英语现在分词和过去分词的用法ppt课件

.,1,Grammar,.,2,现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。,现在分词与过去分词,.,3,两者之间的区别主要体现在时态和语态上：（1）在时态上：现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。（2）在语态上：现在分词表示主动；而过去分词表示被动。总之，现在分词表主动、进行；过去分词表被动、完成。在句法功能上它们都可以作定语、表语、状语和宾补，它们的具体区别如下：,.,4,一、分词作定语,共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，而过去分词则表示被动关系，,.,5,1、现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作，或表示经常性的动作,或现在(或当时)的状态；2、过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性。,Themeetingheldlastweekisveryimportant.Tellthechildrenplayingtherenottomakesomuchnoise.Theylivedinaroomfacing(=thatfaced)thesouth.Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.,.,6,1.Therewasaterriblenoise_thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰noise的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题应选B。2.TheOlympicGames,_in776B.C.,didntincludewomenuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobeplaying简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰TheOlympicGames的后置分词短语；再根据TheOlympicGames对于动词play来说只能是被动承受，且已完成(in776B.C.)。因此，该题应选C。3.Whatsthelanguage_inGermany?A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句whichisspoken,.,7,4.Mostofthepeople_tothepartywerefamousscientists.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句whowereinvited5.Mostoftheartists_tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句whowereinvited6.Thecomputercentre,_lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，可以用非限制性定语从句“whichwasopenedlastyear”代替7.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句whichwerewritten,.,8,二、分词作表语,共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。,.,9,现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。现在分词表示“令人的”，过去分词表示“感到”.常见的分词有：amazed/amazing,excited/exciting,bored/boring,annoyed/annoying,interested/interesting,pleased/pleasing,tired/tiring,surprised/surprising,worried/worrying,satisfied/satisfying,amused/amusing,Thenewswasexciting.Heappearedsatisfiedwithmyanswer.,.,10,1.Thisnewssounds_.A.encouragingB.encouragedC.encourageD.toencourage简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为sounds在此句中用作连系动词；再根据Thenews对于动词encourage来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。2.-HowdidBobdointheexamsthistime?-Well,hisfatherseems_withhisresults.A.pleasingB.pleaseC.pleasedD.toplease简析：首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作表语。因为seems在此句中用作连系动词;再根据hisfather对于动词please来说应是被动关系,即这个结果使他的父亲高兴;换言之,他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此,该题应选C。3.-Howdidtheaudiencereceivethenewplay?-Theygotvery_.A.exciteB.excitedC.excitedlyD.exciting简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。,.,11,三、分词作宾语补足语,共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。,.,12,现在分词与句子的宾语是主动关系，它所表示的动作往往正在进行；过去分词与句子的宾语是被动关系，它所表示的动作往往已经完成。,Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.（现在分词表主动、进行）Ifoundthewindowspainted.（过去分词表被动、完成）,.,13,see/hear/listento/feel/notice/lookat/watch+宾语+doing（在进行中的动作）/done（被动）/do（过程/发生过）Isawhimopenthedoorandentertheroom.(被动时：Hewasseentoopen)Isawhimcrossingtheroad.(被动时：Hewasseencrossingtheroad.)Isawhimknockedoverbyarunningcar.(被动时：Hewasseenknocked),下面是几个常见的动词用法：感官动词(三者的区别),.,14,Iwillhavemywatch_.（让我的手表被修理。）havethepatient_(operate)onHehadtheboy_(do)thework.（动作是boy发出的，表示某一次情况）Hehadthestudents_(go)thereatonce.Hehadme_(wait)foranhour.Theyhadthefire_(burn)allthetime.,2.havesbdo/doing/sthdone,repaired,operated,do,waiting,go,burning,（强调总是，所以用burning）,.,15,himquitesurprisedtheroom_(break)intohim_(lie)inbedmanythings_(miss)himself_(lookafter)byanursehim_(change)completely（表示变了的）thecolor_(change)（表示颜色在慢慢变化）,3.findsbdoing/sthdone,broken,lying,missing,（尤其要注意missing和lost的用法）,beinglookedafter,changed,changing,.,16,withtheradioturnedonwiththedoor_(close)withhiseyes_(shut)withthehands_(tie)withthelightburningwithsweats_(burn)downherface,4.with+O+分词作补语分清主动和被动,withalotofhomeworktodo,比较：,closed,shut,tied,running,.,17,5.makesbdo/done分别表示主动和被动Icantmakemyselfunderstood/heard.,6.catchsbdoing当场抓住某人在干什么Hewascaughtcheatingintheexam.,.,18,7.leavesbdoing任凭某人做某事leavesthdone使某事被做keepsbdoing让某人一直做某事keepsthdone使某事被做,LeavethebabycryingleaveyourworkhalfdoneKeepmewaitingforhalfanhourKeepthewindowlocked,.,19,1.