高考英语阅读理解专项指导——猜测词义1.ppt

阅读基础训练,阅读理解专题一,-猜测词义,题型及解题技巧,1.,Teachingbackground教学背景,阅读理解,猜测词义,Theunderlinedword“_”inthepassagemeans_.,Whatdoes“_”inthethirdparagraphstandfor?,Theword/phrase“_”mostnearlymeans_.,Theword/phrase“_”couldbestbereplacedby_.,Theword/phrase“_”inLine,Pararefersto_.,Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase/word/sentence“_”?,Whatsthemeaningof“_”inLine,Para?,Theauthorusestheword“_”toindicate_?,Questionform(常见提问方式）,判断词义,1）文中找线索或信息词;2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意；3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。,做题要领,Quiz:However,menquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandles,usedsandinhour-glasses,andinventedwater-clocks.Indeed,anyseriousstudentofantiqueshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalaces,statelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast.(2007广东卷）,Theunderlinedphrasestatelyhomesinparagraph4meansA.state-ownedhousesB.housesinverygoodconditionC.grandhousesopentothepublicD.houseswherestatesmenmeetregularly,Definition定义法,Similarity相似法,Contrast对比法,Causeandeffect因果法,猜测词义,Example例举法,Context上下文,WordFormation构词法,Definition定义法：一般通过定义/定语从句/词组或同位语从句来确定词义,技巧1,定义猜词时，文中常有解释性词语引出生词含义，如thatis,mean,standfor,namely,inotherwords,tobe等，有时用破折号，括弧来表示，或者用同位语、定语从句的形式出现。考生要通过上下文来寻求线索，找到关键性的解释性词语或短语。,Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.,Acalendarisalistofthedays,weeks,monthsofaparticularyear.,Itwillbeveryhardbutverybrittlethatis,itwillbreakeasily.,Checktheanswers,从后面的解释中，我们可以了解到brittle是“易碎的，脆的”的意思,定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。,Contrast对比法：利用文中的反义词、表对比关系的词猜测词义。,表示对比的词有but、yet、while、however、otherwise等。,技巧2,Unlikehisbrother,whoistrulyahandsomeman,Johnisquitehomely“homely”means“”.,ugly,Unlike,handsome,e.g.Althoughtheearlymorninghadbeenverycool,thenoondaysunwastropical.,hot,热的,Inthepasttheworldseemedtoruninanorderlyway.Now,however,everythingseemstobeinastateofturmoil.,Similarity相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义,作者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释另一个更难的词，以便使他的文字意思更清楚，近义词往往出现在同一句或者同一段落中。,技巧3,Doctorsbelievethatsmokingisdetrimentaltopeopleshealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.,有害的adj.,also,资金n.,Atthebeginningtheydidnothaveenoughcapitaltostartabusiness,norweretheyabletoborrowtheamountofmoneytheyneededfromthebank.,money,同义词常见信号词：or,namely,thatis,i.e.,thatistosay,等。,nor,CauseEffect因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因,Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.,既然一天之内看不完所有的展品，这个博物馆当然是够“大的”了。,技巧4,Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.,从后面的结果永远不能再运动中，可以推测permanent的意思为永远的，永久的。,Example例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。,Todayyoungcouplesoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washing-machine,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.,技巧5,家用电器,Carsmusthavecertainsafetydevicessuchasseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes.,设备,常见的举例的提示词有forinstance,forexample,suchas等。,WordFormation构词法：英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）、词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。,技巧6,中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有super-(超)mini-（极小的微小的）micro-（极微小的）re-（再，反复）mis-（误，恶）im-（不）un-（不，非）in-（不，非）non-（不，非）-able（能的）-less（不，无）-wards(向),superman(超人)nonnatural(非自然的)homeless(无家可归的)rebuild(重建)microwave(微波),informal(非正式的)mispronounce(发错音)nonsmoker(非烟民)eastwards(向东),Canyouguessthemeaningsofthefollowingwords?,Context上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义,技巧7,根据上下文判断新词汇的确切意思典型例句分析。,例题：(1)Tomcantfindhissneakers.A.MoneyB.bowlsC.shoes,解释,TomcantfindhiswhitesneakersA.MoneyB.bowlsC.shoes,Tomcantplaytennisnowbecausehecantfindhiswhitesneakers.A.MoneyB.bowlsC.shoes,【解析】sneakers中学课本中未出现过的新词。根据英语语法，作为名词的A、B、C代入句中意思也说得通。但在speakers前加一个修饰语white就成为Tomcantfindhiswhitesneakers那么A领则可去掉，答案则可能是B和C。,而在这句的前面再加一层意思，这就是：Tomcantplaytennisnowbecausehecantfindhiswhitesneakers.这样一看就知道bowls(碗）与打网球没有什么联系，而shoes与打网球却有密切联系，不穿鞋怎么打网球呢？C就成为唯一正确选项。