2021版新高考英语一轮复习 Unit 21 Human Biology学案 北师大版

unit 21 human biology一、语基必备知识(一)重点词汇分类记忆.阅读词汇知其意1interval n间隔；间歇2mineral n. 矿物3swap vi. 交换4supreme adj. (程度)最大的，极度的5doubtful adj. 怀疑的，不肯定的6privileged adj. 荣幸的7ample adj. 充足的，充裕的8scan n. 扫描9storage n. 储存10pause n. 停顿；暂停11statistics n. 统计资料；统计数字12symptom n. 症状13parallel n. 极相似之处；平行线14temporary adj. 临时的；短暂的15teamwork n. 协作；配合16firm n. 商行，公司.核心词汇写其形1seek vt. 寻找2compulsory adj. 强制性的，义务的3controversial adj. 有争议的4treat vt. 款待5postpone vt. 推迟，延期6unite vt. 联合；团结；统一7routine n. 常规；惯例8foresee vt. 预见9underline vt. 表明重要性；强调10faith n. 信心11decline vi. 下降12deadline n. 截止日期，最后日期13extension n. 延期14circumstance n. 情形；情况15abuse vt. 滥用16vote vi. 表决.拓展词汇通其变1circulate vi.循环circulation n循环2digest vt.消化digestion n消化3tolerate vt.容忍toleration n容忍；忍受tolerant adj.宽容的，容忍的tolerance n宽容；容忍4fundamental adj.根本的；基础的fundamentally adv.根本上；基本上5annual adj.每年的，一年一次的，年度的annually adv.一年一度地6oppose vt.反对opposition n反对；反抗opposed adj.反对的；相对的opposite adj.对面的；相反的7contradict vt.(与其他事物)相矛盾contradictory adj.相矛盾的8violate vt.违反，违背violation n违背；违犯；违反9rebuild vt.重建build v建造10prohibit vt.禁止prohibition n禁止prohibitive adj.限制性的11rob vt.使丧失；抢劫robbery n抢劫12equip vt.使有准备equipment n装备；装备品13fortune n大笔钱财，巨款fortunate adj.幸运的fortunately adv.幸运地unfortunately adv.不幸地14submit vt.提交submission n提交；呈递15concern n担心；担忧concerned adj.担心的concerning prep.关于1.“公司”有几家firm n商行，公司company n. 公司corporation n. 公司；法人(团体)syndicate n. 企业联合incorporation n. 法人；公司；社团2.聚焦“状况，情况”相关名词conditionstatesituationcircumstancestatus3.annual相关形容词全扫描minutely每分钟的hourly 每小时的daily 每日的weekly 每周的monthly 每月的(二)重点短语记牢用活1in_vain徒劳，白费力气2at_random 随便地，随意地3at_all_costs 不管多大代价， 无论如何4straight_away 立刻，马上5wipe_out 毁掉；彻底毁灭6stop_sth.in_its_tracks 终止；消灭7rob_sb.of_sth. 抢劫某人某物8at_any_rate 无论如何；至少9get_down_to 开始做10bring_up 教育；抚养；呕吐11get_through 通过(考试)；完成12clear_up 整理；解释；澄清13put_off 推迟；延期14miss_out 遗漏；遗忘；错过机会15focus_on 聚焦；集中；对准 1.“atn.”短语全扫描at liberty获得自由的at ease 安逸；自在at present 目前，现在at random 随便地，任意地at fault 有责任；有错误2.“开始做某事”短语大团圆get down to (doing) sth.settle down to sth.set about doing sth.set out to do sth.start/begin to do/doing sth.3.“v.off”短语速记show off 炫耀，卖弄pay off 还清take off 起飞；脱掉put off 推迟give off 发出(光、热、气味等)(三)重点句式背熟巧用句型公式教材原句句型1：if引导状语从句用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的假设many contemporary amateur athletes would_have_broken world records if_they_had_taken_part_in the first olympic games.如果许多当代业余运动员参加了第一届奥运会，他们可能就打破世界纪录了。句型2：have sth.done使某事被做in the future, athletes who have_their_genes_changed might be able to do the 100 metres dash in just 8 seconds or the marathon in less than two hours.将来，改变基因的运动员可能在8秒内跑完100米或不到两小时就能跑完马拉松。句型3：rather than是一个并列连词，表示“而不是”the olympic spiritthe spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather_than winninghas been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.人们不惜任何代价想获胜的愿望违背了重在参与而不是获胜的奥林匹克精神。句型4：sb./sth.be believed to.为固定结构，意为“某人或某物被认为是”having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the_spanish_flu_is_believed_to_have_been the most acute epidemic in history.因为在18个月内造成多达5 000万人死亡，且倾向于袭击年轻又健康的人群，而非老年人，所以西班牙流感被认为是史上最严重的流行病。二、语境强化训练.