英语语法专题03介词和连词

介词和连词海丰县梅陇中学许玮俊,一、介词介词和连词是高中英语学习的难点和重点，由于这类词往往具有一词多义性，及一义多词性，因而极易出错。由于汉语中对于连词的要求与英语中表达习惯不同，因此，在这方面考生容易忽略或掌握不透某些知识点，这些应引起我们高度注意。,1、表示原因的介词：,for,at,on/upon,with,by,through,from,in,of,1)Hedidntanswer_fearofhurtingherfeelings.,for,for:因为；由于某事物多用于表示内在的、心理的原因。,2)Immuchpleased_yourarrival.,at,多用来表示感情上的原因，常和表示一定感情的词连用,3)Hecametoseeme_business.4)Hecame_yourinvitation.,for,at,on/upon,with,by,through,from,in,of,on,on/upon:(表示为某事物的基础、根据或理由)由于，因为所表示的原因与条件直接相关。,on,5)Hewastrembling_fear.6)Hisfaceturnedred_anger.,with,多用来表示由外界影响到身心的原因。,with,7)Imetherquite_chance/accident.8)Hegotill_drinkingtoomuchyesterday.,for,at,on/upon,with,by,through,from,in,of,by,by,因（某事物）所致；由于；凭借通常用来表示由什么方式产生的,for,at,on/upon,with,by,through,from,in,of,9)Onreadingit,hefoundthataservantofthefamilyinFrancehadbeenputinprison,_nofaultofhisown.看了信，他得知他法国家中的一个仆人无辜地被关进了监狱。,through,through表示消极的、偶然的、意外的原因和理由,for,at,on/upon,with,by,through,from,in,of,10)Helosthisjob_hiscarelessness.11)Theaccidenthappened_nofaultofyours.,through,through表示消极的、偶然的、意外的原因和理由,through,由于粗心大意，他丢去了他的工作。,这事故的发生不能怪你。,12)Doyouoftensuffer_headache?你常头疼吗？13)Hefeelsweak_lackofsleep.他由于睡眠不足而虚弱。14)Theoldmandied_thecoldinthewinter.那位老人因为冬天的寒冷而死。,from,from,from,from表示自然的或直接的原因,for,at,on/upon,with,by,through,from,in,of,注意：diefrom表示“因而死亡”的意思，常常指除了疾病、情感等以外的原因造成的死亡。其后常常跟pollution,overwork,accident,wound,drinkingtoomuch,habit,smoking等一类表示外部原因或灾祸方面的名词。但有时也可以用来指由于疾病的原因而造成的死亡，只是dieof比diefrom更常见。例如：,Hediedof/fromcancer.他死于癌症。,for,at,on/upon,with,by,through,from,in,of,15)Dontgettired_life;youarestillyoung.16)Heisveryfond_playingbasketball.17)Thebeggardied_hungerandcold.,of常用来表示情绪上的原因，因此常常与glad,fond,proud,shamed,tired同时等形容词连用,of,of,of,不要对生活厌倦；你还年轻。,他非常喜欢打篮球。,那乞丐因饥饿和寒冷而死。,注意：dieof常常指由于疾病、情感等原因造成的死亡。其意思为“因而死”，其后常跟fever,illness,hunger,thirst,anger,despair,sadness,disappointment,grief等一类表示内部原因或情感方面的名词。,还有dueto,owingto,thanksto,becauseof四个成语介词表示“因为”、“由于”，但他们在用法上有区别。,1.becauseof用在句首或句子后面，表示原因。例如：Itwasallbecauseofyournecklace,yourbeautifulnecklace.那全是你的项链，你那条美丽的项链。Becauseoftheheavyrain,thesportsmeethasbeenputoff.因为大雨，运动会已推迟。,2.duetosth/sb:由某人某事物引起的；由于某人某事物，常用来做表语。例如：Theteamssuccesswaslargelyduetoherefforts.该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。Herfailureinthespeechcontestwasduetohernervousness.她在演讲比赛中失利，原因是她太紧张了。Theyarrivedlateduetothestorm.他们由于风暴而来迟。,3.owingto由于；因为Owingtotherain,themeetinghastobeputoff.会议因雨而推迟了Icouldntattendthemeetingowingtoillness.我因病不能出席会议。,owingto与dueto的用法基本相同，dueto做表语的情况多些，但与becauseof的用法有些差别。一般说来，owingto只引导一个修饰全句的状语，而后becauseof引导的状语又可修饰句子中的一部分。