英语国家社会与文化入门(unit1-2)

.,THESOCIETYANDCULUTREOFGREATBRITAIN,BookOneThirdEditionHigherEducationPress,.,Requirementsofthecourse,Attendance10%Class-roompresentation10%Quizs20%FinalexamTest(闭卷)60%,.,Contents,IntroductionHistoryPoliticalSystemIndustryandEconomyLiteratureandCultureReligionsandBeliefsEducation,.,Unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom,PartIAbriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomPartIIEnglandPartIIIScotlandPartIVWales,.,.,whereisit？,anislandcountrybythesea.NorthwestAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.EnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.,.,GeographicalFeatures1.GeographicalpositionofBritain:Britainisanislandcountrysurroundedbythesea.ItliesintheNorthwestAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.2.ThenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands；andtheeastandsoutheastaremostlylowlands.,.,PartoneAbriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom,Acomplicatednameforacomplicatedcountry,.,I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIslesGreatBritainEnglandtheUnitedKingdom(UK),.,TheBritishIsles:theislandofGreatBritaintheislandofIrelandsurroundingislesUK=GreatBritain+NorthernIrelandGreatBritain=England+Scotland+Wales,.,2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland3.Othernames:theBritishEmpire(大不列颠帝国)BritishCommonwealthofNations（英联邦国家）,.,AfreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountriesuntil1991.,.,London(Dominant),Capitalcity,LargestcityLargestportLargestpopulation(oneseventhofthenationspopulation)FinancialandCommercialcentreCulture(hosttheOlympicGamesin1908,1948,2012),.,Politicalcentre1.Westminstercentralgovernmentadministrativearea2.PalaceofWestminsterHousesofparliament(BigBen)3.WestminsterAbbeyancientchurch4.Whitehall(street),.,.,.,.,5.Downingstreet,thehouseofNo.10officialresidenceofthePrimeMinster6.BuckinghampalaceroyalresidenceoftheQueen,.,.,Culturalcenter(hosttheOlympicGamesin1908,1948,2012)TourismCity,.,Complicatedcountry,1.imperialcountry2.CommonwealthofNations3.memberofEuropeanUnion4.amemberofGroupofSeven,.,5.multiracial6.asocietywithaclassstructure7.regiondifference(justlikeChina),.,IV.Climate1.BritainsfavorableclimateBritainhasamaritimeclimate-wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Thetemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange.,.,3.Rainfall：Britainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.TheaverageannualrainfallinBritainisover1,000mm.Thereisawatersurplusinthenorthandwest,andawaterdeficitinthesouthandeast.,.,V.ThePeople1.populationdistributionandconposition：Totalpopulation:about60millionunevenlydistributedHighlyurbanizedMutiracial/Mutinational,.,2.Theoriginsorancestorsofthepeople:Anglo-SaxonstheEnglishCeltstheScots,WelshandIrishnon-Europeanethnicity(Indian,Pakistan,Caribbean,etc.)immigrants,.,3.Thecharacterofthepeople：theEnglishtheScotsRegionaldivisiontheWelshtheIrishAnglo-SaxonsEthnicalgroupCelts,.,Commoncharacteristicscautiousadaptableconservativehavestrongnationalconsciousness,.,TheWelshareemotionalandcheerfulpeople.Theyaremusicloversandareproudoftheirpast.TheScotsaresaidtobeaserious,cautiousandthriftypeople,andtheyarealsohospitable,generousandfriendly.TheIrisharecharm.,.,.,VI.ThreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:England,ScotlandandWales.(1)EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.(2)WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff,.,(3)ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones(theHighlandsinthenorth；theCentrallowlands；thesouthUplands)Capital:Edinburgh(4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast,.,England,InthesouthernpartofGreatBritainThelargest,mostpopuloussectionAnglo-SaxonstheEnglish,.,AhistoryofinvasionsThefourmajorinvasionsinthehistoryofGreatBritain:EnglandwasoccupiedbyCelticpeople.1.in43ADtheRomanempire,.,Result:EnglandandWalesbecameapartoftheRomanempirefornearly400years.TheRomanbuiltmanytowns,road,baths,templesandbuildings.TheymakegooduseofBritainsnaturalresources.Theyalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.,.,2.The5thcenturyADtheAngle-SaxonResult:a.TheyeitherabsorbedtheCelticpeopleorpushthemtothewesternandnorthernedgesofBritain.,.,b.Angle-SaxoninvaderswerecalledastheforefathersoftheEnglishandthefoundersofEngland.,.,3.Thelate8thcenturytheVikingsandDanesResultdividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEnglandwhichcanbeexpressedasSaxonversusDane.KingAlfredtheGreat,.,Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”.HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.,.,41066TheNormantheimportantbattleofHastingsResults:a.WilliamtheConquerortooktheEnglishthroneandbecameWilliamtheFirstofEngland.,.,b.Underhisrule,thegreatcastle,TowerofLondonwasbuilt.c.WilliamreplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.,.,Scotland,ThesecondlargestnationHavethemoststrongnationalconfidenceTopography:themostruggedpartthreenaturalzonestheHighlandinthenorth,thecentralLowlands,andtheSouthernUplands.,.,Capitalcity:Edinburgh,aGermanicname,afineoldculturalcityknownforitsbeauty,fullofantiques,etc.The(third)largestcity:Glasgow,famousasshipbuildingcentreLanguage:English,GaelicPeoples:theScotsandthePicts,.,Thehistoryofinvasionsa.ScotlandwasnotconqueredbytheRomans.b.MostofScotlandwasntconqueredbyAnglo-Saxons.c.In9thcenturytheVikingsinvadedScotland.,.,RelationshipbetweenEnglandandScotlandAnglo-ScottishconflictCloseties:intermarriageTwoimportantbattles1.TheBattleofBannockburn300Yearsoffullindependence,.,2.TheBattleofCullodenthelastbattleonBritishsoil,theHighlandclanculturewasbadlydestroyed.,.,Politics:In1707,ScotlandjoinedtheUnionbyagreementoftheEnglishandtheScottishparliament.,.,Rights:a.Electparliamentmemberandsent72representativestolondonb.havefarmorecontrolovertheirownaffairsthantheWelshC.havenoseparateparliament,.,Party:TheLabourPartyTheScottishNationalPartyTheConservativePartyCulturesymbol:kilt/tartanFamoussong:AuldLangSynebytheScotlandpoetRobertBurns,.,Shouldoldacquaintancebeforgot,andneverbroughttomind?Shouldoldacquaintancebeforgot,andoldlangsyne?副歌:Forauldlangsyne,mydear,forauldlangsyne,welltakeacupofkindnessyet,forauldlangsyne.Andsurelyyoullbuyyourpintcup!andsurelyIllbuymine!Andwelltakeacupokindnessyet,forauldlangsyne.副歌Wetwohaverunabouttheslopes,andpickedthedaisiesfine;Butwevewanderedmanyawearyfoot,sinceauldlangsyne.副歌Wetwohavepaddledinthestream,frommorningsuntilldine;Butseasbetweenusbroadhaveroaredsinceauldlangsyne.副歌Andtheresahandmytrustyfriend!Andgiveusahandothine!Andwelltakearightgood-willdraught,forauldlangsyne.,.,WalesInthewestofGreatBritain.ThesmallestnationonBritishmainland,largerthanNorthernIrelandTopography:PastureCapital:Cardiff(320,000people),.,Language:English/Welsh(19%),Localismisdeep-rooted.Economy:Traditionalindustry:Coal-mining,coalandsteelNewindustriesbyattractinginvestment,.,Historyofinvasion:a.WaleswasconqueredbytheRomans.b.WaleswasntreallyconqueredbyAnglo-SaxonsandtheVikings.c.WaleswasinvadedbytheNormans,.,RelationshipwithEnglanda.WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernations.b.WaleswasalwaysunderthreatfromEnglandaftertheNormanconquest.,.,In1536,Waleswasbroughtlegally,adminstratively,politicallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishParliament.Politics:Electparliamentmemberandsent38representativestoLondon,.,Party:TheNationalistPartyPlaidCymru/ThePartyofWalesLegendaryheroesofWelshnationalism:GlyndwrandLlywelynCulture:TheLandofSong,.,TheWelshkeeptheirlanguageandcultureinthisway:ThroughouttheyeartheyhavefestivalsofsonganddanceandpoetrycalledEisteddfodau(艺术年会).ThegreateventoftheyearistheNationalEisteddfod.OntheseoccasionscompetitionsareheldinWelshpoetry,music,singingandart.,.,NorthernIrelandOldname:UlsterthesmallestinareaandpopulationTopography:Lowhillsandlakedistrict,ruggedcoastlineslandmark:GiantsCausewayCapital:Belfast(about480000people,Titanicwasbuiltthere),.,CultureandFigures(4thpara.onPage20)Industry:shipbuildingandaircraftmanufactureEconomy:stagnant(why)LowcrimeandmurderrateLowwealthperheadLowlivingcost,.,IrishQuestion(politicaltroubles):thegreatestheadacheoftheBritishGovernmentPeople:dividedonthequestionofreligionandnationalloyaltyProtestantsReligionCatholics,.,UlsterloyalistsnationalloyaltytheUnionists,.,6.IrishQuestion(politicaltroubles):thegreatestheadacheoftheBritishGovernmentThemainprobleminNorthernIreland:thefightbetweentheProtestantsandtheRomanCatholics,.,theProtestants:thedominantgrouptheRomanCatholics:seekingmoresocial,politicalandeconomicopportunitiesHistoryofnationalproblemReasons:a.Ireland:thefirstcolonyb.Greathatred,littleroom,.,ThechangeofsituationPursueIrishindependenceHomeruleIrishpoliticalcontroloverIrishaffairsGuerillaorterroristactivities,.,1.theEasterRisingof1916:wasthemostspectacularevent,inwhichtherebelstookoverDublinsPostOffice,forcingtheBritishtoretakeitbymilitarymeans.2.thefightingofIRAin19193.theSinnFein,.,APartitionofIreland(1921)Bringtoanend700yearsofBritishruleins