英语写作基础教程ppt课件

.,1,ABasicCourseinWriting,英语写作教程,.,2,ChapterIUsingProperWords,I.UsingwordscorrectlyII.Usingwordsaccurately,.,3,I.Usingwordscorrectly,1.overcomeChinglishEg:Imnotafraidofthehotweather.Idontmindthehotweather.Ifoundtheroomrathercold.Ifelttheroomrathercold.OnSundaysIalwayssleeplate.OnSundaysIalwaysgetuplate.,.,4,Theblanketfeltsofttoher.Shefelttheblanketsoft.HislevelofEnglishhasbeenproved.HisEnglishhasimproved.Hecameoutthefourthintheexam.Hereceivedthefourthplaceintheexam.,OvercomeChinglish,.,5,2.Bewareofarchaisms,obsoletewords,andnewly-coinedwords,Wordsormeaningofwordswhicharenolongerincommonusedbutoccurinspecialtext(e.g.Religiousworks)andpoetryarecalledarchaic.Eg:mayhaps(v.hope;adv.maybe),quoth(vt.say),thy(pron.your),ere(prep.before)Wordsormeaningwhichhavegoneoutofusealtogetherarecalledobsolete.Eg:admirable废语令人惊奇的finen.废语惩罚，处罚；为接受惩罚支付的钱Newly-coinedwordsEg:junior-high-schooler,tube-steak,water-sensitive-crops,snow-poor-winter,.,6,3.Avoidslang,Onhearingthathisfatherhadkickedthebucket,wewrotehimalettertoexpressourdeepsympathies.Thebigbanquetheldinhonorofthedistinguishedstateguestswasreallyneat.俚语呱呱叫的；了不起的，极好的Unexceptionable/admirable/excellent,.,7,II.Usingwordsaccurately,TheshadeofmeaningEg1:eagleandhawkEagleisabirdthatsoarshighandthusseefar.tohaveaneagleeye(tohaveexcellentvision)Hawkisabirdofpray,symbolizesharshness,thuspeoplecallthehardlinepolitician“thehawk”.Eg2:dumbandmuteHeisadumb/muteman.,.,8,1.Specificandconcretewords,SpecificandgeneralAgoodman:kind/honest/just/generous/sympathetic/warm-hearted/selfless/honorableGoodfood:tasty/nourishing/rich/wholesome/high-priced/fresh/substantial,.,9,General:Inspring,theweatherinBeijingcanbeverybad.Specific:Inspring,itisoftenwindyanddustyhere.Morespecificwiththehelpofdetails:Inspring,thewindblowsalldaylong.Theairisthenfilledwithfinedustwhichsometimesshutsoutthesun.Thereisnoescapefromthefinedust.Itgetsintoyoureyes,yourears,yournostrils,andyourhair.,.,10,2.DenotationandConnotation,Denotationisthebasic,direct,literalmeaningofaword.Asdefinedbythedictionary.Connotationistheassociationaroundandtheovertoneabouttheword.itsthefeelingorideasuggestedbytheword.,.,11,E.g.国家Countryemphasizestheterritory.Nationemphasizesthepeople.Stateemphasizespoliticalorganization.Landisoftenusedtoconnotecertainfeeling.Anislandcountry;neighboringcountrypeace-lovingnation;theawakingnationofAfricaState-ownedenterprisesOurstatesystemisthepeoplesdemocraticdictatorship.Afar-away/foreignland;alandofliberty/opportunity,.,12,Differentconnotationreflectsthedifferentattitudeofthespeaker.,ComplimentaryderogatoryneutralPublicservantbureaucratgovernmentemployeeFinancierspeculatorinvestorLawofficercoppolicemanCaptainofindustrytycoonsuccessfulbusinessmanInvestigatorspydetectiveCaptivejailbirdprisoner,.,13,3.Synonyms,Synonyms:Twoormoreformswithverycloselyrelatedmeaning,whichareoftenbutnotalways,intersubstitutableinasentence.Accordingtoformality:EarlyEnglish:small/littleasktimeriseFrench:petitequestionagemountLatin:diminutiveinterrogateepochascendGenerally,LatinwordsaremorebookishthanearlyEnglishandFrench.,.,14,Examples:,TheconcertconcludedwithaperformanceofBeethovens5thsymphony.TheyendedtheconcertwithBeethovens5thsymphony.Myfatherpurchasedalargeautomobile.Mydadboughtabigcar.,.,15,ChapterIIMakingCorrectandEffectiveSentences,ElementsofasentenceII.RequirementsofacorrectsentenceIII.Requirementsofaneffectivesentence,.,16,I.Elementsofasentence,1.Completenessinstructure;2.Beginwithacapitalletter;3.Endwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;4.Expressasinglecompleteidea.,.,17,II.Requirementsofacorrectsentence,peruseofcomparisons10.correctuseofthetense,.,18,Correctthefollowingsentences:,Becausehehadntfinishhisassignment,pletenessinstructureNotknowinghisname,itwasdifficulttointroducehim.therightsubjectAnumberofspellingmistakeswasfoundinhiscomposition.