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湖 南 科 技 大 学开题报告学 生 姓 名： 学 院： 机电工程学院 专业及班级： 学 号： 指导教师： 2015 年 3 月 18 日湖南科技大学2015届毕业设计（论文）开题报告题 目双柱机械式汽车举升机设计作者姓名学号所学专业机械设计制造及其自动化1、 研究的意义，同类研究工作国内外现状、存在问题（列出主要参考文献）研究意义：汽车举升机在汽保行业中占有重要的地位。汽车举升机作为汽保行业中最基本、最典型、最重要的维修设备之一，是根据维修工况，将需要维修的汽车安全可靠地从一个高度提升至另一合适高度的设备，以便于工人的维修工作，具有至关重要及难以替代的作用。国内现状：我国的举升机起步较晚，20世纪80年代初才根据外国的技术生产。举升机由于便于技师维修工作，逐渐替代了以前通用的“地沟”模式。随着我国汽车工业的繁荣，伴随着形成了一个庞大的汽车后市场，汽车举升机的市场迅速扩大。2000年，举升机产品形式和种类发展成多种多样，成为汽车维修行业取得二级维修资质必备的设备。随着汽车保有量的不断增多，私人购买成为购车的主流，售后市场得到蓬勃发展，汽车举升机成为一种必不可少且使用频率极高的汽车维修设备，举升机生产厂家相继出现，举升机产品系列成百上千，但国产举升机质量良莠不齐。如何提高举升机的性能与产品的市场竞争力是厂家最关心的问题之一。存在问题：1、双柱机械式举升机同步性及升降是否平稳 2、举升机的安全装置 3、举升机机械磨损较大2、 研究目标、内容和拟解决的关键问题（根据任务要求进一步具体化） 研究目标： 通过合理整和已有的设计，阅读大量文献，掌握机械设计的基本步骤和要求，以及传统的机械制图的步骤和规则；学会用AutoCAD,SolidWorks等三维软件进行基本的二维或三维建模和制图，同时提高分析问题及解决问题的能力。提出将各种设计方法互相结合,针对不同的设计内容分别应用不同的方法,以促进其设计过程方法优化、设计结果精益求精。 研究内容： （1）举升机构设计； （2）立柱结构设计； （3）重要连接件校核； （4）支撑机构设计； （5）安全装置设计； （6）整体结构布局； 拟解决的关键问题： 举升机同步设计 举升机的安全装置 举升机机械磨损较大3、 特色与创新之处 采用双电机方案，通过电路控制实现同步运动； 选择合适的材料制造螺母，延长使用寿命； 螺纹自锁和导轨钳制器用以锁紧安全装置4、 拟采取的研究方法、步骤、技术路线研究方法：观察法 观看制动器拆装视频文献研究法 查阅网络文章，阅读文献和论文模拟法 建立solidworks三维模型数学法 用数学经验公式对制动器的制动力进行分析步骤： 第一阶段，在1月到3月之间利用寒假时间进行知识储备，技术储备。通过查阅网络文章，阅读文献和论文，搜索一些图纸等途径对举升机的结构初步掌握，完成双柱机械式举升机初步方案构思。 第二阶段，在3月到4月之间进行详细设计，有举升机的同步运动设计，举升机的安全装置选择和设计，解决机械磨损较大的问题，以及举升机的整体结构设计，并利用SolidWorks建立三维模型仿真，画出重要零件图和装配图。写出设计说明书。 第三阶段，在5月份，画出重要零件图，绘制装配草图，绘制装配图，写出设计说明书，查漏补缺，完善毕业设计。 技术路线：首先了解本论题的研究状况，明确研究目的，确定研究方向；其次，进一步搜集阅读资料并研读文献，做好相关的记录，形成论题提纲，确定研究方案；再次，实施研究计划，现场测绘，完成相应计算，建立三维仿真模型，完成零件图装配图的绘制。最后，完成预期成果，编写设计说明书，反复修改，完成设计。5、 拟使用的主要设计、分析软件及仪器设备solidworks应用软件建模，CAD应用软件绘图6、参考文献1 机械设计手册编委会.机械设计手册单行本带传动和链传动M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.2.2 机械设计手册编委会.机械设计手册单行本带弹簧 摩擦轮及螺旋传动 轴M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.2.3 成大先.机械设计手册单行本轴承M.北京:化学工业出版社,2004.1.4 濮良贵，纪名刚.机械设计M.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5.5 曲健俊.含油MC尼龙的摩擦磨损特性及应用J.工程塑料应用,2000,28卷（11期）:22-24页.6 上官红喜.一种双柱汽车举升机的设计J.液压与气动,2013（13期）:106-109页.6 郭武，黄泽星，吴上生.汽车举升机的发展趋势分析J.应用研究,2011:75-79页.7 刘鸿文.材料力学IM.北京:高等教育出版社,2011.1.8 孙桓，陈作模，葛文杰.机械原理M.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5.8 高为国，钟利萍.机械工程材料M.长沙:中南大学出版社,2012.9.9 Neil Sclater, Nicholas P. Chironis.Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices SourcebookM.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.2.8 成大先.机械设计手册第五版第一卷M.北京:化学工业出版社,2007.11.9 成大先.机械设计手册第五版第二卷M.北京:化学工业出版社,2007.11.注：1、开题报告是本科生毕业设计（论文）的一个重要组成部分。学生应根据毕业设计（论文）任务书的要求和文献调研结果，在开始撰写论文之前写出开题报告。2、参考文献按下列格式（A为期刊，B为专著）A：序号、作者（外文姓前名后，名缩写，不加缩写点，3人以上作者只写前3人，后用“等”代替。）、题名、期刊名（外文可缩写，不加缩写点）年份、卷号（期号）：起止页码。