第3章 如何做好英语写作的准备PPT课件

.,.,第三章如何做好英语写作的准备,大学英语写作基础CollegeEnglishWriting:ABasicCourse,Back,.,一、审题,针对大学英语四、六级考试，大家首先要从考试指令中弄清写作的要求：(1)时间限制(2)篇幅要求(3)作文体裁(4)资料来源(5)关键词高分标准,.,(1)SmokingIsanExpensiveHabit(2)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:CanMoneyBuyEverything?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelow:（1）Moneyisregardedbysomepeopleasthemostimportantthinginlife（2）Butmoneycannotbuyeverything（3）Therearepeoplewhogambleorcheattoobtainmoney,.,近期出现较多的实用型应用文的写作更要注意审题。如2004年1月的作文“ALettertoaFriendaboutapplyingforuniversity”。,.,我们建议大家能够合理分配这30分钟的时间：35分钟审题，看清题目及要求，57分钟写出文章的提纲(包括每段的写作模式，主题句和拓展句中的关键词)，17分钟起草，最后3分钟检查定稿。,.,二、写提纲,我们要把几个部分的主要内容写出来，同时每一部分应具体写些什么，段落之间的衔接、顺序等大致勾划出来，这样形成文章的框架。,.,常见的提纲模式为：Thesis(controllingidea)I.IntroductionII.Mainidea1A.Sub-idea11.Supportingdetail1a.Fact1b.Fact22.Supportingdetail2a.Fact1b.Fact2B.Sub-idea21.Supportingdetail1a.Fact1b.Fact22.Supportingdetail2a.Fact1b.Fact2,.,III.Mainidea2A.Sub-idea11.Supportingdetail1a.Fact1b.Fact22.Supportingdetail2a.Fact1b.Fact2B.Sub-idea21.Supportingdetail1a.Fact1b.Fact22.Supportingdetail2a.Fact1b.Fact2IV.Conclusion,.,主题提纲（TopicOutline）借助名词（短语）或动名词（短语），有时人们也用动词不定式（短语）表达。句子提纲（SentenceOutline）借助于完整的句子结构，即：主语+谓语（+宾语）结构。,.,主题提纲Thesis:Ridingabicycleisofgreatpleasure.Introduction:ThecommonnessofridingabicycleI.RelativelyinexpensiveA.TobuyB.TooperateII.HealthyA.AlotofexerciseB.NopollutionIII.PersonallysatisfyingA.ToenjoythesceneryB.TobecomepartofnatureConclusion:Verypleasurableandhelpful,.,句子提纲Thesis:Ridingabicycleisofgreatpleasure.Introduction:Nowadays,itisverycommonforpeopletorideabicycle.I.Ridingabicycleisrelativelyinexpensive.A.Itisrelativelyinexpensivetobuyabicycle.B.Itisrelativelyinexpensivetooperateabicycle.II.Ridingabicycleishealthy.A.Ridingabicyclecanmakeusdoalotofexercise.B.Ridingabicyclecausesnopollution.III.Ridingabicycleispersonallysatisfying.A.Ridingabicyclecabhelpusenjoythescenery.B.Ridingabicyclecanmakeusbecomepartofnature.Conclusion:Ridingabicycleisverypleasurableandhelpsusalot.,.,三、选择材料,选材时要注意以下几点：材料要突出主题材料要典型材料要真实、新颖,.,四、写开头,1.开头万能公式之一名人名言可以用到下面的经典句型：(1)Aproverbsays,“.”(2)Itgoeswithoutsayingthat.(3)AstheoldChinesesayinggoes(4)Aseveryoneknows,noonecandenythat(5)Oneofthegreatmenoncesaid/stated.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharethisbelief.(6)“”.Suchistheopinionof.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharehisopinion.(7)“”.Howoftenwehearsuchstatements/wordslikethese.(8)Inourowndaysweareusedtohearingsuchtraditionalcomplainsasthis“”.,.,2.开头万能公式之二数据统计我们不妨试用下面的句型：Accordingtoarecentsurvey,about78.9%ofArecentstatisticsshowsthatmorethan85%youngpeople,.,3.开头万能公式之三现象法常用的短语和句型有：(1)Moreandmorepeoplearerealizing/havecometorealize(2)Anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat(3)Recentlytheissueoftheproblemof/thephenomenonofhasbeenbroughtintofocus.（hasbeenbroughttopublicattention）(4)Recentlytheriseinproblemof/（phenomenonof）hascaused/arousedpublic/popular/wide/worldwide/considerableconcern(5)isyetanotherofthenewandbittertruthwehavetolearntofacenow/constantly.,.,4.