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman_inbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作宾补,补充说明宾语theman;再根据宾语theman对于动词lie来说应是主动关系,而且,lie这个动作与谓语动词found同时进行。因此,该题应选A。2.-Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?-Idliketohavethepackage_,madam.A.beweighedB.tobeweighedC.toweighD.weighed简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作宾补,补充说明宾语thepackage;再根据thepackage对于动词weigh来说,只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。,.,20,3.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.sailingC.tosailD.tohavesailed简析:该题应选B。测试动词imagine后要求跟动名词,Peter是动名词的逻辑主语。4.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair_againstyourface.A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove简析:该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。,.,21,四、分词作状语,共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。,.,22,分词的形式,以上表格需牢牢记住！,.,23,主谓关系（主动）,同时或基本同时发生,主谓关系（主动）,先于谓语动作的发生,动宾（被动）关系,同时或基本同时发生,动宾（被动）关系,先于谓语动作的发生,动宾（被动）关系,*现在分词各种形式所表示的含义,.,24,分词各种形式的意义：,doing表示主动的动作，又经常发生或者正在发生的含义；,havingdone也表示主动，但是强调已经发生的动作（或者动作有明显的先后顺序）；,Theroadleadingtotheparkwasbuiltlastyear.,Theboystandingthereismybrother.,=Theroadwhichleadstotheparkwasbuilt.,=Theboywhoisstandingthereismy,Havingfinishedmyhomework,IwatchedTV.,Havingstudiedintheuniversityfor3years,heknowstheplaceverywell.,=AfterIfinishedmyhomework,Iwatched,=Becausehehasstudiedintheuniversityfor3years,heknowsthe,比较：,Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.,.,25,beingdone表示被动动作，同时表示正在进行的动作；,havingbeendone表示被动，表示明显的先后或者已经发生的动作（通常要找到相应的时间副词）；,Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestillcouldnotunderstandit.,=Althoughhehadbeentoldmanytimes,hestill.,Havingbeenshownthelabs,theguestswereaskedtovisittheoffices.,=Aftertheguestshadbeenshown/wereshownthelabs,theywereasked,Thehousebeingbuiltnowwillbeourofficebuilding.,=Thehousewhichisbeingbuiltnowwillbeour.,Beingpainted,theroomgivesoutabadsmell.,=Becausetheroomisbeingpainted,itgivesouta,.,26,每个分词的用法都遵循以上规则。,done一般仅仅表示被动（过去的某次，或者经常发生的动作），偶尔也表示完成的动作(不表示被动Vi）。,Themeetingheldyesterdayisveryimportant.,=Themeetingwhichwasheldyesterdayis,Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.,=Whenthecityisseenfromthehill,itlooksmagnificent.,比较:,themeetingbeingheldnowthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow,adevelopedcountry,=acountrywhichhasdeveloped,Therisensun,=thesunwhichhasrisen,.,27,分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语,而句子本身可与状语从句等句型转换。,.,28,1.Whenweheardthenews,wejumpedwithjoy.=Hearingthenews,wejumpedwithjoy.2.Whenitisheated,themetalexpands.Heated,themetalexpands.3.Becausehedidntknowhowtodoit,hewenttohisfatherforhelp.=Notknowinghowtodoit,hewenttohisfatherforhelp.4.Astheyweredeeplymoved,thechildrenbegantocry.=Deeplymovedbythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.,“主动”,“被动”,表示时间,表示原因,=,.,29,5._(look)outofthewindow,youcanhaveafullviewofthebeach.=Ifyoulookoutofthewindow,youcanhaveafullviewofthebeach.6._(keep)inrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.=Iftheyarekeptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.,表示条件,Looking,Kept,.,30,7.Thechildrenrushedout,shoutingandjumping.8.Shewalkedoutofthehouse,_byherlittledaughter.(follow)9.Shewalkedoutofthehouse,_herlittledaughter.(follow)10.(consider)asabuildingmaterial,woodisnotverystrong.=Althoughitisconsideredasabuildingmaterial,woodisnotverystrong.表示让步,表示方式和伴随情况,followed,following,Considered,.,31,11.Thecarwasheldupbythesnowstorm,thus_(cause)thedelay.12.Theglassfelltotheground,_(break)topieces.,表示结果,分词作状语时，分词前可加连词表示强调。e.g.,heated,icecanbechangedintowater,When,tired,Iwentonwiththework.,walkinginthestreet,Isawaroadaccident,While,Though,causing,broken,Moreexercises,.,32,1.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据Europeanfootball对于make来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选A。2._areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived简析：该题应选C。测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加not。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。