新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson46、47、48】

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记【Lesson46、47、48】 【课文】 Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos. Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand. He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party. But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine. It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment. If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tires, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time. They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late. The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance. Some friends of my family had this irritating habit. The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they arrived just when we wanted them. If you are citing a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minted too late. Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it. An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you. Such an experience befell a certain young girl the first time she was traveling alone. She entered the station twenty minutes before the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to meet her. She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket. To her horror he said that she was two hours too soon. She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter. He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers. The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake. The porter went to fetch one and arrive back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic o beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little o indicated that the train only stopped for mail. Just as that moment the train came into the station. The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guards van. But the station master was adamant： rules could not be broken and she had to watch that train disappear towards her destination while she was left behind. 【课文翻译】 准时是文明社会中实行一切社交活动时必须养成的习惯。不准时将一事无成，事事都会陷入混乱不堪的境地。只有在人口稀少的农村，才能够忽视准时的习惯。在日常生活中人们能够容忍一定水准的不准时。一个专心钻研某个复杂问题的知识分子，为了搞好手头的研究，要把一切都协调一致，组织周密。所以，他要是赴宴迟到了会得到谅解。但有些人不准时常常因为掐钟点所致，他们常常受到责备，精力充沛、头脑敏捷的人极不愿意浪费时间，所以他们常想做完一件事后再去赴约。要是路上没有发生如爆胎、改道、突然起雾等意外事故，他们决不会迟到。他们与那些从不迟到的人相比，常常是更勤奋有用的公民。早到的人同迟到的人一样令人讨厌。客人提前半小时到达是令人讨厌的。我家有几个朋友就有这有令人恼火的习惯。的办法就是请他们比别的客人晚来半小时。这样，他们能够恰好在我们要求的时间到达。 如果赶火车，早到总比晚到好，哪怕早到一会儿也好。虽然早到可能意味着浪费一点时间，但这比误了火车等上一个多小时坐下班车浪费的时间要少，而且能够避免那种正好在火车驶出站时赶到车站，因上不去车而感到的沮丧。更难堪的情况是虽然即时赶到站台上，却眼睁睁地看着那趟火车启动，把你抛下。一个小姑娘第一次单独出门就碰到了这种情况。 在火车进站20分钟前她就进了车站。因为她的父母再三跟她说，如果误了这趟车，她的东道主朋友就得接她两趟，这是不应该的。她把行李交给搬运工并给他看了车票。搬运工说她早到了两个小时，她听后大吃一惊。她从钱包里摸出一张纸条，那上面有她父亲对这次旅行详细说明，她把这张纸条交给了搬运工。搬运工说，正如纸条所说，确有一趟火车在那个时刻到站，但它只停站装邮件，不载旅客。姑娘要求看到时刻表，因为她相信父亲不能把这么大的事弄错。搬运工跑回去取时刻表，同时请来了站长。站长拿着时刻表一挥手，指着那趟列车到站时刻旁边一个很小的圆圈标记。这个标记表示列车是为装邮件而停车。正在这时，火车进站了。女孩泪流满面，央求让她不声不响地到押车员车厢里去算了。但站长态度坚决，规章制度不能破坏，姑娘只得眼看那趟火车消逝在她要去的方向而撇下了她。 【词汇】 punctuality n. 准时 rural adv. 农村的 disregard v. 不顾，无视 intellectual n. 知识分子 abstruse adj. 深奥的 coordinate v. 协调 reproach v. 责备 puncture v. 刺破(轮胎) diversion n. 改道，绕道 trial n. 讨厌的事，人 fraction n. 很小一点儿 flourish n. 挥舞(打手势) microscopic adj. 微小的 adamant adj. 坚定的，不动摇的 【重点词汇讲解】 【disregard】 英英：give little or no attention to 例句： 1. Please disregard the mess and sit right here. 请不顾凌乱状态，就坐在这儿吧。 2. The boys failure was due to continued disregard of his studies. 这孩子不及格是因为他经常不重视功课的原故。 3. Her actions manifested a complete disregard for personal safety. 她的行动表明她全然不顾个人安危。 【abstruse】 例句： 1. Einsteins theory of relativity is very abstruse . 爱因斯坦的相对论非常难懂。 2. Lu Xuns works are very abstruse. You must read between the lines. 鲁迅的著作非常深奥难解，你必须从字里行间去仔细体会。 【coordinate】 英英：bring order and organization to 例句： 1. Coordinate labour relations and gradually improve the living standards of the workers. 协调劳动关系，逐步提升劳动者的生活水平。 2. We should have established a rescue center or a system that can coordinate our resources. 我们应该建立了救援中心或一个系统，能够协调我们的资源。 3. Communication was essential if we were to coordinate our protests and complaints. 如果我们要协调抗议和控诉活动，交流信息是必不可少的。 【reproach】 英英：express criticism towards 例句： 1. Do not reproach yourself, it was not your fault. 不要责备你自己，这不是你的过错。 2. I have nothing either to hope or fear, and nothing to reproach him with. 我既没有什么奢望，也没有什么担心，更没有什么要责备他的地方。 