B：序号、作者、书名、版次、（初版不写）、出版地、出版单位、出版时间、页码。3、表中各项可加附页。4湖 南 科 技 大 学英文文献翻译学 生 姓 名： 段 伟 学 院： 机电工程学院 专业及班级： 机械设计制造及其自动化 学 号： 1106060112 指导教师： 马克新 2015 年 3 月 5 日英文原文1 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively. However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated. This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development. A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control. 2 LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmissionthrough which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet. Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operators time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing. 中文译文1.数字控制先进制造技术中的一个基本的概念是数字控制（NC）。在数控技术出现之前，所有的机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。在与人工控制的机床有关的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的问题。采用人工控制是，产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来的第一步。数字控制意味着采用预先录制的、存储的符号指令来控制机床和其他制造系统。一个数控技师的工作不是去操纵机床，而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令的程序。对于一台数控机床，其上必须安有一个被称为阅读机的界面装置，用来接受和解译出编程指令。发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。数字控制的机器比人工操纵的机器精度更高、生产出零件的一致性更好、生产速度更快、而且长期的工艺装备成本更低。数控技术的发展导致了制造工艺中其他几项新发明的产生： 电火花加工技术、激光切割、电子束焊接 数字控制还使得机床比它们采用有人工操的前辈们的用途更为广泛。一台数控机床可以自动生产很多类的零件，每一个零件都可以有不同的和复杂的加工过程。数控可以使生产厂家承担那些对于采用人工控制的机床和工艺来说，在经济上是不划算的产品生产任务。同许多先进技术一样，数控诞生于麻省理工学院的实验室中。数控这个概念是50年代初在美国空军的资助下提出来的。在其最初的价段，数控机床可以经济和有效地进行直线切割。然而，曲线轨迹成为机床加工的一个问题，在编程时应该采用一系列的水平与竖直的台阶来生成曲线。构成台阶的每一个线段越短，曲线就越光滑。台阶中的每一个线段都必须经过计算。在这个问题促使下，于1959年诞生了自动编程工具（APT）语言。这是一个专门适用于数控的编程语言，使用类似于英语的语句来定义零件的几何形状，描述切削刀具的形状和规定必要的运动。APT语言的研究和发展是在数控技术进一步发展过程中的一大进步。最初的数控系统下今天应用的数控系统是有很大差别的。在那时的机床中，只有硬线逻辑电路。指令程序写在穿孔纸带上（它后来被塑料带所取代），采用带阅读机将写在纸带或磁带上的指令给机器翻译出来。所有这些共同构成了机床数字控制方面的巨大进步。然而，在数控发展的这个阶段中还存在着许多问题。一个主要问题是穿孔纸带的易损坏性。在机械加工过程中，载有编程指令信息的纸带断裂和被撕坏是常见的事情。在机床上每加工一个零件，都需要将载有编程指令的纸带放入阅读机中重新运行一次。因此，这个问题变得很严重。如果需要制造100个某种零件，则应该将纸带分别通过阅读机100次。易损坏的纸带显然不能承受严配的车间环境和这种重复使用。这就导致了一种专门的塑料磁带的研制。在纸带上通过采用一系列的小孔来载有编程指令，而在塑料带上通过采用一系列的磁点眯载有编程指令。塑料带的强度比纸带的强度要高很多，这就可以解决常见的撕坏和断裂问题。然而，它仍然存在着两个问题。其中最重要的一个问题是，对输入到带中指令进行修改是非常困难的，或者是根本不可能的。即使对指令程序进行最微小的调整，也必须中断加工，制作一条新带。而且带通过阅读机的次数还必须与需要加工的零件的个数相同。幸运的是，计算机技术的实际应用很快解决了数控技术中与穿孔纸带和塑料带有关的问题。在形成了直接数字控制（DNC）这个概念之后，可以不再采用纸带或塑料带作为编程指令的载体，这样就解决了与之有关的问题。在直接数字控制中，几台机床通过数据传输线路联接到一台主计算机上。操纵这些机床所需要的程序都存储在这台主计算机中。当需要时，通过数据传输线路提供给每台机床。直接数字控制是在穿孔纸带和塑料带基础上的一大进步。然而，它敢有着同其他信赖于主计算机技术一样的局限性。当主计算机出现故障时，由其控制的所有机床都将停止工作。这个问题促使了计算机数字控制技术的产生。微处理器的发展为可编程逻辑控制器和微型计算机的发展做好了准备。这两种技术为计算机数控（CNC）的发打下了基础。采用CNC技术后，每台机床上都有一个可编程逻辑控制器或者微机对其进行数字控制。这可以使得程序被输入和存储在每台机床内部。它还可以在机床以外编制程序，并将其下载到每台机床中。计算机数控解决了主计算机发生故障所带来的问题，但是它产生了另一个