3.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,_thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。,.,33,4.“Cantyouread?”Marysaid_tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词angrily进行干扰。若B答案为andpointedangrily时也对。另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或with复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)例:Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是hishands，而不是句子的主语Themurderer,而hishands对于动词tie来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选D。,.,34,1)Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers_(inform)ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon2)_(be)theremorethanonce,theoldprofessorofferedtoshowusaroundthenewly-builtlibrary.3)_(invite)togotocamping,Paulorderedanewsleepingbag4)_(notknow)histelephonenumber,shelosttouchwithhim.,informed,Havingbeen,Havingbeeninvited,Notknowing,.,35,分词的逻辑主语:分词的逻辑主语一般为_,但当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致时，分词前必须有自己的主语，e.g.Ifweatherpermits,wewillhaveafieldtrip.Weatherpermitting,wellhaveafieldtriptomorrow这被称为_。时间允许,我们将在去杭州的路上顺道看一下我叔叔.Timepermitting,wewillvisitmyuncleonmywaytoHangzhou.,主句的主语,分词的独立结构,.,36,独立主格结构：分词前面加上自己的主语就构成分词独立主格结构。主语+分词，句子。,Theworkhavingbeenfinished,wewenthome.工作被完成了，我们回家。Helayatfulllengthuponhisstomach,hisheadrestinguponhisleftforearm.Weatherpermitting,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.天气允许的话,.,37,ItbeingSunday,wedidnothavetogotoschool.由于是星期天Therebeingnobus,wetookataxi.由于没有汽车Therearevariouskindsofmetals,eachhavingitsownproperties.Moretimegiven,wecouldhavedonebetter.如果被给了更多时间Theroomhavingjustbeenpainted,wewillnotmoveinuntilonemonthlater.Alltheguestshavingleft,theystartedtowashingupthedishes.所有客人都离开了Theradiobeingrepaired,youcanttakeitnow.收音机正在被修理,MoreExamples:,.,38,分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：generallyspeaking一般说来talkingof（speakingof）说道strictlyspeaking严格的说judgingfrom从判断allthingsconsidered从整体来看takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看来例如：Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。（speaking不是dogs的动作）,五、分词作插入语,.,39,Exercises:,1._someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.,FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.havingbeenfollowed,2.Therewasaterriblenoise_thesuddenburstoflight.,followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed,B,B,.,40,3.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman_inbed,dead.,lyingB.lieC.layD.laying,4.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.,sailB.sailingC.tosailD.tohavesailed,A,B,.,41,7._areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.,NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived,8.Thevisitingministerexpressedhissatisfactionwithhistalks,_thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.,havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added,C,C,.,42,9.Dontgetyouschedule_,staywithusinthisclass.,tochangeB.changingC.changedD.change,10.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_itthemostpopularsportintheworld.,makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake,C,A,.,43,11.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_behindhisback.,beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied,12._moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.,GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven,D,A,.,44,13.The_morning,thefathercameintothelonelyhouse,_byhisnaughtyboy.,following,followingB.followed,followedC.following,followedD.followed,following,14.Mrs.Whitewasgladtoseethenurse_afterhersonandwaspleasedtoseetheboywell_careofinthenursery.,looked;takenB.looking;takenC.looked;tookD.looking;taking,C,B,.,45,15._hisheadhigh,themanagerwalkedintotheroomtoattendthemeeting_then.,Holding;beingheldB.Held;holdingC.Havingheld;heldD.Held;tobeheld,16._,buthestillcouldnotunderstandit.,ToldmanytimesB.HavingbeentoldmanytimesC.HehasbeentoldmanytimesD.Thoughhehadbeentoldmanytimes,A,C,.,46,动名词与现在分词,动名词与现在分词同形（v-ing），但是，两者有各自的语法名称和作用：1）当v-ing形式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，被称为动名词。2）当v-ing形式在句中作状语、宾语补足语、表语、定语时，被称为现在分词。可见