例如：Youmustntpunishthechildbecauseofsuchasmallmistake.你千万不要因为这样一个小错误而惩罚孩子。,4.thanksto由于，因为；幸亏，多亏常位于句首，表感谢或讽刺意味。例如：Thankstoyourhelp,wefinishedtheworkheadoftime.多亏你的帮助，我们提前完成了任务。Thankstothebadweather,thematchhadbeenputoff.多亏这倒霉的天气，比赛推迟了。,2.表示时间的介词,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,1)Hecamein1958andhasstayedhere_then.,since,since,自从以来到现在，和完成时连用。另外，since还可以用作副词，表达同样的意思。,2)ShewenttoNanjinglastMay，andshecameback_amonth.,after,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,after+时间常常和过去时连用，表示一个时间点。如：afterschool,dinner,3pm等。,3)Theyworkedhard.Theyfinishedthework_2daysatlast.,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,within表示在时间以内，而in强调以现在为基准，想将来延续，inanhour是从现在起一个小时之后。,4)Theysaidtheywouldarrivehere_aweek.,within,in,5)Neverputoff_tomorrowwhatmaybedonetodayTheydidntsayaword_themeal,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,till,till,during/over,till直到为止;during,over在期间。如：AreyoustayinghereoverChristmas?,6)Hehadfinishedthework_tenoclockthismorning.,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,till,by,by不迟于；到为止。后跟表示过去的时间用过去完成时，跟将来的时间用将来完成时。,7)Theyplayedthecards_thenight.8)Theyaregoingtohaveagoodrest_thesummerholidays.,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,till,through,during,through:从开始到结束，他们打了一整夜牌。during:在期间，他们打算在暑期好好休息。,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,till,9)Scientistssaythatitmaybefiveyears_itispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.,before,before:过了多久以后才“五年以后才会在人体上做试验。,10)Theplanetakesoffat10:00,soyoumusttrytobeattheairport_9:30.,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,till,by,by:最迟在，不迟于，在以前。你必须在9：30以前赶到机场。,11)Thestudentswontgohome_theyfinishtheirhomework.12)Thewomanworkedinthefactory_1990.,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,till,until/before,until/before,在until能使用的句型中,即主句含有否定式终止性谓语动词或肯定式延续性动词,可与before直接替换,意义差别不大。,13)Einsteinalmostknockedmedown_hesawme.14)Hehadmeasuredme_Icouldgetinaword.,in,on,from,at,until,for,since,after,beforeby,during,over,through,within,upon,till,当主句含有肯定式终止性谓语动词时,只能用before不能用until,且before常意为没来得及或才等。,before,before,3.表示方向的介词,in,at,to,1)Herushed_thewomanwithasword.2)Herushed_thedirectionofthesmallvillage.3)Herushed_thewomenwithasword.,at,in,to,rushat:朝着扑去；inthedirectionof朝着什么方向；rushto向这位妇女走去。,4.介词的其他用法,请填入适当的介词。,1)Hewent_theraintomeetmeatthestation.他冒雨到车站去接我。,in,在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。