,A,A,1)HesoundedquitenervousandhehadbeentalkingforaminuteorsobeforeIunderstandanything.EventhenallIcouldmakeoutwasthatsomeonecalledMillyhadhadaverybadaccident.AseeclearlyBunderstandCexpect,从上句“他显得非常紧张，讲了一会我才懂得他讲的内容”中判断makeout意为understand,故选B,2.Agoodteacherworksinquiteadifferentway.Hisaudiencetakeanactivepartinhisplay:theyaskandanswerquestions,theyobeyorders,andiftheydontunderstandsomething,theysayso.Theword“audience”intheparagraphmeans_.A.studentsB.peoplewhowatchaplayC.peoplewhoactonthestageD.peoplewholistentosomething,3Inspiteofthefactthefishermenwerewearingsouwesters,thestormwassoheavythattheywerewetthrough.AakindofraincoatBakindofumbrellaCakindofshoes4Pleasegivemeyourrecipeforthiscake，soIcanmakeittooAadishBdirectionsforcookingCamealDdirectionstoyourhouse5.ThereisastackofpapersonMr.GreensdeskApieceBbalanceCmixtureDpile,6Mr.BrownisanamateurphotographerHeisanengineerButinhisfreetimehelikestotakepicturesA.asahobbyBformoneyCasajobDaswork7.ChickenpoxcanbeveryseriousforachildwhoisnotingoodhealthThechilddevelopsredspots，andfeelshotanduncomfortableAhealthychildgetswellquicklyA.akindofanimalBakindoffoodC.akindofchildhooddiseaseD.alackofpurewater,Definition定义法,Similarity相似法,Contrast对比法,Causeandeffect因果法,猜测词义,Example例举法,Context上下文,WordFormation构词法,Practicemakesperfect,Practice练习,Guessthecorrectmeanings1.Therearesomeglaciersmovingdownthemountainvalleys.Aglacierisariverofice.A雪山B树枝C冰河D冰2.Heisaresoluteman.Oncehemadeuphismindtodosomething,hewontgiveituphalfway.AweakBfirmCkindDclever3.Mr.BrownisnowworkingatPrincetonUniversityfarawayfromhome.Forthisreasonhehastorentaroomneartheofficewhereheworks.A租用B借出C购买D参观,4.Theofficialaskedthemanwhathisoccupationwas.Themantoldhimthatheworkedasanengineer.(context)AworkBstudyCnameDinterest5.Theoldwomanhasastrangehabittokeepover100catsinherhouse.Herneighborallcallheraneccentriclady.A爱猫的B古怪的C闲不住D动物保护主义者6.Inmanycountriestherearetwofinancialextremes,frompenurytogreatwealth.A便士B温饱C非常贫困D虚弱,7.Mrs.Smithisloquaciouswhileherhusbandisthesilenttype.A活泼的B好动的C多嘴多舌的D可爱的8.Thosenewcomerswerenotusedtothelifeinthesuburbswhichwassodifferentfromthatinsidethecity.AtownBcapitalCcountrysideDhouse9.Thisboyisnotstupid,onthecontrary,noonecouldbemoreintelligent.A勤奋的B愚蠢的C聪明的D情报,高考题：1.Whensomekindofpainkiller（止疼药）wasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolorsturnedthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Eventually,itcameonthemarketinadarkblueandwhitepackage-bluebecausewethinkofitassafe,andwhiteascalm.(2004年NMET全国，广东卷),65.Theunderlinedpart“thecolorsturnedthecustomersoff”(inPara.3)meansthatthecolors_.hadweakeffectsonthecustomersB.trickedthecustomersintoshoppingC.causedthecustomerstoloseinterestD.attractedthecustomersstrongly,通过因果法可知答案为C,Q:Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“illiterate”A.repeatB.reiteratedC.uneducatedD.sickPassage2:MostwomeninGhanatheeducatedandilliterate,theurbanandrural,theyoungandoldworktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.Theirreputationforeconomicindependence,self-reliance,andhardworkiswellknownandwelldeserved(应得的，值得的).,解释,这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中的大多数妇女，受过教育的（educated）和没有受过教育的（illiterate）；住在城市的（urban）和住在农村的（rural），年轻的（young）和年长的（old）正好是一对对反义词。因此选C项。,本题答案选C,Passage3.Wecannotfeelspeed.Butoursenseletusknowthatwearemoving.Weseethingsmovingpastandfeelthatwearebeingshaken.Wecanfeelacceleration,anincreaseinspeed.Butwenoticeitforonlyashorttime.Forexamplewefeelitduringthetakeoffrunofanairplane.1.Accelerationisthenamefor_.A.anykindofmovementB.themovementofaplaneC.anincreaseinspeedD.asteadyspeed,Passage4.Atornadocandoalotofdamage.Thewindofatornadorushesatgreatspeedaroundafunnel-shapedcloud.Ittravelsinapathafewhundredfeetwideandabouttwenty-fivemileslong.Asthewindcircles,thefunnelspiralshigherandhigher.2.Atornadoisa_.A.rainstormB.duststormC.greatcirclewindD.hugefunnelofwater,Passage5.STOCKHOLMASwedeandtwoAmericanswonthe2000NobelPrizeformedicineonOct.9forstudiesonhowmessagesmovearoundthenervoussystem.ThediscoverymakesitpossibletodevelopdrugsagainstParkinsonsdiseaseandschizophrenia.ArvidCarlsonofSwedenandPaulGreengardandEricKandeloftheUnit