语境填词根据提示写出该词的适当形式1life is a series of choices and we cant always foresee(预知) the consequences.2the police have put up posters around the city with photos of the man they are seeking(寻找)3she declined(谢绝) to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasnt feeling well.4he claimed to have been badly treated(款待) in the supermarket when he was doing the shopping yesterday. 5(2018北京卷)they tolerate(容忍，忍受) long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread.6fortunately(fortune), the fire was discovered soon after it broke out.7(2017天津卷)the hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment(equip), allowing more patients to be treated.8the man said that the library was temporarily(temporary) closed for repairs.9the new plan was strongly opposed(oppose) by the people at the meeting.10china and the united states have reached an agreement to import 14 extra foreign films annually(annual).派生词练习用所给词的适当形式填空1the robbers robbed the old man of his bag and the police are looking into the robbery now.(rob)2there is a prohibitive tax on imports and in a way, some people are prohibited from importing goods and everyone must obey the prohibition(prohibit)3his parents cant tolerate his bad habit.luckily, his aunt is tolerant of his lifestyle and he is thankful for her tolerance(tolerate)4the villagers are continuing to oppose the budget and they are also opposed to the governments new plan, but the people in towns hold the opposite view.(oppose)5he went to america to make a fortune and he was fortunate enough to make much money.unfortunately，his money was lost in a fire.(fortune).选词成篇straight away; cater to; get down to; at random; focus on; in despair; bring up; be responsible for; stop it in its trackssome schools 1.focus_on the number of the students admitted to key universities.in order to 2.cater_to the request of society, they 3.get_down_to adding lessons 4.at_randomas a result, a lot of students think theyre 5.in_despair and tired of being 6.brought_up at school. some parents think that the local government should 7.be_responsible_for it and should 8.stop_it_in_its_tracks 9.straight_awaywipe out; rob.of.; at any rate; in vain; prohibit.from.; at all costs; submit tothree robbers were believed to have 10.robbed a bank of a large fortune yesterday. the government ordered that the police should find the robbers 11.at_any_rate. the police immediately blocked the main roads and 12.prohibited the suspects from escaping but 13.in_vain. the authority said that such crimes were hard to tolerate and must be 14.wiped_out 15.at_all_costs. at present, the police are seeking the information about the case and urge the criminal to 16.submit_to the police.完成句子1如果你提前告诉我的话，我就能在机场遇到他了。if_you_had_told_me_in_advance，i would have met him at the airport.2昨天在公共汽车上史密斯先生的钱包被偷了。 mr.smith had_his_wallet_stolen on a bus yesterday.3应该为此事负责的是他而不是你。he rather_than you is responsible for the event.4人们认为这家报纸至少在过去10年中都没有盈利。the newspaper is_believed_to_have_been unprofitable for at least the past decade. toleratevt.容忍；忍受基础练习单句语法填空the government cant tolerate everyones destroying(destroy) cultural relics.instead of blaming the child, she gave him a tolerant(tolerate) smile and let him go.when neighbors want to get along well with each other, they have to show their tolerance(tolerate)能力提升词汇升级(普通表达)when he went abroad, he found the new surroundings hard to bear.