3. It is illegal to reproach Jesus Christ or the holy ghost. 责备耶稣基督或圣灵是违法的。 【trial】 例句： 1. Character can not be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthed. 性格不可能在安逸和平静中得以发展，只有通过艰难和困苦的磨炼才能使内心坚定，视野开阔，雄心振奋，从而达到成功的目的。 2. His blindness is a great trial to him. 眼睛瞎对他来说是非常麻烦的事。 【fraction】 例句： 1. It remains a fraction of its former size. 它当前的规模只有以前的一小部分。 2. The cost of copying a disk of software or a tape of music is a fraction of the cost of the product. 事实上，复制一个软件光盘或者一盘音乐磁带的成本，仅仅这个产品的整个成本的一小部分。 【adamant】 例句： 1. She was adamant in refusing to comply with his wishes. 她固执地拒绝按他的意愿办。 2. Most officials are adamant that the policy remains in place. 很多官员在迟疑是否要保留这项政策。 【常用短语】 【bring to a cnoclusion】结束 【in hand】手头的 【in good time for】即时的 【impress upon】使牢记 【break the rule】违反规定 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 Who, according to the author, are Fortunes favoured children? A gifted American psychologist has said, Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go. It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed. To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say： I will take an interest in this or that. Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes： those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard weeks sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball or Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire - for them a new pleasure, a new excitement if only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path. It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human being are divided into two classes： first,those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortunes favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those work is their pleasure are those who and most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds. WINSTON CHURCHLL Painting as a Pastime 【New words and expressions 生词和短语】 gifted adj. 有天才的 psychologist n. 心理学家 spasm n. 一阵(感情)发作 futile adj. 无用的 insinuate v. 便潜入，暗示 convulsive adj. 起痉挛的 illumination n. 启发，照明 undue adj. 不造当的 grip n. 紧张 recuperation n. 休息 improvise v. 临时作成 sedulously adv. 孜孜不倦地 vivify v. 使生气勃勃 aggravate v. 加剧 trifling adj. 微小的 gratify v. 便满意 caprice n. 任性 satiation n. 满足 frantically adv. 狂乱地 avenge v. 替报复 boredom n. 厌烦 clatter n. 喧闹的谈话 sustenance n. 生计 appetite n. 欲望 grudge v. 怨恨 absorbing adj. 引人入胜的 banish v. 排除，放弃 Lesson47 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 What is one of the features of modern camping where nationality is concerned? Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels. But, contrary to a popular assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the greatest. The man who manoeuvres carelessly into his twenty pounds worth of space at one of Europes myriad permanent sites may find himself bumping a Bentley. More likely, Ford Escort will be hub to hub with Renault or Mercedes, but rarely with bicycles made for two. That the equipment of modern camping becomes yearly more sophisticated is an entertaining paradox for the cynic, a brighter promise for the hopeful traveler who has sworn to get away from it all. It also provides and some student sociologist might care to base his thesis upon the phenomenon - an escape of another kind. The modern traveller is often a man who dislikes the Splendide and the Bellavista, not because he cannot afford, or shuns their material comforts. but because he is afraid of them. Affluent he may be, but he is by no means sure what to tip the doorman or the chambermaid. Master in his own house, he has little idea of when to say boo to a maitre dhotel. From all such fears camping releases him. Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with. There is no superior they in the shape of managements and hotel hierarchies to darken his holiday days. To such motives, yet another must be added. The contemporary phenomenon of car worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails. To this pleasure camping gives an exquisite refinement. From ones own front door to home or foreign hills or sands and back again, everything is to hand. Not only are the means of arriving at the holiday paradise entirely within ones own command and keeping, but the means of escape from holiday hell (if the beach proves too crowded, the local weather