高考复习：非谓语动词

谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别高考题点击：Suddenly,atallmandrivingagoldencarriage_thegirlandtookheraway,_intothewoods.A.seizing,disappearedB.seized,disappearedC.seizing,disappearingD.seized,disappearing,D,非谓语动词,谓语动词,谓语动词指在句子中充当谓语的动词，有行为动词，系动词，情态动词和助动词等几种，其中行为动词又包括及物动词和不及物动词。而谓语成分是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”.谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由动词构成，依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。,在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有:动词不定式（theInfinitive）:todo动名词（theGerund）:doing现在分词（thePresentParticiple）:doing过去分词（thePastParticiple）:done,一、形式,二、功能,todo,tobedoing,tohavedone,tobedone,tohavebeendone,doing,havingdone,beingdone,havingbeendone,done,三判断过程：根据非谓语动词的位置判断其充当的成分根据成分进行功能比较根据逻辑主语判断非谓语动词的主被动关系根据与所在句子的谓语动词的比较发生的先后决定非谓语动词的时态,四成分判定：Hereyoucanseeanoldchurchbuiltin1819.2.Hisexcusesoundstobequiteconvincing.3.Ittook(us)fivehourstogethere.4.Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.5.Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.6.Canyoutellmehowtogettothestation?7.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.,8.-WhathasmadeTinaexcitedrecently?-_(admit)intoakeyuniversity.,定语表语主语宾补状语宾语表语主语,Beingadmitted,Hereyoucanseeanoldchurchbuiltin1819.2.Hisexcusesoundstobequiteconvincing.3.Ittook(us)fivehourstogethere.4.Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.5.Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.6.Canyoutellmehowtogettothestation?7.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.,（一）不定式、动名词做主语的区别：,1、动名词充当的主语一般表示抽象的、一般的、经常性的行为。,不定式表将来的特定、具体的一次性的行为。,2、在某些并行结构中，动名词和不定式是特定的对称结构，一般不能随意替换：,eg.Seeingisbelieving.,Tolearnistouse.,2)在某些It做形式主语的固定句式中,eg.Itisnogood/usedrinkingsomuch.,Itisnoteasy（forTom）tofindajob.,注意：Thereisnoneedtodosth.,（二）不定式、动名词作宾语的区别：,1、动名词表一般、经常性的行为，不定式表特定的、具体行为。,eg.Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimtoday.,1)advise,consider,enjoy,escape,excuse,delay,deny,dislike,finish,keep,include,miss,mind,practise,stand,suggest,risk,imagine,admit,canthelp+doing,2)agree,dare,decide,hope,determine,elect,choose,expect,fail,long,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,wish+todo,有些及物动词可接动名词和不定式，但意义不同。,rememberforgetregret,stopgoon,trymean,needwantrequire,（三）非谓语动词作表语的区别：1.不定式作表语表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式2.动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业”等。3.分词作表语起到形容词的作用,eg.Ourplanistofinishtheworkatonce.,Herjobwaslookingafterthepigs.,Hisreportisinteresting.,Thecupsarebroken.,不定式作定语表示将来，要后置；现在分词作定语表动作正发生，动名词作定语表其性能，用途；过去分词作定语表动作发生过；,eg.ameetingtobeheldtomorrow,ameetingbeingheldnow,ameetingheldyesterday,asleepingcar,asleepingboy,aroomtolivein,abrokencup,（四）非谓语动词作定语的区别：,动词不定式作补语表示经常习惯性的动作，或动作全过程现在分词作补语表示动作正在发生过去分词作补语表示被动,发生过,eg.seeTomdanceintheroomeverydayseeTomdancingintheroomnowseeTombeatenbyhisfather,（五）分词、不定式作补语的区别：,Pauldoesnthavetobemade_.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning,使役动词makesb.dosth.但改为被动语态后，则应为：bemadetodo。注意使役动词和感官动词后的补足语中不带to的动词不定式在被动语态中要加to。,B,（六）不定式和分词作状语的区别：,1.不定式作状语通常表示目的、结果（onlyto）、及形容词后作原因状语。,2.分词作状语表示时间、条件、原因、或伴随方式。,eg.Togetthereontime，Igotupveryearly.,GuidedbytheParty,hefoundtherightway.,Beingverysmall,computersarewidelyused.,Youarebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatmeeting.,解题步骤：根据非谓语动词的位置判断其充当的成分根据成分进行功能比较根据逻辑主语判断非谓语动词的主被动关系根据与所在句子的谓语动词的比较发生的先后决定非谓语动词的时态,六根据非谓语动词的逻辑主语判断主被动关系,_(cheat)byothersmadehimangry._(see)fromthetower,wecanfindabeautifulgarden._(see)fromthetower,thegardenlooksverybeautiful.Accordingtothesurvey_(conduct)recently,oursocietyisfacedwiththecrisisofhonesty.Itisnoteasyforusto_(finish)thetaskinamonth.