(高级表达)when he went abroad, he found the new surroundings hard to tolerate/put_up_with(1)tolerate (sb./sb.s) doing sth.容忍/忍受(某人)做某事(2)tolerance n 宽容；容忍；忍受tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的佳句背诵 in some experts opinion, living conditions on the mars are very hard to tolerate.在一些专家的眼中，火星上的生活条件难以忍受。she could not tolerate her husband telling lies and cheating on her any longer.她再也不能容忍她丈夫对她说谎并对她不忠了。名师点津 “忍受”的种种表达：tolerate, stand, bear, put up with。 seekv(sought，sought)寻找；寻求；企图；征求，请求基础练习单句语法填空a.(2018北京卷)more than 750，000 have graduated from sac, with many seeking(seek) employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions.b(天津卷)the book inspires confidence in students who wish_to_seek(seek) their own answers. (江苏卷)scientists have been seeking to_understand(understand) the mystery of the “sixth sense” of direction.(2017江苏卷)on the internet, people can seek for/after information about their favourite stars and buy tickets at a discount as well.能力提升完成句子many people crowded into big cities to seek_their_fortune(寻找致富的机会), but most of them failed.seek to do sth.试图/设法做某事seek after/for 追求；寻求seek out 挑选出；找出seek ones fortune 寻找致富的机会 佳句背诵 they managed to seek out a quiet place where they could sit down and admire the natural scenery.他们设法找到了一个可以坐下来欣赏自然风景的安静的地方。词块助记seek sb.s advice征求某人的意见seek/go after fame and fortune 追逐名利seek jobs/work/employment 找工作；求职seek help/the truth/wealth寻求帮助/寻求真理/追求财富 opposevt.反对；对抗，抗争基础练习单句语法填空many residents opposed the government building(build) a chemical factory near the school.the young parents opposed giving(give) up the life of their little baby though there was little hope for her to survive.a.opposed(oppose) to the plan of raising prices, they decided not to carry it out.b._opposing(oppose) the plan of raising prices, they decided not to carry it out.(2019浙江卷6月)nowadays, parents tend to offer considerate praise to their children, hoping to boost their confidence, but it may produce the opposite(oppose) effect.能力提升完成句子/句式升级(普通表达)the government postponed the new proposal because a lot of people opposed_it/were_opposed_to_it(反对它)(高级表达)with_a_lot_of_people_opposed_to/opposing_the_new_proposal,_the government postponed it.(with复合结构)(1)oppose doing sth.反对做某事oppose sb./sb.s doing sth. 反对某人做某事(2)opposed adj. 反对的，对抗的，敌对的be opposed to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事(3)opposite adj. 相反的，对面的adv. 在对面prep. 在对面n. 对立面，对立的人或物 佳句背诵 to be frank, in common with helen, i strongly oppose/am strongly opposed to the proposal.坦率地说，与海伦一样，我坚决反对这个建议。名师点津 oppose后跟表示动作的词作宾语时，后面要用动名词形式。在be opposed to结构中，to是介词，其后要用动词的ing形式。 postponevt.推迟，延期能力提升完成句子/一句多译恶劣的天气迫使我们推迟了运动会。the bad weather forced us to postpone_our_sports_meeting我们获得更多信息后再做决定也不迟。lets postpone_making_the_decision until we have more information.他们已经决定把婚礼推迟到下个月。they have decided to_postpone their wedding until next month.they have decided to_put_off their wedding until next month.postpone doing sth.延缓做某事，推迟做某事postpone.until/to. 把推迟到 佳句背诵 it was an unpopular decision to postpone building the new hospital.延迟兴建新医院的决定是不得人心的。名师点津 表示“推迟，延期”的单词或短语还有： delay，put off。 prohibitvt.禁止，阻止基础练习单句语法填空it is a rule prohibiting doctors from advertising(advertise) their services.the prohibition(prohibit) order meant that the book could not be sold in this country.many firms prohibit smoking(smoke) in the office.