,2)Theworkersarepavingaroad_stone.3)Theteacheriscorrectingthepaper_anewpen.Theproductisseparated_distilation（蒸馏）intogasolineandgasoil.4)Ireallycantexpressmyidea_Englishfreelyin-deed,with,with,by,in,有形with,无形by，语言、单位、材料in.,5.Whosstandingthere_thedoor?6.Heis_presentinWashington.7.Waterfreezes_0centigradeandboilsat1008.Thesoldierslaunchedanattackupontheenemy_sunset.9.Theforce_thecoreleadingourcauseforwardistheChineseCommunistParty.,at,at,at,at,at,在山脚下,在门口,在目前,速度、以速率,温度,在日落时,在核心要用at。,10.TheDemocraticPartywasthen_power.11.Theyfoundthepatient_acoma.12.Hehasnotbeen_goodhealthforsomeyears.13.Manywhocame_despairwentaway_hope.14.Thehousewas_ruins.15.Todayeverybodyis_highspiritsandnooneis_lowebb.,in,in,in,in,in,in,in,in,在表示权力，特征，心情，状态，方面等前用in。,16.Didyoursupervisorlikethestory_theradiolastnight?17.ProfessorShenwillgiveusatalk_travellinginAmerica.18.Youarewrong_alltheseissues.19.Youcantaffordluxuries,_anincomeof100yuanamonth,over(oron),on,on,on,电视，广播，关于，依靠，基础，故意，出差，上市，电话，左右方向前用on。,20.ThespeechbythemayorofShanghaibeforethefinalvotingforEXPO2010isstronglyimpressed_mymemory.A.toB.overC.byD.on,impresssb.(withsth.)给某人深刻印象。impresson/uponsb.是固定搭配，给留下印象。,D,21.Thesunlightcamein_thewindows_theroofandlitupthewholeroom.through/inB.across/byC.on/throughD.over/of,“从窗户缝隙中”要用介词through。through指从里面穿过，透过；across强调从面上横穿，横跨；on“在面上”；over从一地到另一地；经过一段时间或距离。译文：阳光从屋顶窗户缝隙中照射进来,把整个屋子都照亮了。,A,A,22.Weofferedhimourcongratulations_hispassingthecollegeentranceexams.A.atB.onC.forD.of,B,on/upon后接名词、动名词，表示”在时候”。例如：Uponhisarrivalattheworksite,hebegantowork.他已到工地，马上就投入了工作。,23.Thehomeimprovementshavetakenwhatlittlethereis_mysparetime.A.fromB.inC.ofD.at,what在这样用时常和few或little连用，再修饰名词，其含义是“全部的尽管不多”“虽少但全部”，或“所仅有的”。Littleofmysparetime.我仅有的业余时间。,C,24._productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.(NMET2000)A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through,C,本题考查with的复合结构（独立主格结构）作状语的用法。“with+名词+不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。,二、连词连词，主要是包括并列连词和从属连词。在句子中，连词起连接词与词、短语与短语及句子和句子的作用。它本身在句子里不单独做句子成分。,1.并列连词and,but,or,nor,so,foryet,however,aswellas,both.and,notonly.butalso,either.or,neither.nor2.从属连词after,when,before,as,while,since,until,till,if,unless,lest,because,than,that,whether,sothat,inorderthat,asif,asthough,although,supposethat,provided,that,as.as,nowthat,such.that,incasethat,onconditionthat,例题分析,Ithinkyouareagreatfamily_ImgladImgoingtojoinyou.A.andB.butC.soD.however,And在这里表示有因果关系的事件。又如：Youarelateagainandyoumustapologize.So也可以表示因果关系。例如：Hewassick,sohewasquiet.,A,2.Thismedicine,_drug,hasaviolenteffect.这种药品，或者说麻醉剂，有强烈的效果。A.AndB.orratherD.butD.however,orrather:或者说；准确地说。,B,3.TheyhavelearnedEnglishforonlyayear,_theycanactEnglishplaysalready.A.andB.yetC.howeverD.though,B,yet此处是连词，表示转折。