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_(carry)outthenextyear.,Beingcheated,others,we,thegarden,survey,us,plan,Seeing,Seen,conducted,carried,finish,非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，非谓语动词用主动形式，是动宾关系，用被动形式,七非谓语动词时态的判定：,非谓语动词与谓语动词同时或之后发生，用一般式非谓语动词发生在谓语动词之前用完成式动词不定式正在发生用进行式,先语态，后时态,1.Withalotofworktodealwith,thenewpresidentwasquitebusy.2.Withtheboyleadingtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindinghishouse.3.Withherhairelectrified,shelooksolderthanherage.4.Withthelightsoff,Jackfellasleep.5.Withthelightsclosed,Jackfellasleep.,with+n./pron.+doing/done/todosth./adj./adv./介词短语,独立主格结构名词/代词+分词/不定式/形容词副词/介词短语特征：1.独立结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，独立存在。2.名词/代词和后面的分词/不定式/形容词副词/介词短语之间是主谓关系。3.独立主格结构与主句之间有逗号隔开。Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.Whetherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.=Ifthewhetherpermits,wearegoingto.,解题步骤总结：先特殊（对称，分词作介词连词），后一般根据非谓语所在位置判断成分。根据成分决定非谓语类型先语态，后时态,2.Mr.Reedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto_someschoolsforpoorchildren.A.setupB.settingupC.havesetupD.havingsetup3.-Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?-Thekey_theproblemistomeetthedemand_bythecustomers.A.tosolvingmakingB.tosolvingmadeC.tosolvemakingD.tosolvemade,B,B,要特别注意to的词性，分析其为介词还是不定式。admitto，beaccustomedto习惯于，beusedto，stickto，turnto着手，devoteoneselfto，bedevotedto，lookforwardto，payattentionto,getdownto认真考虑；着手处理等,高考题点击：Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_.(95N)A.nottoB.nottodoC.nottoitD.donotto,A,为了避免重复，常用省略形式to来代替前面的动作。如：Wouldyouliketovisitourschool?Yes,Idliketo.有些动词后面需要用带to的不定式作宾补，常见的还有：adviseallowcauseconsiderencourageforbidforceintendorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireurgewarnaskwishwant等特别注意：hope,agree,demand,suggest等没有宾补。,1.Ratherthan_onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_abicycle.A.riderideB.ridingrideC.ridetorideD.torideriding,注意prefer的几个常用句型：prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.preferdoingsth.todoingsth.prefer+n.to+n.,c,1._inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose2._thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven3.HesentmeanE-mail,_togetfurtherinformation.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope,loseoneselfinsth.表示“陷入”，主语he为lose的宾语。,given作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当于considering。,注意hoping为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的toget。,C,A,B,非谓语动词作定语时要注意以下区别：不定式作定语时要注意以下一些固定结构：在time,chance,right等名词后；在序数词后；在wish,need,demand,requirement等词后。B)表示被动意义的非谓语动词作定语时的用法：done表示已经完成的动作tobedone表示尚未开始的动作beingdone表示正在进行之中的动作,高考题点击：Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and_.A.hedliketocollectcoinsaswellB.hefeelslikecollectingcoins,tooC.tocollectcoinsisalsohishobbyD.collectingcoinsalsogiveshimgreatpleasure,在and连接的并列句中，两个主语要保持一致的形式。动名词fishing和collectingcoins分别作两个简单句的主语。这句话的意思为“钓鱼是他的爱好，集硬币也给他带来极大的乐趣。”,D,高考题点击：1.Iwouldlove_tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.havinggoneC.goingD.tohavegone2.Robertissaid_abroad,butIdontknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying,D,A,wouldlovetohavedone表示本想去做，但没做成。,本题的关键是“whatcountryhestudiedin”，由此可知事情发生在过去。,1.Withalotofdifficultproblems_,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(02上海春季)A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled,with+n./pron.+O.C.构成一个独立主格结构，在句中作状语。用settled表示已经解决了的问题；用beingsettled表示正在被解决的问题；用tobesettled表示将要被解决的问题。而此处的tosettle是用来作定语修饰前面的problems。,C,3.Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth.Sheappears_everything.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold4.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen,本题中母亲被告知真相显然发生在以前，所以你现在没有必要再隐瞒了。,re