跨文化交际Chapter 2 Kluchhohn27s five dimentions.ppt

Chapter3Kluchhohnsdimensions,TwoAmericananthropologistsFlorenceKluckhohnandFredStrodtbeckmadeaveryimportantstudyofvalues.Theystudiedthefivecommunitieswhichwerewithinfiftymilesofeachother.(firstin1936thenin1951)Theyidentifiedfiveorientations,fivecategoriesofbeliefsandbehavioursthatareuniversal.Thismeansthatallcultureshavetoworkoutsolutionstotheseissues.,fivedimensions,1.humannatureorientation,2.human-natureorientation,3.time-orientation,4.activityorientation,and5.relationalorientation.TheFigure,Humannature,Thefirst:evilbutperfectible.Thesecond:mixtureofgoodandevil.Andthethird:goodbutcorruptible.Shamecultureandguiltculture,humannature,Thefirst:evilbutperfectible.ThetraditionalWesternbeliefabouthumannatureisthathumansarebasicallyevil.WeseethisintheBiblestoryofAdamandEve.GodthrowsthemoutoftheGardenofEdenbecausetheyatethefruitfromtheTreeofKnowledge.Sincethen,accordingtoChristianteaching,allhumanbeingshavehavebeenbornwithoriginalsin.ThatmeanstheydoevilaspartoftheirnatureandcanonlybesavedfromevilbyGod.(Perfecthumannaturebykeepingdoinggoodthings.)(more),AsaresultoftheriseofhumanismintheWest,thebasicbeliefhaschangedtooneofseeinghumansasamixtureofgoodandevil.ThetraditionalviewhasalsobeenincorporatedintoWesterninstitutionsinvariousways.ThedistrustofhumannaturecanbeseeninAmericanpoliticalinstitutionswiththeirchecksandbalances.Thisviewalsoshowsupinmoderntheoriesthatseemtohavenothingtodowithreligiousbeliefs.ThepsychologicaltheoriesofSigmundFreudincludetheideathatinfantsarecontrolledbyprimitivedesires(evil)andlearntocontrolthem(becomegood)astheirpersonalitydevelops.Wefinddichotomyhere.(return),Thethird:goodbutcorruptible.ThisiswhatweChinesebelieve.Childrenarebelievedtobepureandinnocentbutmaybecomecorruptastheygrowolderandhavemorecontactwithsociety.WeareallfamiliarwiththestoryofMenciusmothermovingthreetimesinordertobeclosetoagoodneighborhood.(Originallygood,butifnotcarefulaboutwhatpeoplesurrounding,thenyoumightreallybecomecorrupted.ThinkofwhatHanfeitzesaidaboutthis.)Shamecultureandguiltculture,Hanfeitze,Aphilosopherofthe“legalistschool”,livedaboutthreecenturiesafterConfucius.Hemaintainsthatweshouldnotexpectpeopletobegood,butweshouldmakeitimpossibleforthemtobebad.,Shamecultureandguiltculture(humannature),Inguiltcultures,thepersonisexpectedtofeelguiltyifhe/shedoesoreventhinkssomethingwrong,whetherornotanyoneknowsaboutit.Inshamecultures,thegoodisanidealeveryonehopestorealizebutmaynotbepossibletoachieveineverysituation.Whatisimportantisthatyoumeetyourobligationtobeamodelofvirtueforaparticulargroupofpeopletowhomyouhavesucharesponsibility.InConfucianculturespeopleareencouragedtobegoodandarelikelytofeelshamediftheyfailtoliveuptoothersexpectationsthattheybevirtuous.IfChinahaswhatsomeexpertscallashameculture,thentheWestisdominatedbyguiltcultures.Howisitrelatedwithtimeorientation(pastorfuture)?基督教的原罪说让人忏悔，不断地忏悔，造就了西方人灵动的心灵。人处于神与魔、灵与肉的冲突中，不能安静；人又必须超越现世，驰奔向天国，也不能安于现状。另外，既人类始祖犯了“原罪”，人就不能向后退，对祖先也不可能有好感。儒家的性本善则让人“反身而诚”，安于现状，安分守己，故中国人有静态的心灵。同时性本善也导致祖宗崇拜。罪感文化vs耻感文化/乐感文化/善感文化,Relationshiptonature,First:subjugationtonature.Second:harmonywithnature.Third:Masteryovernature.Extensionofthevalue“human-nature”tohumanrelationships,First:subjugationtonature.,Ifyouhavethistypeoforientation,youbelievethatbasicallyhumanbeingsarepowerless.Humanbeingsareatthemercyofnature.NativeAmericansbasicallyadoptthiskindoforientation.,Second:harmonywithnature.,WeChinesebelievethatmanshouldbeinharmonywithnature.Examples:Chinesemedicine,houses,proverbs,etc.ChinesegardensandhousesrevealChinesesocialattitudestowardstherelationshipbetweenhumansandnature.Pavilions,pavedpathways,andotherstructuresareintegratedwithnaturalfeaturesofwater,treesandrock.Thereisnosharpdistinctionbetweenbeinginsideabuildingandbeingoutsideinnature.yougoinsidetoenjoythebuilding.IntheWest,buildingstendtodominatetheirsurroundingsandinteriorsandexteriorsaredistinctspaces.Natureisoutsideofhumansociety.