too inclement) are there, outside - or, as likely, part of - the tent. Idealists have objected to the practice of camping, as to package tour, that the traveller abroad thereby denies himself the opportunity of getting to know the people of the country visited. Insularity and self-containment, it is argued, go hand in hand. The opinion does not survive experience of a popular Continental camping place. Holiday hotels tend to cater for one nationality of visitors especially, sometimes exclusively. Camping sites, by contrast, are highly cosmopolitan. Granted, a preponderance of Germans is a characteristic that seems common to most Mediterranean sites; but as yet there is no overwhelmingly specialized patronage. Notices forbidding the open-air drying of clothes, or the use of water points for car washing, or those inviting our camping friends to a dance or a boat trip are printed not only in French or Italian or Spanish, but also in English, German and Dutch. At meal times the odour of sauerkraut vies with that of garlic. The Frenchmans breakfast coffee competes with the Englishmans bacon and eggs. Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the eventual death of the more independent kind is hard to say. Municipalities naturally want to secure the campers site fees and other custom. Police are wary of itinerants who cannot be traced to a recognized camp boundary or to four walls. But most probably it will all depend upon campers themselves： how many heath fires they cause; how much litter they leave; in short, whether or not they wholly alienate landowners and those who live in the countryside. Only good scouting is likely to preserve the freedoms so dear to the heart of the eternal Boy Scout. NIGEL BUXTON The Great Escape from The Weekend Telegraph 【New words and expressions 生词和短语】 assumption n. 假定 manoeuvre v. (驱车)移动 myriad adj. 无数的 paradox n. 自相矛盾的事 cynic n. 愤世嫉俗者 sociologist n. 社会学家 shun v. 避开 affluent adj. 富有的 chambermaid n. 女招待员 boo b. 呸的一声 maitre dhotel n. 法语总管 snobbery n. 势利 hierarchy n. 等级制度 entail v. 便成为必要 inclement adj. 险恶的 package tour 由旅行社安排一切的一揽子旅游 insularity n. 偏狭 cater v. 迎合 exclusively adv. 排他地 cosmopolitan adj. 世界的 preponderance n. 优势 overwhelmingly adv. 以压倒优势地，清一色地 patronage n. 恩惠，惠顾 sauerkraut n. 泡菜 vie v. 竞争 municipality n. 市政* itinerant n. 巡回者 heath v. 荒地 alienate v. 便疏远 eternal adj. 永久的 【课文注释】 1.it is far from 远不是 be far from 毫不, 一点也不, 远非, 几乎相反 例句：His explanation was far from satisfactory. 他的解释一点也不令人满意。 What he said was far from the truth. 他所说的远非事实。 2.twenty pounds worth of space 价值20镑的空地，其中worth是名词。 3.myriad permanent sites 无数的常年营地 4.hub to hub with 轮毂与轮毂相接 5.bicycles made for two 双人自行车 6.the Splendide and the Bellavista 两大酒店的名字 7.shun 避开，避免 例句：They shun personal fame and gains. 他们不计个人名利。 This recluse shunned all company. 这位隐士不与任何人来往。 Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. 智者热爱真理,愚者回避真理。 He shunned meeting any of his friends. 他避免与他的任何朋友碰面。 8.affluent adj.富有的 例句：We live in an affluent society . 我们生活在一个富裕的社会中。 He was born to an affluent family. 他生在富裕人家。 A car and a house are considered as necessities in an affluent society. 在一个富裕的社会里,汽车和洋房都被当作是必需品。 9.say boo to a maitre dhotel 对酒店的经理表示不满。say boo to a maitre dhotel , 是从 not say boo to a goose(非常胆小，不敢得罪)演变而来的。在这个成语中， a goose 常被人们幽默地换成其他字眼。 10.Granted.but 虽然但是这种句型中的Granted总放在句首，意思是Yes，相当于一个连接副词的作用。 11.in the shape of 以形式出现的 12.entail vt. 使必需 例句：This job entails a lot of hard work. 这项工作需要十分努力。 It will entail driving a long distance every day. 这意味着每天都要长途开车。 带来 例句：The alteration would entail an expenditure of 50 pounds. 此项改变将带来为数五十英磅的花费。 限定继承 例句：He would have sold the property long ago had it not been entailed. 这些财产若非限定继承的话，他早就卖掉了。 13.be to hand 垂手可得 14.cater for 迎合 例句：TV must cater for many different tastes. 电视节目必须迎合各种人的爱好。 Our politicians should learn to cater for the man in the street. 我们的政治家要学会投合广大普通群众的需要。 Unfortunately, these firms rarely cater for retail customers, the supposed beneficiaries of the crusade. 不幸的是，这些公司很少去投合中小投资者的需要，而中小投资者才是这项改革运 动预期中的受益者。 15.be wary of 提防 例句：She was wary of strangers. 她对陌生人很警惕。 I would advise you to be wary of Kevin; hes been gunning for you since you stole his girlfriend. 我想劝告你提防克文，自从你抢走了他的女朋友以来，他一直在寻找机会报复 你。 16.alienate vt. 使疏远 例句：Wed better not alienate ourselves from the collea