(天津卷)please note that any prohibited(prohibit) items will be taken away by the office of residence life.能力提升完成句子当时是我的家庭经济状况不允许我上大学。it was my family finances that prohibited_me_from_going_to_college at the time. (1)prohibit (doing) sth. 禁止(做)某事prohibit sb.from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事prohibit sb.s doing sth. 禁止某人做某事(2)prohibition n. 禁止 佳句背诵 the law prohibits tobacconists from selling cigarettes to children.法律禁止烟草商向儿童出售香烟。名师点津 类似于prohibit sb.from doing sth.的表达法还有prevent sb.from doing sth./keep sb.from doing sth./stop sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事；protect sb.from保护某人不受伤害等。 declinevi.下降；衰落；婉拒n下降；减少；衰退基础练习单句语法填空(2019江苏卷)more efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the decline, and many other species appear headed toward extinction.(山东卷)in spite of many invitations, he would always decline to_visit(visit) oxford.a.(2019浙江卷6月)the number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46，000 square miles of california forests.bthe number of the students in our school has declined to 2，500 since three years ago. (1)be in decline处于下降、衰退中on the decline 在下坡路上；在衰退(减少)(2)decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事decline by/to 下降了/到佳句背诵 i have no alternative but to decline your invitation, because i am occupied in preparing for my final exam.我只得谢绝你的邀请，因为我忙于准备期末考试。名师点津 表示增加或减少的幅度通常用介词by; 表示“增加到”或“减少到”则要用介词to。 equipvt.& vi.配备；装备基础练习单句语法填空it is often said that human beings are naturally equipped to_speak(speak)we want our son to have a good education that will equip him for future life.if it were not the modern equipment(equip), such experiments would not be performed.能力提升句式升级(普通表达)he is equipped with much experience in teaching, so he is well respected by all his students.(高级表达)equipped_with_much_experience_in_teaching,_he is well respected by all his students.(过去分词作状语)(高级表达)equipping_himself_with_much_experience_in_teaching,_he is well respected by all his students.(现在分词作状语)(1)equip.with. 用装备be equipped with 装备着equip.for sth./to do sth. 为了某事/做某事 而装备(2)equipment n. u装备；设备 佳句背诵 as our new stadium is equipped with advanced facilities, we have organized a variety of events in it.因为新体育馆装备先进的设施，我们已在体育场举办了各种各样的赛事。(2018全国卷)名师点津 (1)过去分词短语equipped with.常用作状语。(2)牢记equipment是不可数名词，没有复数形式。 fortunen运气；命运；财富基础练习单句语法填空i had the good fortune to_be_chosen(choose) for a trip abroad. a(北京卷)we are fortunate(fortune) that in such a large, highpressure office we all get along so well. b(2018全国卷)fortunately(fortune), after a brief stay in hospital, ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.能力提升根据提示完成小片段in the 1980s, tom went to the south to_try_his_fortune(碰运气)but he made_no_fortune(没有发财)it_was_fortunate(幸运的是) that he met with a boss who fed pigs. with his help, tom made_his_fortune(发财) later by feeding pigs.(1)make a fortune发财seek ones fortune 寻找出路try ones fortune 碰运气(2)fortunate adj. 幸运的，运气好的be fortunate in doing/to do sth. 有幸做某事(3)fortunately adv. 幸运地 名师点津fortune作“机会，运气”讲时，为不可数名词；作“财产”讲时，为可数名词。 votevi.表决；投票；选举n投票；票基础练习单句语法填空the committee voted to_ban(ban) alcohol from the concert.to his disappointment, most of his colleagues voted against him.能力提升完成句子中国由于得到多数票而获得2022年冬奥会举办权。china won the bid for the 2022 winter olympic games because_she_got_most_votes我认为这项计划很好，于是我投了赞成票。