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverbEverybodyshouldreturnthebooksheborrowedwithinaweek.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent,.,19,Shetoldmysisterthatherideawaspracticable.clearpronounreferenceNoonecometotheparty,itwasacompletefailure.endingsentenceswithfullstops/joiningclauseswithconjunctionsBecausehehadnotheardaboutthatimportantdecision.amainclauseinacomplexsentenceTheSperuseofcomparisonsWehaverevisedourworkplanlastnight.correctuseofthetense,Correctthefollowingsentences:,.,20,FragmentandEllipse,Afragmentisapartofsentence(suchasaphraseordependant/subordinateclause)whichbeginswithacapitalletterandendsasasentencedoes.E.g.FragmentTheresultbeingthathelostthepresidentialelection.SentenceTheresultisthathelostthepresidentialelection.,.,21,AsexclamationsOh!Nonsense!Welldone!Whataday!Howkindofyou!Susanasinger!?InspokenEnglishA:howaboutthis?B:verygood!A:Yournameandyouraddress,please?B:Allright,here.,MoreFragment-likesentences,.,22,AstransitionsAndafinalinstance,Toreturnfromourdigression,Now,afewmorewordsaboutthemeetingtoday.,ForemphasisandvividnessThereisapricetopayforsuccess.Thedemandingpriceofselfdenial,thepriceofbloodandsweatandtears.,.,23,III.Requirementsofaneffectivesentence,一.Unity一致性Unity:Asentenceshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea,nomore,noless.Ifitcontainstoomuch,thenthesentencebecomesconfusing.Ifitcontainstoolittle,thentheideainitisincomplete.Inotherwords,asentenceviolatestheprincipleofunityifitcontainsideasthatarenotcloselyrelated;whatsmore,asentenceisnotunifiedifitdoesnotexpressacompletethought.,.,24,Eg:Ideasnotcloselyrelated:BorninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,hegrewuptobeagreatmusician.HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,andgrewuptobeagreatmusician.Ideaincomplete:DreamoftheRedMansionisthebest-knownnovel.DreamoftheRedMansionisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.,.,25,1.Avoidchopped-upsentence,Inthefollowingsentence,theideaofoneunifiedsentenceischoppedintoseveralshortsentences.E.g:Mybestfriendinhighschoolwasourliteratureteacher.HernamewasWangLi.Shetaughtusliteratureforthreeyears.Revised:Mybestfriendinhighschoolwasourliteratureteacher,WangLi,whotaughtusforthreeyears.,.,26,2.AvoidFusedsentence:severalideasarefusedintoonesentence.,Fused:Shesuddenlypausedanditseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasilybutshewasusuallybashful.Improved:Shesuddenlypaused.Itseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasily,butshewasusuallybashful.Fused:TheydidnotwinthegamesofarasIcouldseetheydidnoteventry.Improved:Theydidnotwinthegame.SofarasIcouldsee,theydidnoteventry.,.,27,Coherencerequiresthatthepartsofasentencearesoarrangedthattheysticktogether,andthattheideasprogressinalogicalsequence.1.ParallelismE.g:IforgotthatmyresearchpaperwasdueonTuesdayandmyteacherhadsaidhewouldnotacceptlatepapers.,二.Coherence连贯性,.,28,Thechildwasprettyandhadbrains.Thechildwasprettyandintelligent.Hesatdownandwasbeginningtowork.Hesatdownandbegantowork.Iwillwaituntilyoucallorshecomes.Iwillwaituntilyoucalloruntilshecomes.IwenttothedancewithagirlfromMemphisandwhohasasouthernaccent.IwenttothedancewithagirlwhoisfromMemphisandwhohasasouthernaccent.,Inparallelconstructionitisnecessarytobalancewordforword,phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,sentencewithsentence.Itissometimesnecessarytorepeattheintroductorywordorphraseorclause.,.,29,2.Consistency(1)keepthesamegrammaticalsubjectunlessthereisgoodreasonforchanging.Eg:Thecastfirstdiscussestheplayandthennightlyrehearsalsbegin.Thecastfirstdiscussestheplayandthenbeginnightlyrehearsals.(2)Keepthepersonofpronounconsistent.Eg:Havingeatenourlunch,theydepartedbyboat.Havingeatentheirlunch,theydepartedbyboat.,.,30,(3)KeepthenumberofnounsandpronounsconsistentEg:Beingastudent,weallwishtolearntowritewell.Onecanneverwriteeffectively,unlesstheywriteasmuchandasoftenastheycan.(4)Keepthemoodandthevoicethatyouhavedecidedupon.Eg:Firstbuildafireandthenyoushouldmakethecoffee.Hedrovethecarintothegarageandthemotorwasquicklystopped.,.,31,3.SubordinationCorrectsubordinationclarifiestherelationshipsbetweenideas,thusstrengthensthecoherenceofasentence.Subordinationalsoleadstogreatereconomyinwriting,permittingonetoexpressoneselfinthefewestpossiblewords.,.,32,Itcanbeachievedbyturningtheotherclauseinto:(1)anadverbialclause(2)anadjectiveclause(3)apresentparticipialphrase(4)apastparticipialphrase(5)anappositive,Eg:A.Iwasincollege.Ihadaroommate.Hewasstudyingtobealawyer.B.Iranoutofink,thusbeingunabletofinishmytheme.C.Thedeanissuedabulletin,anditsaidthelibrarywouldremainopenonweekends.,.,33,三.Conciseness简洁性,1.NowordinessWordinessalsoviolatestheprincipleofunity,theideagetsblurredbyunnecessarywordswhichobscureitlikecloudsandsmoke.Sorry,Imnotinapositiontoofferassistancetohim.Sorry,Iamunabletohelphim.ThemaidputtheletterthatcamefromPragueonmydesk.ThemaidputtheletterfromPragueonmydesk.Thereareseveraladvantagestobuyingamotorbike.Buyingamotorbikeoffersseveraladvantages.Idliketotaketheopportunitytosaythankyou.Thankyou.,.,34,2.Clarity,Clarityrequiresthatasentenceshouldbewrittenwithitsmeaningunmistakablyclear.Misunderstandingisoftencausedbythepositionofmodifiers：Themeaningofasentencecanbechangeddrasticallybychangesinthepositionofmodifiers.Eg：Ireallydontmindwaiting.Idontreallymindwaiting.Inoneword,themodifiermustbeplacedasneartothemodifiedaspossible.,.,35,四.Emphasis强调性,Emphasisisthemeansbywhichyougivedesiredforcetoyourwriting.1.positioningforemphasisThesentenceend-theplaceofstrongestemphasisThesentencebeginning-theplaceofsecondaryemphasisThemiddle-theplaceofleastemphasisE.g.Hewillnothavetheenduranceneededforthelongtrainingrequiredtobeadentist,Ithink.Attention:movethepointtobeemphasized,outoforder,tothefront,thisprocessisoftencalledfrontingorinversion.E.g:ThisIwillneverdo.,.,36,2.useoftheappropriatevoiceforverbs,Ingeneraltheactivevoiceispreferablebecauseitismoredirectandprecise,butsometimesthepassiveismoreappropriatethantheactive.E.g.Theadvicewhichwasgiventomebyyouwillbefollowedbyme.Televisionwaswatchedbythewholefamilyintheevenings.Passivevoiceispreferable:whenthereceiverofanactionismoreimportantthanthedoer.whenthedoerisvagueorunknown.whenthedoeristobeespeciallyemphasized.,.,37,3.Climacticorder,Climacteorderistheorderthatgoesfromtheleastimportanttothemostimportantorthatgoesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Shewasakind-hearted,goodlooking,andwell-manneredlady.