17, 2004, pp. 3232-3234.15 J. B. Pendry and D. R. Smith, “Reversing Light with Negative Refraction,” Physics Today, Vol. 57, No. 6, 2004, pp. 37-43. 16 Z. X. Xu and W. G. Lin, “Controllable Absorbing Structure of Metamaterial at Microwave,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 69, 2007, pp. 117-125.附录二 外文原稿翻译电磁探伤无损检测方面的一种可能的实际传感器超材料摘要：我们提出了一种新的电磁无损检测方法，通过超材料涂层和仿真靠近电磁场属性来检测裂纹。覆盖细小的电流元素的超材料（MMS）来提高无损检测（NDT）探头的电磁辐射属性的仿真，使用基于有限元法（FEM）中的Ansoft HFSS调查和分析，它的负介电常数和磁导率是负的。电磁模型：理想的MMs球壳内径是1毫米，外径是变化的，和壳的相对介电常数和相对磁导率都是-3.0，介电损耗角正切值和磁损耗角正切值都是0.1，并且与涂层为普通材料做的球传感器的近领域的值相比较，当频率为10 GHz时，该模型的励磁电流元长度是0.3毫米，其直径为0.2毫米，值为1毫安。电磁场附近的各种内半径和外半径的比率的仿真，和MMs传感器表面上的裂纹如此接近或本区域，相对于带涂层的普通材料的传感器附近区域的值是完成的。结果很明显：MMs薄膜传感器近电磁场和辐射特性明显优于无涂层的介质和涂层与普通介质这两种结构传感器，在将来，超材料将打开一些新的各种传感器在电磁缺陷无损检测方面的潜在的实际应用。关键词：超材料，无损探伤，缺陷，Ansoft HFSS软件，传感器1 介绍在1967年，韦谢拉戈理论上认为一个均匀各向同性电磁材料的介电常数和磁导率被假定为具有负实值。自从在这些材料中E，H场和波矢k传播的平面电磁波形成一个左手系统以来，韦谢拉戈称他们为“左撇子”的介质或超材料介质1-3。他的结论是，在这样的介质中，一个单色平面波的坡印廷矢量的方向与它的相位速度是相反的。它表明，这个各向同性介质支持的向后波的传播，它的折射率可视为负。由于这些材料是不可用的，直到最近，这个有趣的概念负折射，和它的各种电磁和光学结论才得到关注，韦谢拉戈说到。这是直到Smith等人4，受到彭德里等人工作的启发3,5，在微波体系中通过整理小金属导线和开口环谐振器4,6-9周向阵列构建了一个复合的“介质”，并陈述了此介质的边界处的异常折射，这是在该人工介质的负折射的结果8。超材料被广泛定义为人工有效均匀的电磁结构，在自然界其不同寻常的特性是无法找到的。这打开了复合材料或微波和光学应用的超材料领域。自从韦谢拉戈1968年提出的想法以来，这种材料的可用性从现在开始并扩大10-21。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的带涂层的超材料电磁探伤无损检测传感器，然后将它应用到靠近电磁场附近的裂纹检测。我们的目的是通过更好的现场设计找出传感器方面的一些超材料覆盖的应用，这种方法可以大大提高传感器近磁场和辐射特性。2 开口谐振环（谐振环） 双开口谐振环（SRR）是一种常见的超材料电池，如图1所示，导电结构，其中两环之间的电容平衡其电感，。一种随时间变化的磁场垂直于环表面诱导电流，该电流依赖于结构的共振特性，产生既可以减少也可以增强入射场的磁场，从而导致在正或负的有效值。对于一个在真空中和厚度可以忽略不计的圆形双开口环谐振器，下面的近似式是适用的22： 其中，a是单位导体的长度，是电导。它变成负有0mpm，其中0m谐振频率（当eff）;pm的是磁场的等离子体频率（当eff0）。一般，有一个eff0窄的频率范围。薄金属线是具有负的介电常数的最早的结构之一，并与嵌入的细金属线的介质可以作为人工电介质微波应用，如图2所示。彭德里所描述0的结构由嵌入在电介质中的无限长的平行细金属线的正方形矩阵构成。在这种情况下，介质是空气或真空，单线的半径比两条导线之间的距离更薄，即为有效介电常数r a，可写为如下式23：其中，p是等离子体模式的等离子体频率。显然，它P时，变成负数。3 超材料传感器仿真 由覆盖细小的电流元素的超材料（MMS）来提高无损检测（NDT）探头的电磁辐射属性的仿真，并使用基于有限元法（FEM）中的Ansoft HFSS调查和分析，知道它的负介电常数和磁导率都是负的。3.1 电磁模型和材料分配 理想的MMS球壳是内径为1毫米，而外半径是变化的，和壳的相对介电常数和相对磁导率都是-3.0，介电损耗角正切值和磁损耗角正切值都是0.1。3.2 解决方案类型的选择 当我们想用HFSS来计算被动的S-参数，高频率的结构基础模式，如微条，波导，传感器和传输线时，选择驱动模式解决方案类型。S-矩阵解决方案将表示关于事件和反映波导模式的功率。3.3 指定边界和激励分配 对于驱动模式，辐射边界是用来模拟一个开放的问题，它允许无限远波辐射进入太空，如天线的设计。HFSS在辐射边界吸收波，实质上使边界膨胀远离结构。一个辐射表面不必是球形的，但必须暴露其背景，关于放射源是凸面的，并且到辐射源的距离至少为四分之一波长。在某些情况下，辐射边界可以位于接近四分之一波长处，例如辐射边界的部分，此处预期的辐射能量是最少的。在这里，用辐射边界条件来仿真。见图3。 用于指定在HFSS的激发电磁场和费用，电流，或在设计中的物体或表面上的电压。我们可能分配的激励电流源的驱动模态溶液型HFSS设计，励磁电流元素的长度是0.3毫米，直径0.2毫米，在10 GHz的频率时值1mA。4 运行仿真和结论 指定HFSS如何计算的解决方案后，我们开始进行解决过程。解决设置选择自适应的解决方案，最大号码为15，最大的增量能源为0.08，我们得到如下一些结果：涂层为MMs的3种状态的传感器，他们都是普通涂层介质和无涂层，近电磁场各种内径和外径
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