开头万能公式之四观点法运用观点法写文章开头的常用句型有：(1)Neverinhistoryhasthechangeofbeenasevidentas(2)Nowhereintheworld/China/historyhastheissue/ideaofbeenmorevisible/popular/evidentthan(3)Nowpeopleingrowing/significantnumbersarebeginning/comingtorealize/accept/（beaware）that(4)Nowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitionofthenecessityto(5)Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyaware/consciousoftheimportanceof(6)Perhapsitistimetohaveafreshlookattheattitude/ideathat,.,5.开头万能公式之五比较法我们不妨试用下面的句型：(1)Inthepast,wasregarded/considered/viewedasButatpresent,peoplearetakingafreshlookatit.(2)Peopleusedtothinkthat（Inthepast，）Butpeoplenowsharethisnewidea(3)Itwasoncethoughtthat,butthefactisquitedifferent.,.,6.开头万能公式之六对立法常用句型有：(1)Thereisapublicdebate/generaldiscussionabouttheproblem/issueof.Thosewhoobject/opposearguethatButpeoplewhoadvocate/favor,ontheotherhand,claim/maintainthat(2)Whenitcomesto,somepeoplebelievethat.Othersargue/claimthattheopposite/reverseistrue.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments/statements,but（Itendtotheprefer/latter）(3)Now,itiscommonly/generally/widelybelieved/held/acknowledgedthat.Theyclaim/believe/arguethat.ButIwonder/doubtwhether(4)Whenaskedabout,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplesaythat.ButIthink/viewabitdifferently.(5)Peoplesopinions/viewsabout/onvaryfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplebelieve/say/maintainwhileothersthink/holdthat(6)ThereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewofSomepeoplesuggestthatwhileothersarguethat,.,7.开头万能公式之七主题句或主题段如：WorkingintheneighborhoodgrocerystoreasacheckerwasoneoftheworstjobsIveeverhad.Inthefirstplace,Ihadtowearanugly,scratchyuniformcutatleastthreeinchestooshort.Myscheduleofworkinghourswasanotherinconveniencebecausemyhourschangedeachweek,thusitwasimpossibletomakeplansinadvance,andgettingadayoffwasoutofthequestion.Inaddition,thelackofworkingspacebotheredme.Exceptforahalf-hourlunchbreak,IwasrestrictedtothreefeetofroombehindthecounterandconsequentlyfeltasifIwerenomorethanacoginthecashregister.,.,五、写正文,段落的整体性（paragraphunity）TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofChinasEntryintotheWTOChinasentryintotheWTOiswidelyexpected.However,justaseverycoinhasitstwosides;itwillbringChinaadvantagesaswellasdisadvantages.WeChinesepeoplecherishthischanceandgiveitawarmwelcome.Firstly,itwillquickenChinasoveralleconomicreform,reconstructournationaleconomicstructure.Secondly,itwillattractmuchmoreforeignfundtoChinaand,bysettingupmorejointventuresandforeign-fundedenterprises,createcountlessjobopportunitiesforjobhunters.Lastly,itwillbenefitourlightindustryandtourismindustry.,.,However,somepeoplearestillscaredbythegreatrisksandchallengesafterChinaenterstheWTO.First,theyassumethatitwillexerttremendousinfluenceonournationalindustrysuchascar,telecomandmanyotherindustries.Second,theyevenfearthatthegreatpressurewillleavemoreandmorepeoplejobless.Worstofall,itwillintensifythefiercecompetitionintheglobaleconomicmarkets.Inmyopinion,Iconfirmthattheadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.Withtheindustriesandagriculturebecomingmorematureintheglobalmarkets,thepost-WTOChinawillbecomeunprecedentedlyprosperous.,.,段落的连贯性（paragraphcoherence）看下面的松散段落：TheObjectiveTestandtheEssayExamIncollegeanduniversitycourses,theobjectivetestandessayexamaretwocontrastingmethodsofevaluation.Wecommonlyusethetwomethodstomeasureastudentsgraspofsubjectmatter.Theobjectivetestusuallyconsistsofalargenumberofunrelatedquestions.Thesequestionsrequirethestudenttodemonstratemasteryofdetails.Itoftenleadstorotememorizationofisolatedfactsduringthepre-testperiodofstudy.Thequestionsontheobjectivetestarepresentedintrue-falseormultiplechoiceform.Thestudentmaybeencouragedtoguessanswersifhehasnoaccurateknowledge.Theessayexamusuallyconsistsofafewbroadlystatedquestions.Thesequestionsrequirethestudenttoorganizehisresponsesinessayform.Suchquestionsforcethestudenttogiveproofofhisabilitytohandlegeneralconcepts.Thistypeofexamalsoreliesonfactualinformation,butthereisfargreaternecessityforthestudenttodemonstrateanalyticalandcompositionskills.Thestudentcannotmerelyguesstheanswers.Theobjectivetestandtheessayexamhavesimilargoals.Theassessmentofastudentsacademicachievementthetechniques(andveryoftentheresults)ofthetwotypesofexaminationdiffersignificantly.,.,修改后：TheObjectiveTestandtheEssayExamIncollegeanduniversitycourses,theobjectivetestandessayexamaretwocontrastingmethodsofevaluationcommonlyusedtomeasureastudentsgraspofsubjectmatter.Theobjectivetestusuallyconsistsofalargenumberofunrelatedquestionsthatrequirethestudenttodemonstratemasteryofdetails.Itoftenleadstorotememorizationofisolatedfactsduringthepre-testperiodofstudy.Sincethequestionsontheobjectivetestarepresentedintrue-falseormultiplechoiceform,thestudentmaybeencouragedtoguessanswersforwhichhehasnoaccurateknowledge.Theessayexam,ontheotherhand,usuallyconsistsofafewbroadlystatedquestionsthatrequirethestudenttoorganizehisresponsesinessayform.Suchquestionsforcethestudenttogiveproofofhisabilitytohandlegeneralconcepts.Thistypeofexamalsoreliesonfactualinformation,butthereisfargreaternecessityforthestudenttodemonstrateanalyticalandcompositionskills.Mereguessingatanswersisreducedtoaminimum.Althoughtheobjectivetestandtheessayexamhavesimilargoalstheassessmentofastudentsacademicachievementthetechniques(andveryoftentheresults)ofthetwotypesofexaminationdiffersignificantly.,.,要将句子衔接得紧凑，通常可以采用如下的方法：代词作为连接手段。恰当使用连接词。长短句子结合。,.,主体段落写作的三大杀手锏：,换句话说一句非常简单的Iloveyou!就可以说成：Iamenthusiasticaboutyou.Thatistosay,Iloveyou.或Iamwildaboutyou.Inotherwords,Ihavefalleninlovewithyou.,.,举实例说明Imademyfirstpart-timejobpayinarestaurantasawaitressforonemonthafterIleftmyseniormiddleschool.Itwasaveryhardandheavyjob.Weshouldgetupat7:30amandworkforawholeday.Inthemorning,wesweptthefloor,cleanedthetableandwashedalotofvegetableswithouttimetohaveanyconversationbeforelunchtime.Thenthedinnertimecame.Itwasthebusiesttimeofwholeday.Theguestsbegantoentertherestaurantandhadtheirdinner.Nomatterhowtiredwefeltweshouldgivethemourbestservice.Westoodbehindtheguestsinordertoservethem,suchasmakingtea,servingadish,givingthemsomedrinkorpaperassoonaspossible.Whentheyfinished,wecleanedthetableandsetitagain.Therewasabreakfrom1:30to3:00,thenwecontinuedtodothesameworkuntilallguestsleft.Thejobwasheavyandboringandthepaywasverylow,butIcouldgetsocialexperiencetoenrichme.,.,做比较或对比分析ItalyandGreeceTherearebothsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetourist-attractingcountriesItalyandGreece.Forexample,boththeItaliansandGreeksarefriendly,gregariouspeople.Inaddition,theantiquitiesofbothcountriesarefascinating;RomesColosseumandAthensParthenonaretwooftheworldsgreatsights