高级英语--第二课-Marrakech-完备PPT课件

.,1,高级英语课件,MarrakechbyGeorgeOrwell,.,2,I.BackgroundKnowledge,.,3,1.GeorgeOrwell,.,4,GeorgeOrwell,Britishnovelistandessayistbetweenthetwoworldwars.au/o/orwell/georgeSeenotes1onpage25,.,5,GeorgeOrwellwasthepseudonymofEricArthurBlair(1903-50),anEnglishwriterwhoatonetimeservedwiththeIndianImperialPoliceinBurma.HefoughtintheSpanishCivilWar,anexperienceherecordedinHomagetoCatalonia.HisnovelsincludeDownandOutinParisandLondon(describingaperiodofpovertyinthesecities);BurmeseDays;ComingupforAir;AClergymansDaughter;KeeptheAspidistraFlying;AnimalFarm;and1984.Thelasttwonovelsvilify(诽谤,中伤)socialistsocietyandcommunism.Amonghiswellknownessaysare:ShootinganElephant;AHanging;Marrakech;andPoliticsandtheEnglishLanguage.,.,6,GeorgeOrwell,OrwellisbestrememberedtodayfortwoofhisnovelsAnimalFarmandNineteenEighty-Four,.,7,Hisbook-AnimalFarm,.,8,AnimalFarm(1945),-apoliticalfableEachanimalrepresentsacertainhumancharacter,meanttocriticizeStalinssocialism.AshortnovelthatcriticizestheSovietUnion,oneofEnglandsalliesinWorldWarII.Itisanentertainingstoryaboutanimalsor,onadeeperlevel,asavageattackonthemisuseofpoliticalpower.,.,9,NineteenEighty-Four(1949),AnEnglishnovelaboutlifeinadictatorshipaslivedbyWinstonSmith,anintellectualworkerattheMinistryofTruth,andhisdegradationwhenherunsafoulofthetotalitarian(极权主义的)governmentofOceania(大洋洲),thestateinwhichhelivesintheyearthathepresumesis1984.,.,10,GeorgeOrwell,themasterofasuperb,lucid(清晰的)prosestyle.anuncompromisingindividualistandpoliticalidealistfamousforhispoliticalsatiresOrwellarguedthatwritershaveanobligationoffightingsocialinjustice,oppression,andthepoweroftotalitarian(极权主义的)regimes.,.,11,Featuresofhisworks,Inreadinghisworks,severalaspectsdrawourattention:1.Hisworksshowsharppowersofobservationanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople.2.Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency.3.TheuseofEnglishisclear,simpleanddirect,withnoformalityofembellishment(润色).(addition/decoration)Hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane-asclearasglass,.,12,HisLife,Heismushpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti-communistpointofview.HewasborninIndia,father,asocalledempire-builder-servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad.,.,13,HisLife,HereceivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool“Eden”.,.,14,HisLife,Marrakechisoneoftheplaceshetravelledto.Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism.Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism.ImperialismThepolicyofextendingacountrysinfluenceoverlesspowerfulstates(OxfordWorldEncyclopedia(1998).Colonialism:asituationinwhichonecountryrulesanother(麦克米兰英语词典).,.,15,HisLife,HejoinedSpanishWar.Hewasseriouslywounded.TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction.Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted.Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed,whichledhimtowardanti-communistattitude.,.,16,2.Morocco(摩洛哥),.,17,摩纳哥地中海沿岸近法-意边界的独立公国。面积：约1.9平方千米。人口：约31,800(2001)。居民大多是法国人，有少数意大利人。只有不到15的居民为摩纳哥后裔。语言：法语(官方语言)。宗教：天主教。货币：法郎。AsmallprincipalitylocatedinthesouthofFranceinthehillsabovetheMediterraneanSea.,.,18,NationalflagofMorocco,.,19,2.Morocco,a.LocatedinNorthAfrica,ontheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanb.About2000B.C.settledbyBerbertribes,theninvadedbyArabsinthe7thcentury,bringingwiththemIslam.c.In1912,aFranco-SpanishagreementdividedMoroccointo4administrativezones-FrenchMorocco,Spanishprotectorate(保护国),asouthernprotectorateandaninternationalzone.,.,20,d.Gainedindependencein1956andbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy(君主国)in1957.MoroccoisamemberoftheUnitedNations,theLeagueofArabStates,andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.e.People:mostMuslims;Most(70%)Moroccansarefarmers,usingcamels,donkeysandmulestopullplows,tryingtotrytogrowtheirownfood.IntheSouthafewtribesmenstillwanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert.f.Islam:thestatereligiong.Arabic-theofficiallanguage,FrenchandSpanishalsospoken.,.,21,Marrakech(马拉喀什),Marrakech/Marrakesh(马拉喀什)Location:AtthecenterofwestMorocco,attheNorthernfootofthehighAtlas.130milessouthofCasablanca,thechiefseaport.