Revised:Shewasgoodlooking,well-manneredandkind-hearted.Hesaidhehadlostinterestinlife,fame,positionandmoneyafterthattragedy.Revised:HesaidafterthattragedyhehadlostinterestinNote:Theoppositeofclimaticorderresultsinanticlimax.itisoftenuseddeliberatelyforhumorouseffects.E.g.Atonefellswoop,helosthiswife,hischild,hishouseholdgoods,andhisdog.,.,38,4.RhetoricalquestionArhetoricalquestiondiffersfromanordinaryquestioninthatitdoesnotneedananswer,itisusedforemphasis.Therhetoricalquestionisoftenreservedforspecialoccasiontoexertitsgreatforce.Apositiverhetoricalquestionislikeastrongnegativestatement,whileanegativerhetoricalquestionislikeastrongpositivestatement.E.g.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?Isntitbeautifulweather?,.,39,5.Thebalancedsentence,Thebalancedsentence,bypositioningtogethertwoormoreparallelitems,makesforpoignancyandemphasis.E.g.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.-FrancisBacon:“OfStudies”,.,40,6.Periodicsentences,Aperiodicsentenceisonethatisnotcompleteinstructureormeaninguntilitreachesthelastword,whichisthemostimportantwordofthesentence.Eg:Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthatthesolecriterionoftruthispractice.Hesaidforbuyingahousehehadpreparedeverythingbutmoney.,.,41,Chapter3DevelopingParagraphs,I.GeneralIntroductiontoParagraph:1.Inform:setoffbyindentationorspacing2.Incontent:closely-relatedsentences,.,42,II.Typicalstructureofparagraph,TopicSentenceSupportingDetailsClosingSentence,.,43,Topicsentence,Whatisthetopicsentence?Thetopicsentenceisthefirstsentenceinaparagraph.Whatdoesitdo?Itintroducesthemainideaoftheparagraph.HowdoIwriteone?Summarizethemainideaofyourparagraph.Indicatetothereaderwhatyourparagraphwillbeabout.,.,44,Supportingsentences,Whataresupportingsentences?Theycomeafterthetopicsentence,makingupthebodyofaparagraph.Whatdotheydo?Theygivedetailstodevelopandsupportthemainideaoftheparagraph.HowdoIwritethem?Youshouldgivesupportingfacts,details,andexamples.,.,45,Closingsentence,Whatistheclosingsentence?Theclosingsentenceisthelastsentenceinaparagraph.Whatdoesitdo?Itrestatesthemainideaofyourparagraph.HowdoIwriteone?Restatethemainideaoftheparagraphusingdifferentwords.,.,46,Example,TherearethreereasonswhyCanadaisoneofthebestcountriesintheworld.First,Canadahasanexcellenthealthcaresystem.AllCanadianshaveaccesstomedicalservicesatareasonableprice.Second,Canadahasahighstandardofeducation.Studentsaretaughtbywell-trainedteachersandareencouragedtocontinuestudyingatuniversity.Finally,Canadascitiesarecleanandefficientlymanaged.Canadiancitieshavemanyparksandlotsofspaceforpeopletolive.Asaresult,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.,.,47,III.Requirementsforparagraphwriting,UnitySinglenessofpurposeFullnessBrevityTopicsentence,.,48,Requirementsforparagraphwriting,2.Coherence(1)Waysofdevelopingparagraph(2)Transition,.,49,Waysofdevelopingparagraph,DefinitionParagraphClassificationParagraphDescriptionParagraphCompareandContrastParagraphSequenceParagraphChoiceParagraphExplanationParagraphEvaluationParagraph,.,50,Requirementsforparagraphwriting,3.Emphasis(1)Proportion(2)Position(3)Climaticorder(4)Repetitionandparallelism,.,51,Chapter5Summarizing,Asummaryisabrief,conciserestatementofthemainfactsorpointsofapassageorabook.Itisdifferentfromacompositioninthatitdoesnotexpressthewritersbutsomeoneelsesideas.,.,52,Requirementsforsummarywriting,generallyasummaryshouldnotbelongerthanathirdofthelengthoftheoriginalpassage.itshouldbefaithfultotheoriginal,withnochangeinfactsorviews,andnoimportantpointsleftout.itshouldbewrittenincontinuousprose,notintheformofanoutline.,.,53,Procedures,readingwritingomittingthedetailsreducingtheexamplessimplifyingthedescriptionseliminatingallrepetitionmakingphrasesdotheworkofclausesorsentencesusinggeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwordsusingtheshortestpossibletransitionsavoidingfigurativelanguagerevision,.,54,Chapter6EssayWriting,I.BasicOrganizationIntroduction(beginning)Body(middle)Conclusion(end),.,55,IntroductionParagraph,Whatisanintroductionparagraph?Whatdoesitdo?HowdoIwriteone?E.g.HockeyhasbeenapartoflifeinCanadaforover120years.IthasevolvedintoanextremelypopularsportwatchedandplayedbymillionsofCanadians.ThegamehasgonethroughseveralchangessincehockeywasfirstplayedinCanada.,.,56,SupportingParagraphs,Whataresupportingparagraphs?SupportingparagraphsmakeupthemainbodyofyouressayWhatdotheydo?Theydevelopthemainideaofyouressay.HowdoIwritethem?1.Listthepointsthatdevelopthemainideaofyouressay.2.Placeeachsupportingpointinitsownparagraph.3.Developeachsupportingpointwithfacts,details,andexamples.,.,57,SummaryParagraph,Whatisasummaryparagraph?Whatdoesitdo?HowdoIwriteone?Example:Overall,thechangesthatoccurredinhockeyhavehelpedtoimprovethegame.Hockeyisfasterandmoreexcitingasaresultofchangesinthepast120years.Forthesereasons,modernhockeyisabettergamethanhockeyinthe1890s.,.,58,II.StepsEssaywriting,PrewritingEssaysWritingEssaysEditingEssaysPublishingEssays,.,59,III.Typesofoutlines,Atopicoutlineuseswordsorphrasesforallentriesandusesnopunctuationafterentries.Advantages:presentsabriefoverviewofworkandisgenerallyeasierandfastertowritethanasentenceoutline.Asentenceoutlineusescompletesentencesforallentriesandusescorrectpunctuation.Advantages:presentsamoredetailedoverviewofworkincludingpossibletopicsentencesandiseasierandfasterforwritingthefinalpaper.,.,60,IV.TypesofWriting,Narration,Description,Exposition,Argumentation,.,61,Narration,1.Whatisnarration?Themethodofdevelopmentinwhichthewritertellsastorytosupportapoint.Narrativewritingtellsastory.Inessaysthenarrativewritingcouldalsobeconsideredreflectionoranexplorationoftheauthorsvaluestoldasastory.Theauthormayrememberhisorherpast,oramemorablepersonoreventfromthatpast,orevenobservethepresent.,.,62,2EssentialFeatures,Context-thewritermakesclearwhathappened,when,where,andtowhomPointofview-thewritertakesaconsistentpointofviewinrelationtotheaction,writingeitherasaparticipant(firstperson-usingI)orasaspectator(thirdperson-usinghe,she,it,they).Selectionofdetail-thewriterfocusesonlyontheactionsanddetailsthatfurtherthestoryandpromotethepoint,minimizingoreliminatingothers.Organization-thewriterorganizestheeventsofthestoryinachronologicalorderusingtimetransitions.Purposetheresareasonfortellingthestory.Onewaytofinditistocompletethestatement,Themoralofthestoryis.,.,63,Chapter7WritingforPracticalPurposes,.,64,Notices,ContemporaryBritishTheatreSpeaker:Prof.BernardHollandProfessorofEnglishLiterature,CambridgeUniversityAuthorofTheExperimentalTheatreDate:Monday,6OctoberTime:10a.m.Place:Rm.201AllWelcome,.,65,Notesofintroduction,2Feb.2006DearMr.Smith,ThisistointroduceMr.MaMing.Heisagraduatestudentinlinguisticsatouruniversity.Mr.Maislookingforateachingassistantspost.Anyassistancerenderedhimwouldbehighlyappreciated.Jane,.,66,Thank-youNotes,28July,2005DearPamitmayresultinafire.(2)Whentheyarejoinedbysuc