定语从句(演示)

Attributiveclause:,在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。,Attributiveclause:,定语从句的位置：通常在先行词（在主句中）后。,定语从句的引导词,关系代词,关系副词,指人,指物,who(主语、宾语)，whom(宾语)，that(主语、宾语),whose(定语),that(主语、宾语),which(主语、宾语)whose(定语),where(地点状语),when(时间状语),why(原因状语),问题一：如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词,找出定语从句中是否主语和宾语都齐全。如齐全用关系副词。用什么关系副词看先行词。,Iwillneverforgetthedays(_Istayedwithyou).,when,_,_,JurassicParkisaboutapark_(averyrichmankeepsdifferentKindsofdinosaurs).,_,_,where,1958wastheyear_(Spielbergmadehisfirstrealfilm).,_,_,Pleasegivemethereason_(youmadesuchagreatsuccess).,_,_,when,why,问题二：that和which的选择,(1)that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在下列情况引导词只用that，不用which。,当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时，如：a.Allcanbedonehasbeendone.b.Iamsureshehassomething()youcanborrow.c.Thereislittle()theenemycandobesidessurrender.,先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much修饰时：,Ivereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.,that和which的选择,先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。,.Thisisthebestbook(that)Iveeverread,Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.,先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时。,Thatwhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.,当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who(whom)和which引导。如：,Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools（that）hehadvisited.,问题三：as与which引导的定语从句,对这两个词作如下归纳：,1、如果定语放主句后，即引用as也可以用which.Hefailedtotheexam,as(=which)isnatural.Sheseemsascientist,as(=which)infactsheis.Grammarisnotadeadrule,which(=as)Ihavesaidbefore.,2、如果从句在主句前，这时要用as而不用which引导定语从句。如：,Asweallknow,hisparentswerekilledinthewar.,Asweallknow,theearthisround.,3.用于thesameas,suchas，asas,soas中，一般用as。e.g.Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.,4.as代表前面主句意思时，有“正如”之意，而which没有此意思，从句中的动词常是expect,know,see,think,want,suppose等。,Hewonthematch,aswehadexpected.Heagreedtotheplan,aswastobeexpected.Thepolicewerelookingforhim,ashethought.,as与which引导的定语从句,Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.,5.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如beknown，besaid，bereported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。e.g.Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.,6.如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用which.,a.Hecheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasverydisgraceful.b.Hecamebacklate,whichmadehismotherworried.,as与which引导的定语从句,Readthesesentencesanddiscusswhichwordsinthesentencestheclauses(initalics)referto.,TherewereinventionsanddevelopmentsinChinawhichwerenotavailableinEuropeatthattime.MarcowasluckyenoughtomeetanotherprisonerwhoenjoyedlisteningtohisstoriesaboutChina.TheprisonerthenwrotethestoriesinabookcalledTheDescriptionoftheWorld,whichbecameoneofthebest-sellingbooksinEurope.,限制性定语从句:所谓限制性定语从句就是先行词在意义上不可缺少定语,如果去掉,主句就失去意义或意义不完整。这种从句和先行词的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号和主句分开。,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:,DoyourememberthegirlwhotaughtusEnglish？你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？(如果把从句部分去掉,整个句子的含义就变了。),非限制性定语从句:非限制性定语从句和主句的关系并不十分密切,只是对先行词做些附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。在讲话时须停顿，一般不用that引导。,Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。(去掉从句,主句的意义仍然完整:张先生是我的一位朋友。)2.Wewalkeddownthevillagestreet,wheretheywerehavingmarketday.我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。(去掉从句,主句的意义仍然完整:我们沿着村里的大街向前走去。),限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别,which指代先行词or指代前面整个句子。,ThatPeterwillmarryAlice,whichhasnotbeenannouncedyet,hasspreadaround.皮特要娶爱丽丝这件事，还没宣布，却已穿得沸沸扬扬。句中的which指代“皮特要娶爱丽丝”这件事。,除which外，还可用when,where,who,whom等关系副词或代词引导非限制性定语从句。,Aftergraduation,IdecidedtostayinChongqing,whereIspentmychildhoodandfouryearsofcollegelife.,AlbertEinsteinleftGermanyfortheUnitedStatesduringtheWorldWarII,whenJewswerebadlytreatedinGermany.,先行词作宾语时，引导词可以省略,TheAmericanjournalist(whom/who)theannouncermentionedinthenewsbroadcastissaidtohavebeenkilledbythegangsters.,播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。,Hewaseagertogotothehospitaltoseehisstepmother,whomhelovedandrespectedashisownmother.他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他像对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。,关系代词whom不能用who替换。,Allthemagazinesherewhichhavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.,里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。,Allthemagazineshere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.,所有的杂志都是他写的,里面都有漂亮的图画。,有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思。,（杂志有带图画和不带图画两类）,（杂志只有一种）,Mr.Smith,whoisourboss,willleaveforJapan.,当先行词是地名人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句。,Threeofthebiggestman-madeprojectsintheworldaretheGreatWallofChina，thePyramidsofEgyptandtheAswanHighDam，whichisalsoinEgypt世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝，它也在埃及。,非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点：,一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。1.Ilikethebook,whichwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。2.Ilikethebookwhich/thatwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢昨天买的那本书。,二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导要用forwhich代替why。1.Ihadtoldthemthereason,forwhichIdidntattendthemeeting.我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。2.IhadtoldthemthereasonwhyIdidntattendthemeeting.我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句“thereasonwhy.”是常见搭配。),三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不能用which引导。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。1.AsIexpected,hedidntbelieveme.正如我所预料的，他不相信我。2.Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。,Translation,1.我们去年在医院一直照顾的老太太死了.Theoldladywhomwehadtakencareofinthehospitallastyeardied.2.你想娶的姑娘昨天偷了我的钱包。Thegirlwhomyouwanttomarrystolemywalletyesterday.3.孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。ThebookthatMt.Sunwroteisthebestbookintheworld.,4.你喜欢女孩就是我喜欢的女孩。ThegirlwhoyoulikeisthegirlwhoIlike.5.昨天被我家的狗咬的人今天又被你家狗咬了。Themanwhowasbitbymydogwasbitbyyourdogtodayagain.6.你知道他打算娶你的原因吗？Doyouknowthereasonforwhichheisgoingtomarryyou?Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisgoingtomarryyou?,7.我讨厌我住过的那个旅馆。IhatethehotelwhereIlived.IhatethehotelinwhichIlived.IhatethehotelIlivedin.8.我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天。Iwillneverforg