i thought the plan was very good, so i voted_for_it我建议对此事投票表决，但主席表示反对。i suggested putting_the_matter_to_a_vote,_but the chairman demurred to it.(1)vote for/against投票赞成/反对vote to do sth. 表决做某事(2)put.to the/a vote 表决 佳句背诵 people not only cast online votes themselves, but also urge others to vote for competitions like the “most beautiful teacher” and the “cutest baby”人们不仅能在网上给自己投票，还可以督促别人为像是“最美教师”和“最可爱宝宝”这样的比赛投票。(江苏卷) wipe out毁掉；彻底毁灭；全部摧毁能力提升完成句子他们要在2030年之前消除他们国家的饥饿问题。they want to wipe_out_hunger in their country by the year 2030.(浙江卷6月)妈妈温柔地擦去我的热泪，说：“你的篮子很特别，因为是你自己花钱买的。”mom said, gently wiping_away my hot tears.“your basket is special because you paid for it yourself.”这个男的起身，把桌子上的脏东西擦掉。the man stood up and wiped_the_dirt_from the table.wipe sth.from/off.从擦去某物wipe away 除掉；清除掉 佳句背诵 almost the whole town was wiped out by the earthquake; as a result, most people became homeless.几乎整个城镇都被地震给摧毁了。因此，大多数人无家可归。 at any rate无论如何；不管怎样；至少能力提升完成句子他们两人都同意我的意见，不管怎样，玛丽是同意的。they both agree with mewell, at_any_rate,_mary does.这些动物正在以每小时3只的速度死亡。the animals are dying at_a_rate_of three an hour.at this/that rate照此情形；如此下去at the/a rate of 以的速度或比率； 以的价格 have sth. done 让某事被做；使遭遇不幸(教材p34)in the future，athletes who have their genes changed might be able to do the 100 metres dash in just 8 seconds or the marathon in less than two hours.将来，改变基因的运动员可能在8秒内跑完100米或不到两小时就能跑完马拉松。基础练习单句语法填空a.uncle sam wont have my father and me returning(return) to the farm too late. bit was cold, and she had the fire burning(burn) day and night.a.(2018全国卷)we students have various activities to_take(take) part in after class.bi am going to see my son next week. do you have anything to_be_taken(take) to your son?能力提升句式升级(普通表达)you should take the chance to deepen your knowledge of traditional chinese culture. (2017全国卷)(高级表达)you should take the chance to have_your_knowledge_of_traditional_chinese_culture_deepened(have宾语宾补)(1)have sth.done使某事完成；遭遇某种(不幸的)事情；让/叫别人做某事(2)have sb.do sth.让某人做某事(3)have sb.doing sth.允许某人做某事(常用于否定句中)；使某人一直做某事(多用于肯定句中) (4)have sth.to do有某事要做(主语自己做) have sth.to be done有某事要做(不是主语自己做) 佳句背诵 if anyone happens to drop in while i am out, have him or her leave a message. 如果我不在时有人来访，让他/她留个口信。(福建卷)i need a new passport so i will have to have my photograph taken.我需要一本新护照，所以我必须去照张相。(2018天津卷)名师点津 “have宾语宾补”结构中过去分词与前面的宾语为被动关系，而无to不定式和现在分词与宾语为主动关系。 rather than而不是(教材p34)the olympic spiritthe spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather than winninghas been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.人们不惜任何代价想获胜的愿望违背了重在参与而不是获胜的奥林匹克精神。基础练习单句语法填空(2018全国卷)many chinese people are learning western styles and theories rather than focusing(focus) on chinese traditions.rather than discuss all of these questions at length, we prefer to_focus(focus) on the impact of the heavy snow.mary, rather than you, is(be) to blame for not finishing the work on time.能力提升完成句子我在星期五晚上很晚见到了他，更确切地说是在星期六早晨早些时候。i met him very late on friday night, or_rather,_early saturday morning. 除你本人之外还有别人知道这件事吗？does anybody other_than_yourself know this？rather than为并列连词，意为“而不是，与其不如”，这一表达方式通常用在平行结构中，连接相同的句子成分，即rather than前后两部分在成分和形式上应当一致。(1)宁愿做某事而不愿做某事(2)or rather更确切地说other than 除之外more than 很，非常；超过，不仅仅 名师点津 (1)rather than用于连接两个并列成分，后接名词、代词、