定语从句(基础)英语语法

语法Grammar,定语从句AttributiveClause授课教师：姜金丽,定语从句：修饰限制名词、代词的句子，说明人或物的特征、状态,名词+关系词+句子（不完整）代词1.指代先行词2.在从句中作成分3.连接,先行词,一、种类,限制性定语从句：Thehouse(which)myfatherboughtmeisbeingrepaired.非限制性定语从句：Thehouse,whichmyfatherboughtme,hasbeenrepaired.,(在从句中作宾语，可省略),(在从句中作宾语，不可省略),(不可用：why,that,what),区别：1.形式不同（，和停顿）2.功能不同（能否去掉）3.翻译不同含义不同Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.4.先行词不同（限：一词；非限：词、短语、句子、专有名词或独一无二的普通名词必须用非限）5.关系词不同（1）that和why不用在非限定性定语从句中（2）在非限定性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不可省）,二、关系词：由其在从句中作的成分决定关系词的选择,关系代词:指人：who(主、宾）、that（主，宾,表）、whom（宾)、whose+n.（定,“.的”）、指物：which（主，宾）、that（主，宾,表）whose+n.（定，“的”）关系副词：when（“在那个时候”，时间状语，在时间名词后）where（“在那个地点”地点状语，在地点名词后）why（“原因”，原因状语，在reason后）,（介词+which）,（介词+which）,（for+which）,三、用法,关系代词who:TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.whom:Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Theman(whom)youmetjustnowismyfriend.which:Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.,=that,=(that),(who),=(that),(who),=that,=(that),that:Thenumberofthepeoplethatcometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.Whereistheman(that)Isawthismorning?whose:Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?,=(who),(whom),=who,后面的名词与先行词是所属关系.=ofwhich,=thecoverofwhichofwhichthecover,关系副词：,Where:ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.When:IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.Fromtheyearwhenhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.Why:Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Thereasonwhyherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,forwhich,=inwhich,=inwhich,=onwhich,基础训练题,1Shemayhavemissedthetrain,in_caseshewontarriveforanotherhour.A.whoseB.thatC.whichD.what2Ibelievethetimewillsooncome_therewillbenoweaponsintheworld.A.sinceB.thatC.whereD.when3.Themeetingwasputoff,_ofcourse,wasexactlywhatwewanted.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.whatB.4Mr.Smithhasboughtalittlehouseinthecountry,around_sometalltrees.A.WhichisB.themareC.itisD.whichare,5.Hewrotealotofnovels,manyof_weretranslatedintoforeignlanguagesAthemBwhichCwhomDthat6.Hewrotealotofnovels,andmanyof_weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.AthemBwhichCwhomDthat7.Mr.Greenis_agoodteacher_weallloveandrespect.ASuch,thatBsuch,asCso,thatDsoas8.In1980hecaughtaseriousillnessfrom_effectshestillsuffers.AWhichBthatCwhoseDwhat9.Iamlookingforanewjob,one_Igetabitmorejobsatisfaction.AWhenBwhereCthatDwhich,高考热点,1.介词+whichwhomThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterdayThisisabigwindowthroughwhichIcanseetherailwaystation.Themanbywhomtheboywasbeatenlastnightwasarrestedfromtheprison.,TomorrowIllbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.,介词的选择要看(1)从句谓语动词与先行词的搭配关系（2）句意（灵活）（3）表所属关系、整体中的一部分用of+whomwhich,2.不定代词、数词、名词+介词+whichwhosewhom,Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.,Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.,Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.,some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等,1.Iwastoldthattherewereabout50foreignstudents_Chineseintheschool,most_werefromGermany.(06)Astudy,ofwhomBstudy,ofthemCstudying,ofwhichDstudying,ofwhom2.Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst_Ireallyenjoyed.(06)AofthatBofwhichCthatDwhich,主谓一致（1）“oneofthe+复数名词+定语从句(V复)”，Heisoneoftheboyswhoareoftenpraisedbytheteacher.,（2）“theonlyoneofthe+复数名词+定语从句(V单)”one是先行词,作主语，Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatisoftenpraisedbytheteacher.,先行词,在从句中作主语,4。以theway为先行词,意为“方法，方式”时，后的限制性定语从句的引导词有三种：inwhich或that，或省略。,Thewaythatheansweredthequestionswassurprising.inwhich/比较：Thewaythatheexplainedtouswassimple.（关系词作宾语）inwhich/,thewayofdoingtodo,（关系词作方式状语）,5.关系代词as和which（作主，宾；指代一个词或前面整个句子）,（1）as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。“正如、正像”的含义。主观的,（2）which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句后。表客观的,Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.,Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.,John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.,TomhasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve.,注意：（1）、当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。,Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.,Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.,(2)当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，常用as。,Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.,Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.,ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.,区别：ThisisthesamedictionarythatIlostlastweek.（同一个）,（同一类）,Dontreadsuchbooksaswilldoharmtoyou,1.Shegotthesameresult_Igotyesterday.AthatBwhichCasDwhat2.Isthisthesameroom_welivedinlastnight?AwhoBwhichCwhatDas3._ismentionedabove,thenumberofthestudentsinseniorhighschoolsisincreasing.AWhichBAsCWhatIt4.Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,_meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.(06)AwhichBthatCasDwho,6.摆脱定势（关系代词与关系副词的选择）用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。,比较：Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.,C.Iwillneverforgetthedays_wespentourholidaystogether.,D.Iwillneverforgetthedays_wespenttogether.,E.Thisisthereason_hewasdismissed.,F.Thisisthereason_heexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.,when,that/which,why,that/which,7.特殊的先行词：point,situation,occasion(场合，时刻）,condition,case等在从句作状语，后要用where表抽象的概念Wearejusttryingtoreachapoint_bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.(06)AwhereBthatCwhenDwhichThereareoftenoccasions_peoplearenotclearabouttheirrolesinthesociety.AwhyBwhichCwhenDwhat,8.限制性定语从句中只能用that引导的情况：,1)、当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,all,none,few,little,some等代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：,HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?,Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.,Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.,ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.,注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：,Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.,2)、当先行词被序数词修饰时。,ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.,3)、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。,ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.,4)、当先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame修饰时。,ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.,Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.,注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：,Tomistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.,5)、当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。,Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?,WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?,6)、当先行词既有人又有物时。,Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool,7).定语从句缺少表语时或therebe句型中ThereisstillapointthatIcantunderstand.Chinaisnotthecountrythatitusedtobe.,2.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.(01)AuntilBthatCwhenDwhere3.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantoothers,_,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.（04）AwhoBthatCwhatDwhich,分隔式定语从句找准先行词,补：什么情况下用who不用that？,先行词是人称代词时，如：He,whojustheardthenewsofhisfathersdeath,burstintotears.,9：以下情况只能用which引导定语从句。,1.引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。,3.句子中同时有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用了that引导时,2.先行词是物，紧接在介词后面时,10.含干扰因素的定语从句有时为了加大试题的难度，要设计一些干扰因素，常见的（1）将定语从句与先行词分开，形成分割定语从句。（2）在定语从句中加插入语1.-Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?-Right,justtheone_youknowIusedtoworkforyears.(05)AthatBwhichCwhereDwhat2.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.AuntilBthatCwhenDwhere,youknow是插入语,分隔,2.Coulditbeintherestaurantin_youhaddinnerwithmeyesterday_youleftbehindyourkeysandwallet?Which,whichB.which,thatC.ThatwhereD.wherewhere3.Thenovelwascompletedin1978,_theeconomicsystemhasseengreatchanges.AwhenBduringwhichCsincewhenDsincethen4.Adozenfamilymembersgatheredatthetable_weretraditionallocalfoodssuchaspreservedhamsausage.AwhatBwhichCthatDwhere,1混淆定语从句与并列句Hehastwochildren,andbothof_areabroad.Hehastwochildren,bothof_areabroad.Hehastwochildren,bothof_beingabroad.AthemBwhichCthatDwhom,使用定语从句的几个易错点,A,D,A,2.混淆定语从句与表语从句Yourcoatisstill_youleftit.AwhereBthereC.therewhereD.theplacewhereIsthisschool_yourfatherworkedintenyearsago.Isthistheschool_yourfatherworkedintenyearsago.Isthistheschool_yourfatherworkedtenyearsago.A.whereB.whatC.thatD.theone,A,D,C,A,3.混淆定语从句与状语从句,Iwentupstairs_Iheardsomeonecrying.AwhereBwhenCthatDwhichHeis_awiseboy_wealllike.AsuchthatBsuchasCsothatDsoas,B,B,4.