山西省太原市第五中学2020届高三英语10月检测试题（含解析）

山西省太原市第五中学2020届高三英语10月检测试题（含解析）第一部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分60分）第一节 （共15小题；每小题3分，满分45分）(a)many of us know about russias lake baikal from our textbooks, or by listening to chinese singer li jians hit song, lake baikal. but over the past decade, the worlds deepest freshwater lake has been in the spotlight for an extreme sport.each march since 2005, about 150 people from around the world sign up for the baikal ice marathon. they come to explore the lakes breathtaking beauty and challenge themselves in unpredictable conditions.the 26-mile (41. 84-kilometers) journey starts on the lakes eastern shore. in march, the ice is a meter thick and iron-hard. runners cross this frozen surface, finishing on the western side of the lake.known as the “blue eye of siberia”, lake baikal has exceptionally clear waters. this means its ice is almost perfectly transparent. “seen from above, a runner on the ice looks as if he or she is jogging through space,” the new york times noted.the landscape might be beautiful, but its also harsh. strong winds blast (侵袭) across the lake and frostbite (冻伤) can occur within half an hour. runners say the cold climate is what draws them. they want to test their limits.“when you are in such an environment, you dont have cars around you, you dont have the noise around. i think these extreme races allow you to be alone with nature,” alicja barahona, a 64-year-old runner from the us, told abc news.the location offers some strange and unique characteristics for this marathon. the finish line is visible from the start. but the endless white offers no progress markers. the race also ends with little fanfare (喧闹). tourists crowding the ice are mostly addicted to snapping series (自拍) and just ignore the runners.for some runners, the absence of spectators makes the race more challenging, because its lonely. they must fight with themselves. “you are alone on baikal. it is your race. you are alone with yourself. all you need to do is to defeat yourself,” veronique messina, a french runner, told the telegraph.1. what can we know about the baikal ice marathon from the text?a. it takes runners from the northern end to the southern end of the lake.b. it involves extreme weather and beautiful scenery.c. it attracts more and more participants each year.d. it is about 26 kilometers in length.2. how does the baikal ice marathon differ from other marathons?a. only men are allowed to run in this race.b. the runners can see the finish line from the start.c. the runners are often distracted by tourists.d. there are many progress markers on the ice.3. what is the most difficult part of the race for messina?a. loneliness.b. the long distance.c. the cold climate.d. noisy surroundings.【答案】1. b 2. b 3. a【解析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了世界上最孤独的马拉松是在贝加尔湖畔。自2005年以来，每年3月，来自世界各地的约150人报名参加贝加尔湖冰马拉松。他们来这里探索湖泊惊人的美丽，并在不可预知的条件下挑战自己。跑步者说寒冷的气候吸引了他们。他们想测试自己的极限。【1题详解】细节理解题。第二段第二句they come to explore the lakes breathtaking beauty and challenge themselves in unpredictable conditions.可知来参加马拉松的人们是来这里探索湖泊惊人的美丽，并在不可预知的条件下挑战自己。故选b。【2题详解】细节理解题。第六段第二句the finishing line is visible from the start, but the endless white offers no progress markers.可知贝加尔湖冰马拉松与其他马拉松不同之处在于赛跑者从起跑线上就能看到终点。故选b。3题详解】细节理解题。最后一段最后一句you are alone on baikal. it is your race. you are alone with yourself. all you need to do is to defeat yourself.可知messina认为这是一个人的比赛。要和自己独处。所要做的就是打败自己。即他认为孤独是最具有挑战性的部分，故选a。(b)in 1972, a social worker named sanjit bunker roy founded barefoot college in tilonia, rajasthan. today the college trains women from villages for six months to build and maintain solar panels and other instruments. barefoot college also offers education to the younger generation both during the day and at its solar bridge schools that meet by lamplight at night.the philosophy of barefoot college is largely inspired by the principles of gandhi, starting with equality beyond caste (种姓), gender or religion. as a matter of fact, women are prioritized (优先考虑) as an underserved population that is essential to bringing villages together. another central principle of the college is self-reliance, teaching students to support and think for themselves.after the colleges female students have completed their half-year of training, they return to their villages where they wait for solar panel parts to arrive from the college. once they have all the pieces they need, they construct the panels and begin collecting solar energy. for each village, the college also provides solar