英语语言学-语境文化ppt课件

ByGroup7,Context&LanguageUnderstanding,1,.,Contents,目录,2,.,DefinitionofContext,1.Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Thisisknownaslinguisticcontextwhichmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.2.Inabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituationaswell.Thisiscalledextra-linguisticornon-linguisticcontext,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.,3,.,1.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoes“discriminate”inparagraph1mean?A.distinguishB.showprejudiceC.recognize,4,.,“好人“,5,.,TypesofContext,6,.,LinguisticContext,Definition:itisthelinguisticenvironment,inwhichalinguisticunitisused.a.Lexicalcontext.Thiscontextreferstothewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Themeaningofthewordisoftenaffectedanddefinedbytheneighboringwords.b.GrammaticalcontextInsomecases,themeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.,7,.,Examples,paper,awhitepaper,todayspaper,examinationpaper,governmentdocument,newspaper,asetofquestionsusedasanexamination,8,.,Verb“become”,E.g.Shebecameverynervousabouttheresultoftheexam.,E.g.Thissortofbehaviorhardlybecomesapersoninyourposition.,E.g.Whatwillbecomeofyouifthecompanygoesbankrupt?,9,.,Extra-linguisticcontext,Definition:itiscontextbeyondlanguagebutphysicalsituation,inwhichthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.,10,.,Rulesofcontextinlanguageunderstanding,11,.,Ambiguityoftenarisesduetopolysemyandhomonymy.Whenawordwithmultiplemeaningsisusedininadequatecontext,itcreatesambiguity.,EliminationofAmbiguity:,E.g.Heisahardbusinessman.,DifficultHeisahardbusinessmantodealwith.HardworkingHeisahardmaninhiswork.,Revise:,12,.,IndicationofReferents,Englishhasalargenumberofwordssuchasnow/then,here/there,I/you,this/that,whichareoftenusedtoreferdirectlytopeople,time,place,etc.Withoutclearcontext,thereferencecanbeveryconfusing.Eg.Iamnotherenow.-usuallywewouldsay,“Iamnottherenow”or“Iamnotherethen”,InthesituationwhereIsayitintotherecorderofatelephoneansweringmachine,the“now”willapplytoanytimesomeonecallsme,13,.,ProvisionofCluesforInferringWord-meaning,Contextmayproveextremelyvaluableinguessingthemeaningsofnewwords.Inmanycases,whenanewword(thoughttobe)appearsforthefirsttime,theauthorgenerallymanagestogivehintswhichmighthelpthereaderstograsptheconceptorunderstandtheidea.Eg.Thisplacehadmostoftheusualamenities:alibrary,apostoffice,ahallandaschool.Thoughhewaswearingsouwester（水手帽）,thestormwassoheavythathewaswetthrough.(sth.Whichiswornbypeopleinstorm),14,.,Exercise,Definethemeaningofthewordinthesesentences.1.Ifyoubringoveryourbicycle,Iwillfixitforyou.2.Heisinaterriblefix.Definethemeaningofthesentence.Lookatthedogwithoneeye.（1）Lookatthedogusingonlyoneofyoureyes.（2）Lookatthedogthatonlyhasoneeye.,repair,situation,15,.,Contextandtranslation,.语言语境中上下文对翻译的影响英语中有很多多义词，在不同的语境中，意思也不同，这时我们需要根据上下文来确定词义。E.g.“Theresnolovelostbetweenus”,16,.,试比较如下：（1）Ineverhadmuchinseeingyou.Therewasnolovelostbetweenusatanytime.Ithink.译文：我向来不大想看到你，咱们俩人之间大概什么时候都不曾有过好感。（2）Wegrumblealittlenowandthen，Besure.ButTheresnolovelostbetweenus.译文：当然喽，我们有时也免不了争论几句，但是我们还是相亲相爱的。,17,.,非语言语境中民族文化语境对翻译的影响历史文化的不同往往会导致交流障碍，因此在翻译过程中，译者应深入了解不同文化的不同之处，在译文中尽可能表达原文思想，同时又要考虑读者能否接受。（1）Youarealuckydog.,你是一条幸运的狗。,美：狗是宠物是伙伴。中：狗带贬义色彩，如走狗，狗仗人势，狼心狗肺,正译：你是幸运儿,18,.,Significanceofcontext,Asmostwordsarepolysemic（一词多义的）,withoutcontextthereisnowaytodeterminethemeaningofaword.Wi