误加与先行词同义的代词改错Heisamaneveryonerespectshim,5.混淆whose与which,ThisisMarry,_fatherwemetlastweek.Callagainat11,by_timethemeetingshouldbeover.AwhichBwhoseCwhomDwhat,B=andher这是马力，她的爸爸我们见过,A=andbythattime11点给我打电话，到那时会议应该结束,析：作定语的区别whose=ones而which=thisthat,6.因逗号误用which,IfabookisinEnglish,_meansslowprogressforyou.WhenIsaytwohours,_includestimeforeating.AasBthatCwhichDwhat,均选择that。因为它们根本不是定语从句。含有状语从句的复合句中，主句缺少主语,7.定语从句与同位语从句的区别,1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。,TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.,Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.,2定语从句-关系代词或关系副词引导，在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在限制性定从句中作宾语时，可省略。,同位语从句-(1)由that引导,在从句中不担当成分,不可省(2)由where,when,how,who,whether,what等连词引导,这些连词则在从句中担当成分。,Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.,判断练习1.Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.,2.Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.,3.Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.,4.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.,判断方法2：同位语从句与先行词可用动词be发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句则不能。,1.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.,2.Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.,1.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,ofcourse,_madetheothersunhappy.A.whichB.whoC.thisD.what,2.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown_hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.where,3.Thegentleman_youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.whoB.aboutwhomC.whomD.withwhom,4.Pleasetakeanyseat_isfree.A.whichB.whereC.inwhichD.that,5.Theoldmanhastwosons,_isasoldier.A.oneofwhomB.bothofthemC.allofwhomD.noneofthem,6.Thisistheship_wecrossedthePacific(太平洋).A.bywhichB.bythatC.whereD.inwhich,7.NewYorkisfamousforitssky-scrapers(摩天大楼)_hasmorethan100storeys.A.thehigherofthemB.thehighestofwhichC.thehighestofthemD.someofwhich,8.Myhomevillageisnolongerthesame_itusedtobe.A.whichB.asC.whereD.when,9.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30p.m.,_manypeoplehavegonehome.A.whosetimeB.thatC.atwhichD.bywhichtime,10.Theboy_compositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup.A.whoB.whoseC.thatD.which,11.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it,12.Mr.Wangisaboss,_factoryLiPingworked.A.inwhoseB.whoseC.inwhomD.ofwhich,13.Idontliketheway_youspeaktoher.A./B.thatC.inwhichD.AllA,B,andC,14.Ishallneverforgettheyears_Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,_hasagoodeffectonmylife.A.that,whichB.when,whichC.which,thatD.when,who,15._isknowntoall,Chinawillbeanadvancedandpowerfulcountryin20or30yearstime.A.WhatB.ThatC.AsD.It,16.Isthisbook_youwanttoborrowfromthelibrary?A.thatB.whichC.theoneD./,17.Suchabook_youshowedmeisdifficulttounderstand.A.thatB.whichC.asD.like,18.Thespeakerspokeofsomewritersandsomebooks_werepopularthen.A./B.thatC.whichD.who,19.Thisisthestore_wevisitedthefamousshopassistants.A.whereB.thereC.thatD.which,20.ImgoingtospendmyholidayinBeijing,_livemyoldparents.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.there,21.Ifashophaschairs_womencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where,22.whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?thereisnooneelse_,isthere?A.whototurntoB.shecanturntoC.forwhomtoturnD.forhertoturn,23.Theplace_thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe_thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.A.which;whereB.atwhich;whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich,1.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A.whichB.whoC.thisD.what2.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltownhegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.where3.Thegentlemanyoutoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.whoB.aboutwhomC.whomD.withwhom4.Pleasetakeanyseatisfree.A.whichB.whereC.inwhichD.that,5.Theoldmanhastwosons,isasoldier.A.oneofwhomB.bothofthemC.allofwhomD.noneofthem,A,D,B,D,A,6.ThisistheshipwecrossedthePacific.A.bywhichB.bythatC.whereD.inwhich7.NewYorkisfamousforitssky-scrapers(摩天大楼)，hasmorethan100stores.A.thehigherofthemB.thehighestofwhichC.thehighestofthemD.someofwhich8.Myhomevillageisnolongerthesameitusedtobe.A.whichB.asC.whereD.when9.