英语国家社会与文化入门Unit-8_Education_in_the_United_States

.,Amillionoutof3millionwhograduatefromhighschoolgoforhighereducation,Studentschosenonthebasisof:HighschoolrecordsRecommendationfromteachersImpressionmadeduringinterviewSATscores,HigherEducation,.,Thesystemofhighereducationiscomplex.Itcomprisesfourcategoriesofinstitutionsasfollows:(a)Universitycolleges,professionalschools,researchunits;(b)CollegeFour-yearcollege;a“liberalartscollege”or“collegeofartsandscience”;(c)Technicaltraininginstitution(d)Two-yrcommunitycollegeAnycanbeeitherpublicorprivateDonotenjoyequalprestigePrestigiousinstitutionusually(butnotalways)moreexpensive,SystemofHigherEducation,.,Notes:(a).ApplicationRequirements:Highschoolrecords;Recommendationsfromhighschoolteachers;Interviews;SATs(ScholasticAptitudeTests).(b).About25%ofallschoolsofhighereducationintheUSareprivatelyoperatedbyreligiousorganizations.(c).Publicandprivatecollegesdependonthreesourcesofincome:studenttuition,endowmentsandgovernmentfunding.Publicinstitutionsreceivealargeportionofpublictaxmoneythanprivateschoolsdo.(d).CollegeorUniversity:fouryearsleadingtoaBachelorofArts(BA)oraBachelorofScience(BS)degree.,.,(e).Communitycollege:-Lowerdivision(大学本科一二年级),twoyearsleadingtoanAssociateofArts(AA)degree.副学士-Upperdivision(大学本科三四年级),twoyearsleadingtoB.A.orB.S.(f).postgraduate:twoyearsleadingtoaMasterofArts(MA)degree.(g).Academiclevels-creditor“credithours”,or“points”.(Creditsareearnedbyattendinglecturesandbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminations.)(h).AcademicCalendar-TheacademicyearintheUnitedStatesisabout34weekslong;classesusuallybegininAugustorSeptemberandendinMayorJune.,.,HowFactorsDetermininglevelofprestige,.Qualityof:TeachingfacultyResearchfacilitiesAmountoffundingforlibrariesSpecialprogramsCompetenceandnumberofapplicantsforadmission,.,ChoosingacollegeorUniversity,Needtoknow:Schoolsoffered:mastersanddoctordegreesinboththeartsandscience.Timeneededtocomplete:mostgraduatedegreesneed2-4years(specaillyspendmoretime)Courses:LiberalArtsMajorandelectives(minors)Earningcredits:undergraduatesneed120.Numberofsemesters:10-16weeks.,.,thefeaturesofthecolleges,TheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveanational(federal)schoolsystem,eachofthe50statesoperatesitsownuniversities,andsodosomelargecitygovernment.About25%ofallschoolsofhighereducationareprivatelyoperatedbyreligiousorganizations.,.,SchoolsystemintheUnitedStates,.,Bothpublicandprivatecollegesdependedonthreesourcesofincome:studentstuition,endowmentsandgovernmentfunding.,.,Howlargeistheschool?Somewithfewerthan100students,butsomewith10,000-20,000Whydothelargeuniversitiesflourish?Thebestlibrariesandfacilitiesforscientificresearch,.,TrendsinDegreeProgram,1970s-1980s:studentswerechoosingmajorfieldsthatwouldpreparethemforspecificjobs1987-56%ofthe4-yrbachelorsdegreeswereconferredinmanynewmajorsnow,inmanyways,newpopularityofliberalartsisareturntotheearlytraditionsofAmericaneducation,.,TheServicemensReadjustmentAct,Passedin1944,Itwassoonpopularlycalledthe“GIBillofRights”.GIwasanicknamefortheAmericansoldier,whichcamefromtheabbreviationfor“GovernmentIssue”theuniformsandotherarticles”issued”toaSoldier.TheActpromisedfinancialaid,Includingaidforhighereducationtomembersofthearmedforces,.,AffirmativeActionPrograms,Advocatedbysomecollegesin1960.Thepurposeoftheprogramswastoequalizeeducationalopportunitiesforallgroupsandtomakeupforpastinequalitybygivingspecialpreferencetomembersofminoritiesseekingjobsoradmissiontocollege.,.,changeandcompromise,Dealtwithallapplicants-minoritiesincluded-onabasisthatwasnotrestrictedtohighschoolperformanceandentrancetests,butwhichtookintoaccountthetalents,voluntaryactivitiesandlifeexperienceofthestudents.Moreequitablenowthroughblacksstillsomewhatlagging-African-Americansstilllaggingbehindinobtainingcollegedegrees.Only43%ofAfrican-Americanswhoentercollegegraduate-20%lowerthantheratefrowhites.,.,TopTenUniversities1.HarvardUniversity2.PrincetonUniversity3.YaleUniversity4.ColumbiaUniversity5.StanfordUniversity6.UniversityofPennsylvania7.CaliforniaInstituteofTech8.MassachusettsInstituteofTech(MIT)9.DartmouthCollegeandDukeUniversity10.UniversityofChicago,.,HarvardUniversity,.,PrincetonUnive