2018年中考英语知识归纳复习专题 形容词与副词 外研版

形容词与副词 【形容词的用法】形容词是描述人或事物的性质、特征或状态的词类，主要用来修饰名词或部分代词。1.形容词的用法功能位置例句定语名词前或不定代词后作定语sheisabeautifulgirl.她是一个漂亮的女孩。ihavesomethingimportanttosay.我有重要的事情要说。表语系动词后作表语itsverycoldtoday.今天非常冷。宾语补足语keep,make,leave等动词的宾语后作宾语补足语youmustkeeptheclassroomclean.你必须保持教室干净。2. 名词变形容词名词构成方法意义例词表示天气的名词-y充满的多的cloud-cloudysun-sunny表示方位的名词-ern方位的朝方的west-westernsouth-southern表示称谓的名词-ly般的friend-friendly表示时间的名词-ly每的week-weeklyday-daily表示物质的名词-en/-y制成的般的wood-woodensand-sandy表示情感的名词-ful的有的care-carefulbeauty-beautiful-y的luck-luckyhealth-healthy-less不的无的home-homelesshope-hopeless表示大洲与国家的名词-n的人的america-americanrussia-russian要点提醒：如:a nice large square old brown wooden table一张又大又漂亮的古老的棕色方木桌2.ed与ing形容词（考点讲解详见p8考点3）3.在英语中有些形容词通常只用作表语，不可作（前置）定语。这类形容词主要有：表示健康状况的形容词,如ill，well;以a开头的表状态的形容词，如：afraid，asleep，awake等。4.在构词法中，以ly结尾的词并不都是副词，也有形容词。常见的有：friendly（友好的），lovely（可爱的），lively（生动的），daily（日常的）等。5. enough既可作形容词，也可作副词。【考点训练1】1.the bruce family had to give up camping on such a _ (rain) day.2.in _ (west) countries,people usually go to church on weekends.3.the little boy is so _ (care) that he often leaves his homework at home.4.mountain climbing is a _ (danger) sport.5.keep all the windows _ .its too hot in the room. （ ）a.opened b.open c.closed d.close6.robert is so _ that he even has no time to stay with his children at weekends. （ ）a.busy b.smartc.serious d.pleased答案：rainy western careless dangerous b a【副词的用法】副词是指在句中表示动作或状态特征的词，常用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子等，表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。1.副词的分类分类定义例词时间副词表示时间的副词now，then，today，tomorrow，ago，lately，soon，recently，rightnow，before等地点副词表示地点的副词here，there，home，in，out，inside，outside，down，up，upstairs，downstairs,above，back,over方式副词描绘动作发生方式的副词carefully，easily，fast，happily，loudly，quickly，slowly，suddenly程度副词描绘行为、动作或状态的程度的副词much，alittle，very，enough，quite，rather，too，nearly，so，really频度副词描绘一定时间内动作发生次数的副词usually，often，sometimes，never，always，hardly（ever），seldom疑问副词（词组）构成特殊疑问句where，when，why，how，howlong，howoften，howfar，howsoon,howold，howmuch连接副词连接句子however,therefore引导宾语从句how,when,where,why关系副词引导定语从句where，when，why句子副词对句子进行说明，用逗号与主句隔开fortunately,unfortunately，luckily，unluckily，firstofall2.副词的构成副词一般由形容词变化而来，常见变化规则如下：形容词构成方法例词一般情况-lyquick-quicklyslow-slowly以y结尾的双音节词变y为i再加-lyhappy-happilyheavy-heavily以y结尾的单音节词-lyshy-shylydry-dryly以e结尾开音节词-lywide-widelypolite-politely去e加-lytrue-truly元音字母+e结尾以le结尾去e加-ypossible-possibly特殊变化good-well注意：有些副词与形容词同形。如:fast，late，early，hard等。3. 副词的用法功能位置例句状语修饰形容词、副词，常位于被修饰词的前面billisverytall.比尔非常高。修饰动词，一般位于被修饰动词之后hejumpshigh.他跳得高。位于句首，修饰整个句子luckily,hewonthegame.幸运的是，他赢得了比赛。表语位于系动词之后classisover.下课。宾语补足语位于动宾结构后wefoundlihuaoutwhenwearrived.当我们到的时候，发现李华出去了。后置定语一般位于被修饰词之后lifehereisrichandinteresting.这儿的生活富裕且有趣。【考点训练2】1.lily dances as _ (good) as you.2.mobile phones are _ (wide) used in china.3.the children enjoy the life in the country and live _（happy） with their families.4. _ (lucky),the damage is not serious.5.we will have to set off _ to avoid the heavy traffic tomorrow morning. （ ）a.early b.quietly c.slowly d.politely6.we have to say goodbye,my dear friends! but i will _ forget the days we spent together. （ ）a.always b.often c.never d.usually答案：well widely happily luckily a c【形容词、副词的比较等级】形容词、副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分，通常as.as是原级的标志，than，much，a little等是比较级的标志，the，in，all，among，one of 等是最高级的标志。1.形容词、副词比较级、最高级的构成(1)规则变化构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-estslowfastslowerfasterslowestfastest以不发音的字母e结尾的词，在词尾加-r或-stlargefinelatelargerfinerlaterlargestfinestlatest以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母的词，先双写该辅音字母，再加-er或-estbigfathotthinbiggerfatterhotterthinnerbiggestfattesthottestthinnest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先把y改为i，再加-er或-esteasyhappyearlyeasierhappierearliereasiesthappiestearliest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostbeautifulcarefullymorebeautifulmorecarefullymostbeautifulmostcarefully(2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther（较远）further（进一步）farthest（最远）furthest（最大限度）oldolder（年纪较大的）elder（较年长的）oldest（年纪最大的）eldest（最年长的）2.