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30p.m.,manypeoplehavegonehome.A.whosetimeB.thatC.atwhichD.bywhichtime,D,B,B,D,10.Theboycompositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup.A.whoB.whoseC.thatD.which11.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it12.Mr.Wangisaboss,factoryLiPingworked.A.inwhoseB.whoseC.inwhomD.ofwhich13.Idontlikethewayyouspeaktoher.A./B.thatC.inwhichD.AllA,B,andC14.IshallneverforgettheyearsIlivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,hasagoodeffectonmylife.A.that,whichB.when,whichC.which,thatD.when,who,B,B,A,D,B,15.isknowntoall,Chinawillbeanadvancedandpowerfulcountryin20or30yearstime.A.WhatB.ThatC.AsD.It16.Isthisbookyouwanttoborrowfromthelibrary?A.thatB.whichC.theoneD./17.Suchabookyoushowedmeisdifficulttounderstand.A.thatB.whichC.asD.like,18.Thespeakerspokeofsomewritersandsomebookswerepopularthen.A./B.thatC.whichD.who19.Thisisthestorewevisitedthefamousshopassistants.A.whereB.thereC.thatD.which,C,C,C,B,A,20.ImgoingtospendmyholidayinBeijing,livemyoldparents.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.there,C,精选高考试题,1.IwasborninNewYork,acity_namewillcreateapictureofbeautifultreesandgreengrassinourmind.A.whichBofwhichCthatDwhose2.Aperson_e-mailaccountisfullwontbeabletosendorreceiveanye-mails.A.WhoBwhomCwhoseDwhoever3.Becauseofthefinancialcrisis,daysaregone_local5-starhotelscharged6000yuanforonenight.A.IfBwhenCwhichDsince4.Ihavereachedapointinmylife_Iamsupposedtomakedecisionsofmyown.A.WhichBwhereChowDwhy,5.Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneof_Ihadevermetbefore.A.themB.whoC.whomD.these6.Whatdoyouthinkofteaching,Bob?-Ifinditfunandchallenging.Itisajob_youaredoingsomethingseriousbutinteresting.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that7.Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown._wasverykindofhim.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it8.Shellneverforgetherstaythere_shefoundhersonwhohadgonemissingtwoyearsbefore.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when9.ThehouseIgrewup_hasbeentakendownandreplacedbyanofficebuilding.A.initB.inC.inthatD.inwhich,10.Lifeislikealongrace_wecompetewithotherstogobeyondourselves.A.whyB.whatC.thatD.where11.itshelpfultoputchildrenIasituation_theycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where12.Manychildren,_parentsareawayworkinginbigcities,aretakengoodcareofinthevillage.A.theirB.whoseC.ofthemD.withwhom13.WheneverImether，_wasfairlyoften,shegreetedmewithasweetsmile.A.whoB.whichC.whenD.that14.Guncontrolisasubject_Americanshavearguedforalongtime.A.ofwhichB.withwhicC.aboutwhichD.intowhich,15.Theyvewontheirlastthreematches,_Ifindabitsurprisingactually.A.thatB.whenC.whatD.which16.Iwillgiveyoumyfriendshomeaddress,_Icanbereachedmostevenings.A.whichB.whenC.whomD.where17.Alltheneighborsadmirethisfamily_theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.A.whyB.whereC.whichD.that18.Laterinthischaptercaseswillbeintroducedtoreaders_consumercomplaintshaveresultedinchangesinthelaw.A.WhereB.whenC.whoD.which19.Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors,_arebeyondourcontrol.A.mostofthemB.mostofwhichC.mostofwhatD.mostofthat,20.Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,_weremadeofsmalldiamonds.A.ThehandsofwhomB.whomthehandsofC.whichthehandsofD.thehandsofwhich21.Formanycitiesintheworld,thereisnoroomtospreadoutfurther,_NewYorkisanexample.A.ForwhichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhich22.TheywillflytoWashington,_theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.A.WhereB.thereC.whichD.when23.Yesterdayshesoldhercar,_sheboughtamonthago.A.WhenB.whereC.thatD.which24.Bynineoclock,alltheOlympictorchbearershadreachedthetopofMountQomolangma,_appearedararerainbowsoon.A.OfwhichB.onwhichC.fromwhichD.abovewhich,25.TheScienceMuseum,_wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondonstouristattractionsA.WhichB.whatC.thatD.where26.Occasionsarequiterare_Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.A.WhoB.whichC.whyD.when27.Somepre-schoolchildrengotoadaycarecenter,_theylearnsimplegamesandsongs.A.ThenB.thereC.whileD.where28.Weshouldntspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,mostof_arehealthy.A.ThatB.whichC.whatD.whom29.Hismovewonsevealawardsatthefilmfestival,_wasbeyondhiswildestdream.A.WhichB.thatC.whereD.it,30.Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse,_wantedtobuyit.A.NoneofthemB.