Introduction--硕士论文引言部分写法

Introduction,Whatkeyskillsareneededwhen,writinganIntroduction?TheIntroductionpresentsthebackgroundknowledgethatreadersneedsothattheycanappreciatehowthefindingsofthepaperareanadvanceoncurrentknowledgeinthefield.Akeyskillistobeabletosaythesamethingsthathavebeensaidmanytimesbeforebutinadifferent,interesting,intriguingway.Youhavetogivethereaderthetoolsforunderstandingthemeaningandmotivationofyourexperiments.Tellyourreadershowyouplantodevelopyourtopic.Givethemaroadmaptofol-low-showthemwhatyourlineofargumentis.Youneedtohaveadeepknowledgeabouteverythingthathasbeenpreviouslywrittenonthetopicanddecidewhatisimportantforthereadertoknow.,TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarealreadywidelyknown.Therationaleandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.Theauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.Also,thereisnomentionofwhatthereadercanexpectintherestofthepaper(i.e.mainresultsandconclusions)andhowthisinformationwillbestructured(othevarioussections).PleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsoroth-ersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedtoandtheterminologyfor.,HowshouldIstructuretheIntroduction?,AnIntroductiongenerallyanswersthefollowingquestions.YoucanusetheanswerstothesequestionstostructureyourIntroduction.Whatistheproblem?Arethereanyexistingsolutions(heliterature)?Whichsolutionisthebest?Whatisitsmainlimitation?(i.e.WhatgapamIhopingtofill?)WhatdoIhopetoachieve?HaveIachievedwhatIsetouttodo?HowshouldIbeginmyIntroduction?,.,anexampleofthestructureofatypicalIntroduction,Itconsistsofasequenceoftenparts,eachwithaspecificrole.YourIntroductionwillnotnecessarilyincludealltenpartsnorsequencetheminthesameorder.Youraimistoincludeonlyenoughbackgroundinformationtoallowyourreadertounderstandwhyyouareaskingthequestionsyouare,inwhatcontexttheyappear,andwhyyourhypotheses,predictionsorexpectedresultsarereasonable.Itislikeapreviewtotherestofthepaper.ThusnearlyeveryIntroduction,irrespectivelyofthediscipline,wouldincorporatethosepartsmarkedwithanasterisk(*).Theproportionofspacegiventoeachpart(particularlywithregardtothereviewoftheliterature)willobviouslyvaryfromdisciplinetodiscipline,andfrompapertopaper.,beginwithoneormoreofthefirstfourpartslistedbelow.,1.definitionofthetopicplusbackground2.acceptedstateoftheartplusproblemtoberesolved3.authorsobjectives,AnXYZbatteryisabatterythat.TheelectrodesinanXYZtelephonebatteryaremadeofacompositeofgoldandsilver,coatedwithalayerofplatinum.Thegoldandsilverprovidestructuralsupport,whiletheplatinumprovidesresilience.Theperformanceofthebatterycanbestronglyaffectedbythenumberoftimesthebatteryisrechargedandthedurationofeachindividualrecharge.Thebatteryissubjecttothreepossiblefailuremodes.Aresearchprogramhasrecentlybeenstartedbytheauthorsincollaborationwithamajorbatterymanufacturer,withthegoalofdevelopingnewdesignmodelsforXYZbatteries.Analyticaltechniquesareneededthatcanpredict.,4.Introductiontotheliterature.,ComputationaltechniqueshavebeenextensivelyappliedtothestudyofthelifetimeofXYZbatteries,inparticularwithregardtothenumberoftimesabatteryischarged.However,littleresearchtodatehasfocusedonthelengthofeachindividualrechargeBelowisananalysisofParts14oftheIntroduction.Inbracketsisaveryapproximateindicationofhowmanysentencesyouwillprobablyneedforeachpart.PART1DEFINITIONOFTHETOPICPLUSBACKGROUND(13)Thisintroductoryphrasemaynotbenecessaryinyourpaper.HerethedefinitionoftheXYZbatteryindicatestothereaderthatthisisthebackgroundtopic(i.e.thegeneralcontext)ofthepaper.Thisistheplacetoincludenotations,technicaldefini-tions,andexplanationsofkeywords.,Thesecondsentencegivesinformationthatreadersshouldalreadybefamiliarwithandsuggestswhythetopicisimportantandofinterest.Itwillhelpreaderstounder-standwhyyouareinvestigatingthisareaandhowyouhopetoextendtheknowl-edge.Itsetsthecontextfortheinformationthatwillfollowin(3),whichmaybelessfamiliarforyourreaders.Readerswanttoquicklylearnwhatthespecifictopicofyourresearchis,theyaremuchlessinterestedinbeingremindedhowimportantthegeneralareaofresearchis.,PART2ACCEPTEDSTATEOFTHEARTPLUSPROBLEMTOBERESOLVED(24)*,Intheexampletext,XYZbatteriesisthegeneralcontext.Theauthorsnowmovefromthisgeneralcontexttothespecificareaoftheirresearch:XYZbatteriesintelephones,andmorespecifically,theproblemsinherentinsuchbatteries.Thisisthegapthattheauthorswanttofillandthatthereadersshouldbemostinterestedin.Thispartshouldstateinsimpleandclearlanguageexactlywhattheproblemis,whyyouchoseit,whyyouclaimitisimportant.,PART3AUTHORSOBJECTIVES(12)*,Heretheauthorsoutlinetheirmajorobjectives,i.e.howtheyintendtofillthegap.Parts6and7(seenextpage)couldbeincorporatedhere.Thispartalsoservesasatransitionintothereviewoftheliterature.,PART4INTRODUCTIONTOTHELITERATURE,Thisintroducesthebackgroundliteraturethattheauthorsintendtorefertoinordertomotivatetheirparticularresearch.Itmakesareferencetocurrentinsufficientknowledgeofthetopic.Thismaybeinaseparatesectionwithitsownheading(ReviewoftheLiterature),oraftertheResultsinaclinicalpaper,orincorporatedintotheDiscussion.,sameway.Thus,somewritingexpertsadviseavoidingstockphrases(i.e.typicalphrasesthateveryoneuses)atthebeginningoftheintroduction.Forexample:Recentadvancesin.Thelastfewyearshaveseen.Insteadtheyrecommendedbeginninginamoredirectway.,HowdoesanIntroductiondifferfromanAbstract?.,ThereissomeoverlapbetweenanAbstractandtheIntroduction.However,afre-quentproblemisthatauthorsmaycutandpastefromtheirAbstractintotheirIntroduction,whichcanbeveryrepetitiveforreaders,BelowarethefirsttwosentencesfromtheAbstractandIntroductionfromapaperentitledFragmentationofRodsbyCascadingCracks:WhySpaghettiDoesNotBreakinHalfbyBasileAudolyandSbastienNeukirch.ThesesentenceshighlightthedistinctwaysthatanAbstractandIntroductionshouldbewritten.,ABSTRACT,Whenthinbrittlerodssuchasdryspaghettipastaarebentbeyondtheirlimitcurvature,theyoftenbreakintomorethantwopieces,typicallythreeorfour.Withtheaimofunderstandingthesemultiplebreakings,westudythedynamicsofabentrodthatissud-denlyreleasedatoneend.,Introduction,INTRODUCTIONThephysicalprocessoffragmentationisrelevanttoseveralareasofscienceandtechnology.Becausedifferentphysicalphenomenaareatworkduringthefragmentationofasolidbody,ithasmainlybeenstudiedfromastatisticalviewpoint15.,TheAbstractimmediatelytellsthereadersthespecifictopicofthepaperandthenwhattheauthorsgoalis(correspondingtoPoints2,3and7inthestructureofanIntroductiongiveninSects.13.2and13.3).Instead,theIntroductionsetsthecon-textinverygeneralterms(Point2).,Theabstractthencontinuesasfollows.,ABSTRACTWefindthatthesuddenrelaxationofthecurvatureatthisendleadstoaburstofflexuralwaves,whosedynamicsaredescribedbyaself-similarsolutionwithnoadjustableparameters.Theseflexuralwaveslocallyincreasethecurvatureintherod,andwearguethatthiscounterintuitivemechanismisresponsibleforthefragmentationofbrittlerodsunderbending.,Asyoucansee,theAbstractgivesnofurtherbackgroundinformation,buthighlightswhattheauthorsfoundintheirresearch.Anabsoluteminimumnum-berofwordshavebeenused.ThisgivestheAbstractsubstantialimpactbytell-ingreadersonlywhattheyneedtoknowtoenablethemtodecidewhethertoreadthewholepaper.AsisstandardforAbstracts,noreferencestotheliteraturearemade.,Ontheotherhandabout50%oftherestoftheIntroductionisdedicatedtohelpingthereadersseethatthegeneraltrendgiveninthefirsttwosentencesisbeingcounteredbyanotherlineofresearch.Inthiscase,referencestotheliteraturearemade.Readersarealertedtothealternativetrendbythelinkwordnevertheless.,INTRODUCTION,Neverthelessagrowingnumberofworkshaveincludedphysicalconsider-ations:surfaceenergycontributions6,nucleationandgrowthpropertiesofthefractureprocess7,elasticbuckling8,9,andstresswavepropagation10.Usually,indynamicfragmentation,theabruptapplicationoffracturingforces(e.g.byanimpact)triggersnumerouselementarybreakingprocesses,makingastatisticalstudyofthefragmentssizespossible.Thisisopposedtoquasi-staticfragmentationwhereasolidiscrushedorbrokenatsmallappliedvelocities11.,TheconcludingsentenceoftheAbstractis:,ABSTRACTAsimpleexperimentsupportingtheclaimispresented.Thiseight-wordsentenceisexpandedconsiderablyintheIntroduction,bydescrib-ingmoreaboutwhattheexperimentconsistedin,andtheresultitgave.Note:thetextreportedbelowistherestoftheIntroductioninitsentirety.,INTRODUCTIONHereweconsidersuchaquasi-staticexperimentwherebyadryspaghettiisbentbeyonditslimitcurvature.Thisexperimentisfamousas,mostofthetime,thepastadoesnotbreakinhalfbuttypicallyinthreetotenpieces.InthisLetter,weexplainthismultiplefailureprocessandpointoutageneralmechanismofcascadingfailureinrods:abreakingeventinducesstrongflexuralwaveswhichtriggerotherbreakings,leadingtoanavalanchelikeprocess.,WhattensesshouldIuse?,IsuggestyouuseasimilarcomparisonbetweenAbstractsandIntroductionstakenfromyourchosenjournal,tosee:whatpartsfromSects.13.2and13.3arecoveredintheIntroduction.Inthespaghettipaper,Parts18arecondensedintoeightsentences,Parts9and10arenotmentionedhowtheyarestructureddifferentlywhatelementsfromtheAbstracttheIntroductionexpandsonhowsentencesfromtheAbstractareparaphrasedintheIntroductionwhatinformationiscoveredintheAbstractbutnotintheIntroduction,andviceversatherelativewordcounts.ThiswillgiveyouanideaoftheproportionatelengthoftheIntroductioncomparedtotheAbstract.InthespaghettipapertheAbstractis116words,andtheIntroduction201words,sotheIntroductionisapproximatelytwiceaslong.Thisisquitetypical,WhattensesshouldIuse?Inthissection,theexamplesentencesS1,S3andS5aretakenfromAudolyandNeukirchspaper(Sect.13.6),andS2,S4andS6fromRozekspaper(Sects.13.4and14.2).ThePRESENTSIMPLEisgenerallyusedtobegintheIntroductioninordertodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalready.,S1.Thephysicalprocessoffragmentationisrelevanttoseveralareasofscienceandtechnology.S2.Persistenceisanattributevaluedbymany.ThePRESENTPERFECTisthenusedtoshowhowtheproblemhasbeenapproachedfromthepastuntilthepresentday.S3.Becausedifferentphysicalphenomenaareatworkduringthefragmentationofasolidbody,ithasmainlybeenstudiedfromastatisticalviewpoint15.S4.Persistencehasmostoftenbeenstudiedintermsofculturaldifferences.,Duringthereviewoftheliteratureseveraltensesareused,AttheendoftheIntroduction,thePRESENTSIMPLEisusedagainwhentheauthorsstatewhattheywilldointherestoftheirpaper(weexplain,Ihypothesize).S5.InthisLetter,weexplainthismultiplefailureprocessandpointoutageneralmechanismofcascadingfailureinrods:abreakingeventinducesstrongflexuralwaveswhichtriggerotherbreakings,leadingtoanavalanchelikeprocess.S6.Becauseofthesefindings,Ihypothesizethatsubjectswithinternalattributionstyles(asmeasuredbytheAPCSS),higherlevelsofperfectionism,andanyformoffeedbackwillshowgreatertaskpersistence.InS5AudolyandNeukirchusethePRESENTSIMPLEtoreporttheirfindings(seetheunderlinedverbs).,Notallauthorsusethesimplepresenttenseinthiscontextbecause,ageneralconvention(butnotrule)isthatwhenyoupresentyourfindingsyouusethePASTSIMPLE-theideaistousethePRESENTSIMPLEforwhatisalreadyacceptedintheliterature,andthePASTSIMPLEforyournewcontribution(Sect.16.7).InS6RozekusestheFUTURESIMPLEtotalkabouthisclaim/conclusion.Thisusageofthefuturetendstobeconfinedtowhereauthorssetouttoproveahypoth-esis,ratherthantogivehardresults.,HowshouldIoutlinethestructureofmypaper?Checkwithyourjournalsinstructionstoauthorswithregardtowhetheranoutlineofthestructureisrequired.Ifitis,orifyounoticethatallthepapersinthejournalhaveone,thenyouraimshouldbetodescribethisstructureasconciselyaspossible(asintheRV).,ORIGINALVERSION(OV),Thepaperisstructuredasfollows:inSection2asurveyoftheworksrelatedtoXisprovided.InSection3themethodthatweproposefortheanalysisofXisshown.InSection4thetoolthatautomatizesthismethodologyispresentedandinSection5itscomponentsaredescribed.InSection6theexperienceintheapplicationofthetooltoindustrialcasestudiesisreportedanddiscussedandfinally,inSection7,conclusionsareprovidedandfutureworksdescribed.,REVISEDVERSION(RV),Section2surveystheworksrelatedtoX.Section3outlinesourmethodforanalyzingX.InSection4thetoolthatautomatizesthismethodologyispresented,andinSection5itscomponentsaredescribed.Section6discussessomeindustrialcasestudiesusingthetool,TheRVisapproximatelyhalfthelengthoftheOV,45wordsratherthan84.Thisisachievedby:deletingunnecessarysentences.SomejournalsandreviewersadvisethatthereisnoneedtohaveaninitialsentencesayingThepaperisstructuredasfollows.SimplybeginninganewparagraphattheendoftheIntroductionisenoughtoalertthereaderthatyouarenowgoingtotalkaboutthestructureusingactiveverbs(surveys)ratherthanonlypassive(asurvey.isprovided).Forthesakeofvariety,theRValsoincludessomepassiveforms.Butyoucould,ifyouwish,useactiveformsthroughoutandthuswouldfurtherreducethelengthoftheparagraphremovingotherredundancy.Forexample,thephrasetheexperienceintheapplicationofthetooltoindustrialcasestudiesisreportedanddiscussedisunnecessarilyverbose,Summary:HowcanIassessthequalityofmyIntroduction?,Tomakeaself-assessmentofyourIntroduction,youcanaskyourselfthefollowingquestions.Ismyresearchquestionclear?DoesmyIntroductionactasaclearroadmapforunderstandingmypaper?IsitsufficientlydifferentfromtheAbstract,withoutanycutandpastes?(someoverlapisfine)HaveImentionedonlywhatmyreadersspecificallyneedtoknowandwhatIwillsubsequentlyrefertointheDiscussion?HaveIbeenasconciseaspossible?HaveIusedtensescorrectly?PRESENTSIMPLE(generalbackgroundcontext,descriptionofwhatwillbedoneinthepaper),PRESENTPERFECT(pasttopresentsolutions),PASTSIMPLE(mycontribution,thoughthismayalsobeexpressedusingthePRESENTSIMPLEorFUTURESIMPLE),Thesecondsentencegivesinformationthatreadersshouldalreadybefamiliarwithandsuggestswhythetopicisimportantandofinterest.Itwillhelpreaderstounder-standwhyyouareinvestigatingthisareaandhowyouhopetoextendtheknowl-edge.Itsetsthecontextfortheinformationthatwillfollowin(3),whichmaybelessfamiliarforyourreaders.Readerswanttoquicklylearnwhatthespecifictopicofyourresearchis,theyaremuchlessinterestedinbeingremindedhowimportantthegeneralareaofresearchis.,PART2ACCEPTEDSTATEOFTHEARTPLUSPROBLEMTOBERESOLVED(24)*,Intheexampletext,XYZbatteriesisthegeneralcontext.Theauthorsnowmovefromthisgeneralcontexttothespecificareaoftheirresearch:XYZbatteriesintelephones,andmorespecifically,theproblemsinherentinsuchbatteries.Thisisthegapthattheauthorswanttofillan