形容词、副词原级的用法结构意义例句as+原级+as与一样sheisastallashermother.她和她的妈妈一样高。notas/so+原级+as不如theweatherhereisnotas/sohotasthatinwuhan.这儿的天气不如武汉热。4. 形容词、副词比较级的用法结构意义例句比较级+than两者比较，表示一方超过另一方，意为“比”chinaislargerthanitaly.中国比意大利大。less+原级+than（此结构不用于单音节词）两者比较，表示一方不及另一方，意为“不如”hethinksenglishislessimportantthanchinese.他认为英语不如汉语重要。比较级+and+比较级越来越ourcountryisbecomingstrongerandstronger.我们的国家正变得越来越强大。the+比较级，the+比较级越，越themore，thebetter.多多益善。the+比较级+ofthetwo+复数名词两者中较的一个johnistheclevererofthetwoboys.约翰是两个男孩中较聪明的那一个。which/who.+比较级,aorb?表示“两者比较，哪个(人)更”whorunsfaster,tomorjack?谁跑得更快，汤姆还是杰克？5. 形容词、副词最高级的用法结构意义例句the+最高级+范围表示三者或三者以上人或物的比较，意为“最”springisthebestseasonoftheyear.春天是一年中最好的季节。the+序数词+最高级+范围第几最mikeisthesecondtallestboyinhisclass.迈克是他们班上第二高的男孩。oneofthe+最高级+复数名词+范围最之一kobeisoneofthebestbasketballplayersinthenba.科比是nba最好的篮球运动员之一。which/who.+最高级，a，borc.?表示“在三者或三者以上的人或物中，哪个(人)更”whoisthetallest，tom，jackorjim?谁最高，汤姆，杰克还是吉姆？要点提醒：1.修饰比较级常用的词和短语主要有much,a little,even,still,a lot,far,a bit,any等。如：it is much colder than yesterday.今天比昨天冷得多。my apple is a little bigger than yours.我的苹果比你的大一点。注意：very,quite常用于修饰原级，不能修饰比较级。2.副词最高级前的the可以省去。在运用最高级的句子中，句末常用of/in/among等短语来说明比较的范围。如：kate is the youngest in her class.凯特是她班上最年轻的。jenny sings （the) most beautifully of the three.珍妮是三人之中唱得最动听的。3.倍数的表达方式（1）a+be+倍数+as+原级+as+b如：our school is three times as big as theirs.我们的学校是他们的三倍大。（2）a+be+倍数+比较级+than+b如：the box is twice bigger than that one.这个箱子比那个大一倍。（3） a+be+倍数+the size(length/amount.)+of+b如：the earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的体积是月球的49倍。4.用比较级时要避免与自身进行比较，若比较的对象属于同一范围，要用以下句型表示“比其他任何都”。 any other+单数名词 all the other+复数名词 anyone/anything elselin tao is taller than any other student in his class.林涛比他班上其他任何学生都高。lucy is taller than all the other girls in her class.露西比她班上所有其他的女孩都高。jack studies harder than anyone else in his class.杰克比班上其他的学生学习都刻苦。注意：以上句型实际上用比较级形式表达了最高级的含义。如：lin tao is taller than any other student in his class.(lin tao is the tallest student in his class.)林涛比他班上其他任何学生都高。(=林涛是他班上最高的学生。)【考点训练3】1.the tea trade helped to spread the tea plant to _（many） places around the world.2.john speaks english as _ as mike.they are both good at english. （ ）a.good b.wellc.better d.best3.we should go to school by bus instead of by car.yeah,_ cars we use,_ pollution there will be. （ ）a.fewer;less b.less;fewerc.the less;the fewer d.the fewer;the less4.soccer is one of _ sports in the world. （ ）a.more popular b.the more popularc.most popular d.the most popular5.qomolangma is _ than any other mountain.i hope to climb it one day. （ ）a.high b.higherc.highest d.the highest6.the box was _ than i had expected.i was out of breath when i got home. （ ）a.more heavier b.much heavierc.little heavier d.very heavier答案：more b d d b b【中考示例】(2017广西)she closed the door _ in order not to make her grandpa awake. ( )a.angrily b.loudlyc.clearly d.quietly【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：为了不吵醒爷爷，她轻轻地关上了门。a项意为“愤怒地；生气地”；b项意为“大声地”；c项意为“清楚地”；d项意为“轻声地”。由语境可知d项符合题意。【考题热身】1.(2017云南)its noisy outside.i cant hear you _（clear).2.(2017云南)all the people in the world wish to enjoy a beautiful and _（peace) life.3.(2017甘肃)he was driving as _（fast) as possible.4.(2017长春)in the school hallways,the students are supposed to speak and act _（quiet).5.(2017鄂州)tom has invented a treeplanting machine.i think no one is _（create) than him.hes a boy full of strange ideas.6.(2017云南)there are _ sharing bikes in many cities.so there will be _ pollution. （ ）a.less and less;more and moreb.less and less;fewer and fewerc.more and more;less and lessd.fewer and fewer;less and less7.(2017安徽)my deskmate is really _ .she likes to attend different activities after school. （ ）a.active b.quiet c.lazy d.honest8.(2017苏州)millie,now go to have a nice bath and an early night,so that you will be _ for the journey tomorrow. （ ）a.safe b.patient c.fresh d.natural9.(2017呼和浩特)the pizza looks _.it is my favourite. （ ）a.lovely b.sweet