.Whatsmore,bothcountriesoffercomfortabletouristaccommodations.Forinstance,theluxuryhotelsinRomeandAthensareexcellent.ButthereareimportantcontrastsbetweenItalyandGreece.Forexample,dininginItalycanbeamemorableexperience,butfoodinGreecetendstobewholesomebutplain.Andthelookofeachcountryisdifferent.TheItaliancountrysideisgreenandlush.However,theGreekterrainisdryanddesert-like.IncontrasttotheelegantItaliansignor,theGreekcitizendressesandlivesmoresimply.Despitethesedifferences,though,atouristcanexpectadelightfulholidayineithercountry.,.,六、写结尾五种段落结尾的方法,1概括全文要点Inbrief,inshort,inconclusion,insum,insummary,tosumup,tosummarize等等这些短语都可以引导一个句子来概括文章的中心思想。,.,Myapplicationwasdesignedtodrawtheemployersattentiontomypracticalabilities.Specifically,InotedthatItypeninetywordsperminuteandtakedictationatonehundredandthirtywordsperminute.Next,Iindicatedmypastworkexperienceonthreesimilarjobs.Finally,Igiveasummaryoftheevaluationsofmyimmediatesuperiorsonthethreepreviousjobs.Inshort,Istressedmysecretarialskills,myexperience,andmyevaluationsintheletterofapplication.,.,2复述中心论点通常使用的连接词有：inotherwords,ashasbeennoted,asIhavesaid,tospeakfrankly等。,Tome,myfatherrepresentsmypersonalidealofaherobecauseofhisstrongmoralcharacter.Inraisinghischildren,heexposedusearlyinlifetoreligiousactivities.This,hebelieved,wouldformthebasisbywhichwecoulddevelopstandardsofrightandwrong.Thus,inthisarea,hefulfilledhisownmoralobligationofgivinghischildrenaphilosophicaldirectioninlife.Tothisday,thoughweareadults,hepointedlytellsuswhenweactinamannerwhichseemswrongtohim.Hismoralcharacterisfurtherillustratedinhisapproachtodealingwithotherpeople.Hebelievesintreatingallpeoplewiththedignityandrespecttheydeserve.Heissometimesbrutallyhonestbutis,atthesametime,sympatheticandcaringtowardstheirpersonalneeds.Throughhissenseofmorality,heisincapableofcheatinganyonewhethertheyarepersonalfriendsorhiscustomers.Myfatherisverypredictableandimmovableinhismoralideas,andthusmyadmirationforhimendures.,.,3说明事件的结果常见的连接词有：accordingly,therefore,asaconsequence,asaresult,atlength,consequently,eventually,atlast等。,例如：Thebestplaceformetoforgetallmyworriesisunderapalmtreeatdusk.WhenIamworriedaboutaproblemorjustwanttobealone,Iwillgotothebeacharoundsixintheafternoonandsitintheshadeofapalmtree.Thesandisalittlehardtositon,butthisdoesnotbotherme.Asthewindblowslikeawhistle,andthewavesbecomesofterastheyreachtheshore,theairwillhaveaslightsmellofthesea.Thepelicanspassbyingroupsofsevenbeforetheydisappearbehindthehorizon.Othersfloatonthewater,hopingtocatchafishbeforeleaving.Astimepasses,thereisanimmensesilence;thesunbeginstodescend,andtheskychangesfromtonesofdarkbluetocanaryyellowandfinallytodeeporange.Howbeautifulthenatureis.Allmyworriesaregone.,.,4做出推论常见的连接词有：Therefore，then,thus,asaconsequence,asaresult,bydoingso,consequently等。,Claudiaisdestinedtobeanexcellentlong-distancerunner.First,thereareherphysicalattributes.Sheislong-leggedandhasatremendousstride.Shealsohasgreatnaturalenduranceandanat-restheartrateofsixtybeatsperminute.Nextcomeshermentaltoughness.Sheisatremendouscompetitorwhowillextendherselftoexhaustiontowinarace.Shehasthestrengthtoblockoutpainandconcentrateonherraceduringthoselastfewhundredyardswheremostrunnerstendtowilt.Finally,Claudiasurpassesmostathletesin