lamps. villagers can, in addition, order parts for other solar-powered devices, such as water heaters and cooking stoves. once assembled, they and the lamps are powered by the solar panels.the effect on the villages is huge. before the solar panels and lamps arrived, villagers had only candles to light their homes. this prevented adults from doing serious work at night, and it made studying difficult for children as well. as for physicians, they had difficulty treating patients and performing operations at night because they had to rely on flashlights.now there is power for not only the electrical appliances that the college provides but also devices like televisions, radios and computers. for the first time, the villagers can even connect to the world through the internet.4. what does this text explain about the college?a. how it accomplishes its goals.b. how its global efforts are funded.c. how its founder hires employees.d. how it works with the government.5. which idea is communicated by the college to women?a. they should be more involved in politics.b. they dont have to depend on others.c. they arent educating their daughters enough.d. they focus too much on their communities.6. which role do the women play after they return to their villages?a. theyre merchants.b. theyre composers.c. theyre technicians.d. theyre journalists.7. in the past, what was hard to provide in villages after dark?a. dry shelterb. clean waterc. medical cared. food supplies【答案】4. a 5. b 6. c 7. c【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了1972年，一位名叫桑吉特邦克罗伊的社会工作者在拉贾斯坦邦的提洛尼亚建立了barefoot college，这所大学为来自农村的女性提供为期6个月的培训，帮助她们建造和维护太阳能电池板和其他仪器。而这些女性回到自己的村庄后，给村庄带去了巨大影响。【4题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段in 1972, a social worker named sanjit bunker roy founded barefoot college in tilonia, rajasthan. today the college trains women from villages for six months to build and maintain solar panels and other instruments. barefoot college also offers education to the younger generation both during the day and at its solar bridge schools that meet by lamplight at night.（1972年，一位名叫桑吉特邦克罗伊的社会工作者在拉贾斯坦邦的提洛尼亚建立了赤脚学院。如今，这所大学为来自农村的妇女提供为期6个月的培训，帮助她们建造和维护太阳能电池板和其他仪器。barefoot college还为年轻一代提供白天的教育，在晚上灯光下的太阳能桥学校也提供教育。）可知创建barefoot college的目标是要改善社会，从文章内容可以看出主要是围绕barefoot college 是如何实现这一目标的。故选a。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中 another central principle of the college is self-reliance, teaching students to support and think for themselves.可知，学院的另一个中心原则是自力更生，教导学生自立和独立思考。所以学院传达了女性不必依赖于其他人的想法。故选b。【6题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段中after the colleges female students have completed their half-year of training, they return to their villages where they wait for solar panel parts to arrive from the college. once they have all the pieces they need, they construct the panels and begin collecting solar energy.（在该学院的女学生完成了半年的培训后，她们回到自己的村庄，等待太阳能电池板部件从学院运来。一旦他们拥有了所需的所有部件，他们就开始建造太阳能电池板，并开始收集太阳能。）可知女性返回农村后发挥了技术人员的作用。故选c。7题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句as for physicians, they had difficulty treating patients and performing operations at night because they had to rely on flashlights.（至于医生，他们很难治疗病人和在晚上进行手术，因为他们不得不依靠手电筒。）可知晚上村民们最难提供的是医疗服务。故选c。(c)imagine you are opening your own company and want to hire a manager. you have two candidates and they are both capable and experienced, so who would you rather hire: julia watson or shobha bhattacharva? chances are that you would prefer watson, right? but why?“easy names are evaluated as more familiar, less risky and less dangerous, ” eryn newman, a scientist at victoria university of wellington, new zealand, told scientific american. as a result, people with easier names are often assumed to be more trustworthy. this is what newman and her teammates have found in their recent study.in the experiment, they picked 18 different foreign names, including difficult-to-pronounce ones like yevgeni dherzhinsky and easy names like bodo wallmeyer. they then attached each name with a statement such as “turtles are deaf” and “giraffes are the only mammals that cannot jump” and asked volunteers whether they thought the claims were true.the results showed that claims connected to easier names were more often ranked as believable than those attributed to difficult names, regardless of what the truth really was. in fact, previous studies have already found that our judgments about products can be affected by their names. for example, we tend to think of a food additive (添加剂) with an easier name as safer and a stock with an