(skyscrapers,monuments,etc.lookfromafar),Third:Masteryovernature.,Inindustrializedsocieties,peopletendtobelievethatnatureshouldbemadetoservemankind.Youcantakewhateveryoulikefromnature.Biblestory:AdamandEveThisview(manbeingseparatedfromnature)canbeseenfromtheBiblestoryofcreation.AdamisgivendominanceoverallofGodscreation.Adamandhishumandescendentsstandapartfromandabovenatureandaretoldtousethenaturalworldtomeethumanneeds.Thisusedtobetheprevalentviewinwesternsocieties.Buttodaymoreandmorepeoplecometobelievethatthisisnottherightattitude.Weshouldprotecttheenvironmentinsteadofexploitingnature.(eg.Greenorganizations),Extensionofthisvaluetohumanengineering,Ifyourcultureteachesintegrationwithnature,harmonyandbalance,then?youarelikelytoseekharmonyandbalanceinsocialrelationshipsaswell.Ifyouareinaweofnatureandfeelhelplessinfaceofitspower,then?youmightalsofeelpowerlessinotherareasofyourlife.Ifyouthinkyouareseparatefromnatureandcancontrolit,then?youprobablythinkyouareseparatefromothersandcanusescientificmethodstocontrolpeopleandevents.,humanengineering,ThisistrueintheWestwheretechnologyextendstothehumanworldintheformofhumanengineering.Thescientificstudyofhumanmotivationandtheinventionoftechnologytocontrolitarethebasisofprofessionalpracticeinfieldssuchasadvertising,psychology,education,sociology,publicrelationsandmanagement.,timeorientation,past-orientedpresent-orientedfuture-orientedLineartimeandcyclicaltime,past-oriented,Thosewhoarepast-orientedtendtobelievetraditionisimportant.Tothem,theculturalmemoryisrichanddeep.Theyliketolookbacktoaperiodwhentheirculturewasattheheightofitspowerandgloryandmayquoterespectedphilosophersandleadersfromthepastasaguideforactioninthepresent.Andtheymayfeelmoresecurewhensomethingnewisdefinedassimilartosomethingthatoccurredinthepast.Forinstance,ifanewpolicyisintroduced,itmaybegiventheauthorityofthepastbycomparingittoahistoricaleventorbysupportingitwithaquotationfromarespectedleaderofthepast.,Present-oriented.,Peoplewiththisorientationenjoywhattheyhave.Hispanicsarebelievedtobepeoplewhoarepresent-oriented.Theyshouldenjoywhatevertheyhavewhiletheylive.ThisiswhatwesayinChinese:及时行乐.,Future-oriented,Ifyoutendtolooktothefutureandmakeplansforthefuture,yourefuture-oriented.Inthoseculturesovercomingthelimitationsofthepastorsurpassingtheaccomplishmentsofthepastaregoodreasonsfordoingsomethingnew.Peoplethereoftenhaveastrongbeliefinprogress.Butpeoplemayhavenegativeexpectationsforthefutureandtheireffortsmaybedirectedatpreparingfororpreventingbadtimesahead.,(Back)Whateverthefutureisseenasprobablygoodorbad,timeisseenasastraightlinethatleadsfromthepastandisswiftlymovingintothefuture.(lineartime)Itmovesinonlyonedirection,fromthepasttothefuture.Inpresentandpast-orientedsocietiespeoplearemorelikelytoexperiencetimeasacycle,asrepeatingitselfaccordingtosomepattern.MaybetheChineseusedtobepast-oriented.