,4.Hehadfailedseveraltimes,_hewassurehewouldsucceedintheend.butB.forC.neverthelessD.therefore,C,nevertheless,连词。他失败了好多次，然而他坚信他会成功的。,5.Thetextisratherdifficult.Itis,_,notbeyondthereachofthestudents.A.thereforeB.forC.soD.however,D,however此处是副词，意思是：然而；可是，表示转折。又如：,Hehasntarrived.Hemay,however,comelater.他还未到，不过，他可能过一会儿来。Wehavenotyetwon;however,weshalltryagain.我们还没有取胜,不过我们还要再试一下。,6.Heworkeddayandnight,and_hewasabletobuythebighouse.,Hehasbrokenhislegandthereforehecantwalk.他摔坏了腿，因此不能走路了。Wedonothaveenoughmoney.Thereforewecannotaffordtobuythenewcar.我们的钱不够,因此买不成这辆新车。,A.thereforeB.soC.howeverD.yet,therefore“因此，所以”是副词，用法跟however一样。又如：,A,2.从属连词,时间状语从句：When,after,before,while,as,since,until,assoonas,条件状语从句：if,unless,地点状语从句：where,目的状语从句：sothat,5.让步状语从句：although,though,eventhough,nomatterwhat/how/when,6.比较状语从句：as,asas,notsoas,than,7.结果状语从句：so(such)that,8.原因状语从句：as,because,since,从属连词练习：Itmighthaverainedlastnight,_thegroundiswet.A.forB.becauseC.whenD.as,A,昨晚可能下雨了，因为地面是湿的。（表示说话者从地面湿了这个现象主观推断出昨晚下雨的结论，但事实究竟如何却不得而知）,2.Didtheyretreat(撤退）outofpanic（恐慌）or_theywantedtosavetheirlives?A.asB.forC.andD.because,D,Because可以用在选择疑问句中as,for,since不可以。,他们后撤是出于慌乱，还是想逃命?,3.Helookssleepynot_heisnotfeelingwell,but_hestayeduplastnight.that/thatB.just/justC.because/becauseD.for/for,他看上去昏昏欲睡并不是不舒服，只不过是昨晚熬夜罢了。,because前可用否定词或其他修饰语及并列连词修饰,但是其他表示原因的从属连词不可以。,C,C,4.Someonecalledmeupinthemiddleofthenight,buthehung_Icouldanswerthephone.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.until半夜有人给我打电话，但还没等我去接，对方就挂断了。,B,此处before的意思是“没来得及就”，“不等就”。,5.Itwasntlong_thepeopletookuptheirarmsandfoughtback.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.until不久，人民就开始拿起了武器，开始反抗。,B,此处before用在否定句中表示”不久就“,6.Ithasbeen5years_mysisterreturnedfromabroad.7.Itis5yearsago_mysisterreturnedfromabroad.8.Itwastheyears1990_mysisterreturnedfromabroad.9.Itwillbe5years_mysisterreturnsfromabroad.A.beforeB.sinceC.thatD.when,活学活用,since,that,when,before,10.Hehaswrittentomefrequently_Iwasill.11.Hehaswrittentomefrequently_Ifellill.A.sinceB.afterC.beforeD.until,自从我“病愈”以来他常常给我写信。,自我生病以来他常常给我写信。,例句10从句表示“病愈”即“生病”这一状态结束以后到现在；例句11从句表示开始生病到现在。,A,A,活学活用,12._hewasinGuangzhou,greatchangeshavetakenplacethere.13.Hecouldbelievethatgreatchangeshadtakenplace3years_hewenttoGuangzhou.14.Theyaskedmetohaveadrinkwiththem.Isaidthatitwasatleasttenyears_Ihadenjoinedagooddrink.,A.SinceB.afterC.beforeD.until,A,C,A,15.Shesaved_littlemoneyshecouldoutofherslimsalarytohelpherbrothergotoschool.A.soB.suchC.whatD.how她把从她微薄的薪水中留出来的一点点钱都用来送弟弟上学了。,C,what在这样用时常和few或little连用，再修饰名词，其含义是“全部的尽管不多”“虽少但全部”，或“所仅有的