easier name as more lucrative (利润丰厚的)，according to medical daily.but researchers pointed out that this effect can change depending on where someone comes from. for example, a native british man may find “yevgeni dherzhinsky” hard to pronounce while russian people could say it without effort. newman hopes that this finding can make us better see our biases (偏见). its not just unfair to people that we make judgments based on gut feelings (直觉) rather than facts, and it can sometimes have serious consequences.for example, we may choose to believe certain eyewitnesses in court simply because their names sound more trustworthy even if they are actually lying. or, we may let go of qualified job candidates due to their “difficult” names.now, if you could make that decision again, would you still prefer julia watson to shobha bhattacharva?8. what did newman and her teammates discover in their experiment?a. volunteers with easier names were more likely to choose true claims.b. a difficult name doesnt influence the way the volunteers viewed the claims.c. volunteers trusted claims paired with easy names more often.d. volunteers trusted claims connected with difficult names.9. the underlined words “this effect” in paragraph 5 refer to the effect _.a. names have on peoples judgmentsb. gut feelings have on people from different placesc. of decisions made based on factsd. of peoples biases against certain types of people10. what can we conclude from the last paragraph?a. we should think twice before we make a decision.b. the harder your name is to pronounce, the more likely it is you will get a job.c. judging people based on their names may cause serious problems.d. russians have less bias against peoples names than the british.11. what is probably the best title for the text?a. names affect productsb. employers prefer shobha bhattacharvac. difficult names are trustworthyd easy names win out【答案】8. c 9. a 10. c 11. d【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了最近研究发现名字简单的人通常被认为更值得信任。文章同时说明了实验过程以及研究人员指出这种影响可能会随着一个人来自哪里而改变，和这种影响可能会导致的问题。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中the results showed that claims connected to easier names were more often ranked as believable than those attributed to difficult names, regardless of what the truth really was.（结果表明，与难记的名字相比，与容易记的名字相关的说法更容易被认为是可信的，不管事实真相是什么。）可知纽曼和她的队友发现，在实验中志愿者更相信与简单名字配对的说法。故选c。【9题详解】词义猜测题。结合第四段中the results showed that claims connected to easier names were more often ranked as believable than those attributed to difficult names, regardless of what the truth really was. in fact, previous studies have already found that our judgments about products can be affected by their names.（结果表明，与难记的名字相比，与容易记的名字相关的说法更容易被认为是可信的，不管事实真相是什么。事实上，之前的研究已经发现，我们对产品的评价会受到产品名称的影响。）以及划线单词下文can change depending on where someone comes from.可知第5段下划线的“这种影响”是指人名对人们的判断所产生的影响。故选a。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容now, if you could make that decision again, would you still prefer julia watson to shobha bhattacharva?（现在，如果你可以再做一次这个决定，你还会选择julia watson而不是shobha bhattacharva吗?）以及上文or, we may let go of qualified job candidates due to their “difficult” names.（或者，我们可能会因为“难”的名字而放弃合格的求职者。）可推知从最后一段我们可以得出根据人名来判断一个人可能会导致严重的问题。故选c。【11题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“easy names are evaluated as more familiar, less risky and less dangerous, ” eryn newman, a scientist at victoria university of wellington, new zealand, told scientific american. as a result, people with easier names are often assumed to be more trustworthy. this is what newman and her teammates have found in their recent study.（新西兰惠灵顿维多利亚大学的科学家艾琳纽曼在接受科学美国人采访时说:“简单的名字被认为更熟悉、更安全、更不危险。”因此，名字简单的人通常被认为更值得信任。这是纽曼和她的队友们在最近的研究中发现的。）以及文章主要内容为研究发现人们更容易认为容易记的名字更可信。故d选项符合文章主旨。故选d。【点睛】词义猜测题是高考阅读理解中常考题型之一，可以大致分为 定义猜词，可以根据定义信息和举例猜测词义。如文中常用refer to，be called或thats to say，such as等。 逻辑猜词可以根据同义词、反义词、因果关系词等猜测词义，例如，similarly,the same as,but,however,while,on the other hand,since ,because等，所猜词与这些提示词前/后面部分的含义一样、相反或是前因后果。 语法猜词，可以根据构词法，再结合上下文进行猜词。 语境猜词，猜测词义离不开上下文的语境，通过上下文提供的情景和线索进行合理的分析，同时还要关注其所在的整段及整篇文章。 指代猜词即找出人称代词、指示代词、关系代词或关系副词等所指代的内容，做题时要注意指代词的位置，以便于判断，然后用所找的指代内容替换划线代词，核实其逻辑、意义、位置等是否一致，最后比较所找部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。如第二小题，结合第四段中the results showed that claims connected to easier names were more often ranked as believable than those attributed to difficult names, regardless of what the truth really was. in fact, previous studies have already found that our judgments about products can be affected by their names.（结果表明，与难记的名字相比，与容易记的名字相关的说法更容易被认为是可信的，不管事实真相是什么。