(lookback,quote)Buttoday,maybemoreandmoreChinesearefuture-oriented.Theyhavegreatplansforthefuture.Stilltherearescholarswhodontagree.,activityorientation,Differentcultureshavedifferentactivityorientations.Lookatthefollowingquestions:1.Whatdoyoudo?Whoareyou?2.Whatdoesyourfatherdo?being-orientedbeing-in-becoming-orienteddoing-oriented,being-oriented,Inthistypeofculture,peoplearesatisfiedwithwhattheyhave,andfamilybackgroundismoreimportantthanwhattheyaccomplish.Theiractionsexpresswhotheyare.Forthatreasonpeoplebehaveinwaysappropriatetotheirpositions(status,socialroles,andcharacter)inlife.,being-in-becoming.,Itsaspiritualgoalofinnerharmonyandpeace.Itssomewhereinbetweenbeinganddoing.Thestressisthedevelopmentoftheself,whatevertheselfisunderstoodtobeinaparticularculture.InIndiathesocialattitudeiswidelyacceptedthattherearedifferentwaysoflifeanddifferentvirtuesforpeopleatvariousstagesoflife.(beforemarriage,certainvirtues.Whenmarried,worldlysuccess,familyobligations.Aftermiddlelife,detachedfromworldlylifeandbecomemorespiritual.)InSouthAsia,thisorientationexistssidebysidewithdoingandbeingones,andtoalesserextentinothercultures.,doingorientation,Thisactivityleadstoexternalaccomplishments.Thegoalistoachieveasmuchaspossible(moredynamic).Itmeansyouwanttodothingsandtoachievesuccess.Soyoutendtobemoreactive.Becausethestressisonactionindoingculture,thegoalstowardwhichactionisdirectedarealsoemphasized.Andthereisoftenasenseofurgencyaboutgettingthingsdone.Deadlinesareimportant,asistheschedule.Tohaveafullscheduleindicatesthatyouareaccomplishingthings.(example)Doingculturepeopleoftentalkalotandmaynotbeespeciallyphysicallyactive.Why?Theymaytellyouwhentheyaretalking,theyareplanning,problem-solving,gatheringinformationormakingdecisions.Theseareimportantconceptsforthembecausethesearethementalactivitiesthatleadtoactionoraretheequivalentofaction.,Martha,anAmericanhighschoolstudent,wenttoIndonesiaaspartofastudentexchangeprogram.Shewasexcited.ThefirstfewdayswerefilledwithmeetinghernewIndonesianexchangefamily,tryingnewfoods,walkingaroundtheneighborhood,andgettingtoknowherIndonesianexchangesister,Ketty.Exciting.Butabouthersecondweek,Marthabegantofeelasifsomethingwaswrong.Onemorning,sheaskedKetty,So,whataretheplansfortoday?Whatarewegoingtodo?Kettyreplied,Oh,Ididntreallymakeanyplans.Mymothermightwantustogoshoppingwithherlater.Thenwellseewhatwefeellikedoing.Maybewecouldgodowntown.,Whattimeisyourmomgoingshopping?Oh,whenevershesready.Areyougettingbored?Maybeweshouldsignupforoneofthoseguidedtoursofthecity.Oh,no,Idontwanttobeatourist.Iwanttodojustwhatyoudo.IguessImjustusedtobeingbusyallthetime.Itshardformetogetusedtonothavingplans,Doesntitbotheryoutorusharoundsomuch?askedKetty.No,IloveitwhenImbusy.Sittingaroundwastingtimemakesmenervous.Letsgodosomething,Ketty.Imonlyherefortwomonths,afterall.IdontwanttoleaveIndonesiafeelingthatIhaventexperiencedasmuchasIcan.Marthalookeddownatherwatchagainandsaid,Goodness,itsalmost11andallwevedoneissitaroundtalking!,Socialrelationships,Hierarchy(authoritarianism)Group(collectivism)Individual,Hierarchy,Thesocietyasawholeconsistsofaseriesofhierarchies.Apersonwhoisatthetopofonehierarchymaybeatthebottomofanotherhierarchythatisaboveit.Thesepeopleareawareoftheirpositions(clearlydefinedprivilegesandobligations)inrelationtoothers.Hierarchicalsocietiesdifferfromoneanotherdependingonthecriteriausedtoassignapersonaplaceinthehierarchy.somegroupsarepermanentlyonthebottomandotherspermanentlyonthetop.(Thecriteriamaybebasedonrace,ethnicgroup,orinheritancefromonesparents),Group,Insocietieswhererelationshipsarebasedongroups,eachpersonssocialidentitycomesfromtheirgroupmemberships.Peoplefeeldependentonthegroup,safewithinit,proud,andcompetitivewithothergroups.(in-groupsyourfamily,relatives,friendsandout-groupsstrangers)Loyaltyisimportantingroup-orientedcultures.Inthispatternthegroupactoutofconcernforallitsmembersandmakedecisionsbyconsensus,andmembersareloyaltothegroup.,Individual,Inindiv