事实上，之前的研究已经发现，我们对产品的评价会受到产品名称的影响。）以及划线单词下文can change depending on where someone comes from.可知第5段下划线的“这种影响”是指人名对人们的判断所产生的影响。故选a。(d)many of us have had this experience: we lie down in a bed other than our own, perhaps at a friends house or in a hotel room, and find it difficult or impossible to fall asleep. is it because the bed is uncomfortable? maybe, but perhaps there can be other reasons.according to a new study published in current biology, a significant reason is what the scientists call “first night effect”. they believe that one side of the brain acts as a “night watch” to warn us about potential dangers. it forces us to stay awake on the first night in a new environment.for the study, 35 young volunteers were asked to sleep in a sleep lab for several days. meanwhile, researchers watched their brain activities.according to the researchers, on their first night, the left brains were more active than the right brains and people had a hard time sleeping. however, left-brain activity decreased as days went by, falling even to the point of complete calm. in this process, the participants got an increasingly better sleep experience.the findings suggest that the different rhythms of the sides of the brain affect our sleep. when the two sides work differently, the balance between them is broken. thus, the brain cant relax and is sensitive to anything strange in the surroundings, just as it is in daytime.“at some level, the brain is continuing to analyze things, even though you are not aware of the analysis,” us professor jerome siegel told smithsonian magazine. “if something unusual happens if a door opens or you hear a key in a lock you can be alert, even though the intensity of the stimulus is quite low.”more surprisingly, this phenomenon is similar to the way some animals sleep. whales, dolphins, and many birds can sleep with half of their brain while the other half stays awake, with its corresponding eye staying open.the researchers think that it is the result of evolution, and works to protect us in potentially dangerous environments.if you have ever had what you think is “first night effect”, researchers suggest that you bring your own pillow or sleep in a room similar to your bedroom next time you sleep away from home.12. what did the new study published in current biology find?a. a comfortable bed could help people sleep well in a new environment.b. most people could sleep well in a new environment after the first night.c. brain activities affected peoples sleep in a new environment.d. the right brain determined how well people slept in a new environment.13. what was found out about the volunteers?a. their left brains were more active on the first night.b. their right brains became more active as days went by.c. their right brains kept them awake the whole night.d. they slept better in the sleep lab than at home.14. what do the researchers think makes the brain sensitive to new things?a. the bad sleep experiences people have had.b. the tiredness that people suffer from in daytime.c. the imbalance between the two sides of the brain.d. the strangeness of the things that people come across.15. what do the researchers think of “first night effect”?a. it has evolved as a way to protect us.b. its a characteristic that animals dont have.c. its completely different from the way animals sleep.d. it helps people to get used to new environments quickly.【答案】12. c 13. a 14. c 15. a【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“第一晚效应”对我们的影响以及产生的原因。【12题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“according to a new study published in current biology, a significant reason is what the scientists call “first night effect”. they believe that one side of the brain acts as a “night watch” to warn us about potential dangers.”可知，在新环境中睡不好觉的一个重要的原因是科学家们所说的“第一晚效应”，他们认为，大脑的一侧就像一个守夜人，提醒我们注意潜在的危险，由此可知，发表在当代生物学杂志上的这项新研究发现大脑活动影响人们在新环境中的睡眠，故c项正确。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“according to the researchers, on their first night, the left brains were more active than the right brains”可知，研究发现志愿者的左脑在第一个晚上更加活跃，故a项正确。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“the findings suggest that the different rhythms of the sides of the brain affect our sleep. when the two sides work differently, the balance between them is broken.”可知，大脑两侧不同的节奏会影响我们的睡眠，当两侧工作方式不同时，他们之间的平衡就会被打破，由此可知，大脑两侧的不平衡使大脑对新事物敏感，故c项正确。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“the researchers think that it is the result of evolution, and works to protect us in potentially danger