-ItistheprincipalcommercialcenterofMorocco.-Ithasextremelyhotsummersbutmildwinters.-Renownedforleathergoods-theoldcityislikealabyrinth(迷宫)fullofcrooked,deadenedstreets.,.,22,Marrakech,Marrakechisnotonlyafantasticcity,itisalsoasymboloftheMoroccothatoncewas,andwhichstillsurviveshere.Thestreetsoftheoldandpinkcityhavebeentoonarrowtoallowtheintroductionofcars,andtouristssearchingfortherealMoroccohaveturnedthemedievalstructuresofMarrakechintogoodbusiness.,.,23,Themarket1,.,24,.,25,.,26,Themarket2,.,27,Exposition,Expositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.Exposition-expounding(详述)explaining,.,28,Exposition,Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.Thepurposeorintentionofthewriterofexposition(informativewriting)istoinformorexplain.,.,29,Description,-dealswithappearancesandfeelings,.,30,Narration,-dealswitheventsandexperience,.,31,Exposition,-dealswithprocessesandrelationships,.,32,Exposition,Thingscanbeexplainedby-Definition-Listing-Examples-Classification-Comparisonandcontrast-Analysis(-analogy;-identification),.,33,Definition,Thekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness.Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective.,.,34,Listing,Wemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted.Then,ifpossible,arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance.,.,35,Examples,Itsthesimplest,themostcommon,bestmethod.,.,36,Classification,Wehavetofollowasystemconsistently.Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive.Thereshouldbenooverlapping(相互重叠的).Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone.,.,37,Comparisonandcontrast,Welikeonethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities(comparison).Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo(contrast).,.,38,Analysis,Wemaydiscussthecauseandeffectofahistoricalevent,itsnatureanditssignificanceinhistory.,.,39,Exposition,Thewriterappealstoareadersunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation,explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation.Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying.,.,40,Twopoints,a.Generally,thewritermakesastatementofthecentralthoughtorofhispurposequiteearly.Thisstatementissometimescalledthethesis,andmayevenbethetitleofthepiece.b.Sometimesthewritermayfirstpresentanddevelophisfactsandmakehisgeneralstatementasaconclusionattheend.,.,41,Discussion1.Orwellusedtosaythatthethingsofvaluearealwayspolitical.Isthisessaypolitical?Why?2.Whatandwhereisthecentralthoughtorthesisexpressed?3.Howdoestheauthorachievethethesis(objectively)?4.Howdoestheauthordevelophisessay?5.HowdoesOrwellshowhisoutrageatthemiseryofthenativepeoplesuccessfully?6.Howisthetexttobedivided?,.,42,1.Orwellusedtosaythatthethingsofvaluearealwayspolitical.Isthisessaypolitical?Why?AllofOrwellsworksareconcernedwiththesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime,andMarrakechisnoexception.InthisessayOrwelldenounces(谴责)theevilsofcolonialismorimperialism.Hemercilesslyexposesthepoverty,miseryanddegradation(退化,堕落)ofthenativepeopleinthecolonies.Thesepeoplearenotconsiderednoraretheytreatedashumanbeings.Thecrueltreatmentthedonkeyreceivesevokesagreaterfeelingofsympathyinthebreastsofthewhitemastersthanthemiserablefateofthebrownhumanbeings.,.,43,2.Whatandwhereisthecentralthoughtorthesisexpressed?,Orwelldenounces(谴责)theevilsofcolonialismorimperialismbymercilesslyexposingthepoverty,miseryanddegradationofthenativepeopleinthecolonies.ThiscentralthoughtorthesisisstatedbyOrwellinthemiddleofparagraph3-allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact.,.,44,3.Howdoestheauthorachievethethesis(objectively)?,Orwellshowspoverty,miseryanddegradation(退化,堕落)ofthenativepeopleinthecoloniesbydescribing:a.theburialofthepoorinhabitantsb.AnArabNavvybeggingforbreadc.ThemiserablelivesoftheJewsd.Cultivationofthepoorsoile.Theoldwomencarryingfirewoodf.nativepeoplesrespectforthecolonizers)-humblenessanddegradation,.,45,4.Howdoestheauthordevelophisessay?,Thisthesisissupportedbyvariousindependentexamplesorillustrationsofthepeoplespovertyandsuffering.Specific-general-specific-comments,.,46,5.HowdoesOrwellshowhisoutrageatthemiseryofthenativepeoplesuccessfully?,OrwelldescribesobjectivelythesufferingandmiseryofthecolonialpeopleinMarrakech,yethemanagestoshowthatheisoutragedatthespectacleofmisery.a.throughthecleverchoiceofthesceneshedescribes;b.throughthetoneinwhichhedescribesthesescenes;c.throughtheappropriateuseofwords;d.bycontrastingtheindignationatthecruelhandlingofthedonkeywiththeunconcerntowardsthefateofthehumanbeings,.,47,6.Howisthetexttobedivided?,1)Para.1-3:theburialofthepoorinhabitants2)Para.4-7:anArabNavvybeggingforbread3)Para.8-15:themiserablelivesoftheJews4)Para.16-18:cultivationofthepoorsoil5)Para19-21:theoldwomencarryingfirewood6)Para22-26:degradation/humblenessofthenativepeople,.,48,Deatialedstudyofthetext,.,49,Paragraph1,WhatdoyouthinkoftheauthorschoiceofthesceneandthewordsinPara.1?Whatcanwelearn?Theauthorschoiceofadramaticsceneandthesimplewordsimpliesmuchmorethanwhatappearsonthesurface.Wecanseepovertyoftheplaceandunsanitaryconditionofthecity1)dirty2)poor,.,50,Paragraph1,inacloud:alargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamass.一团e.g.acloudoflocusts/insects那些汽车在滚滚尘埃中启动了。Thecarssetoffinacloudofdust.,.,51,Paragraph2,WhatcanwelearnbyreadingPara.2?HowdeadpeopleareburiedinMarrakech.-Avividpictureofthepovertyoftheplace.Howdoestheauthorpresentthepicture?Throughafewstrokesofhismaster-pen-mournerswailingachant,corpseswrappedinapieceofrag,carriedonaroughwoodenbier,friendshackingashallowhole,dumpingthebodyinit,flingingsomedried-upearthoverit,nogravestoneThefactshowsthehumanlifehasnovalueatall.,.,52,Paragraph2,HowdoyouthinkoftheuseofsomewordsinPara.2?Theuseofwordslike“theflies”,“apieceofrag”,“roughwoodenbier”,repeatsforcefullythethemeofPara.1.Theuseofwordslike“hack,dump,fling,nogravestone,noname,noidentifyingmark,”indicatestheunceremoniouswayinwhichafuneraliscarriedout.InapoorcountrylikeMorocco,lifeischeap.,.,53,Para.2,Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.Theburying-groundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.,.,54,Crowd,Itsuggests1)thelackoforder2)peoplearenotterriblyconcernedaboutthefuneral.,.,55,allmenandboys,nowomen,AccordingtoMuslimlaw,Muslimsmustrespectwomen,andforthisreasongirlsandwomenusedtobekeptinthehouse,wheretheycouldbesafe.Whentheywentout,theyworetheveilstocovertheirfaces.Butthislawhasbecomeakindofexcusetodiscriminateagainstwomen.,.,56,Paragraph3,WhatisthethemeofPara.3?Heexposestheevilsofimperialism.Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings).Itisthecolonialempiresthatmakethepeoplesopoor.Empiresarebuiltupbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals.Thisthesisisgoingtobesupportedbymoreillustrationsandexamples.,.,57,Howdoestheauthorachievehispurpose?,Inacoolobjectivemannerinsteadofapreachy(说教的)andpropagandisticstyle.Neverthelessthereadercanseehisoutrageatthemiseryandsuffering.,.,58,Paragraph3,Howcanyouseehiscoolmanneranduncontrollableoutrage?Wecanseetheformerfromthestatementshemakesandthelatterfromastringofrhetoricalquestionsandbothfromhisuseofwords.,.,59,theragstheystandupin:theragswhichtheyarewearingastheystandthere,.,60,Undifferentiated:Youcantdifferentiateonebrownstufffromanother,becausetheylookjustthesame.Iftheydohaveindividuality,itisirrecognizable,justlikeinsects,likebees.,.,61,TheyriseoutofthegraveyardTheyareborn.Thenforafewyearstheywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.breakyourway:forceyourwayorpickyourway(becauseofthedensegrowthofthepricklypear),.,62,Para.3,pricklypear:akindofcactuscoveredwithprickleshavingapear-shapedfruit(仙人掌果)Whenoutforawalkpickingyourwaythroughthepricklypear,youmightfindthatthegroundisbumpy.Yourealizethatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.Youknowtheyaregravesonlybecausethebumpsappearinanevenpattern.,.,63,Paragraph3,WhatisthetenseusedinthisPara.?Whatdoesitmean?Thesituationdescribedstillexists.,.,64,Para.5,mintsauce:anEnglishspecialitymadeofacombinationofchoppedmintleaves,vinegar,andwater.Itstraditionallyservedwithroastlamb.Assoonasyoulookatthehindlegsofthegazelles,youwillthinkofthedeliciousmintsaucethatyouwouldwanttodipitinwheneatingit.,.,65,Paragraph7,Whatcanyoulearnfromtheemployeessituation?Orwhatistheauthorsintentionbehindthesentence“Thismanisanemployeeofthemunicipality”?Thepovertyofthepeople.Evenanemployedlaborergoesstarving,soyoucanimagineforyourselftheplightofthepoorerpeople.,.,66,stow,toput,hideawayinsafeplaceIfyoustowsth.somewhere,youputitneatlyawayinaplacewhereitcanbekeptuntilitisneeded.=storestowaway=hide,.,67,stow,Westowedalltheboxesintheattic.Potatoesmustbestowedinacooldarkplace.Myjewelleryissafelystowedawayinthebank.Hisbaggagewassafelystowedawayintheplane.,.,68,Paragraphs8-15,WhatisthemainideaofPara.8-15?TheplightoftheJews,anoppressedminorityinacolonialcountry.Theirfatecouldbeworsethanthatofthenatives.Howdoestheauthorrealizehisidea?BydescribingJewscrowdedandunsanitarylivingcircumstances,badworkingconditions,frenziedrushandclamorforacigarette,andthenativeshostileattitudetotheJews.,.,69,Para.8,Quartersapartment(room/house)residentialareaforparticularkindofpeoplethedoctorsquartersservantsquartersofficersquarterssleepingquartersconfinedtoquarters,.,70,Para.8,ghettoesorghettos:Aghettoisapartofatownorcityinwhichmanypoorpeopleormanypeopleofaparticularrace,religion,ornationalityliveinisolationfromthemajoritygroupinthetownorcity.OrwellusesghettoshereinthetraditionalsenseofaportionofacitypopulatedalmostexclusivelybyJews.Aghettoalsoimpliesthatthepeopleinitarerestrictedonlytothatareaandarenotpermittedtoliveelsewhere.,.,71,sore-eyed,Eyesareinfectedfrom1.malnutrition2.lackofmedicalcare3.unhygieniccondition,.,72,Para.9,Infest(oftenfollowedbywithorusedincombination)Wheninsects,ratsorotheranimalsinfestaplant,area,theyspreadinalargenumbersandcoverthearea,usuallycausingdamage.overrun;swarm;pack;crowd;teem;flood;fill;bethickwithThebackyardwasinfestedwithrats.watersinfestedwithsharks,.,73,Infest,usedwithsomenounstomakeadjectivesmeaningfullofsomethingharmfulorunpleasant:arat-infestedhouseacrime-infestedcityshark-infestedwatersfly-infested-fullofflies,.,74,Paragraph9,Acarpentersitscross-leggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchair-legsatlightningspeed.Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.warp:bend,curve,ortwistoutofshapeThehotsunwarpedtheboards.Somegramophonerecordswarpinveryhotweather.,.,75,Para.9,thanksto.outofshapeBecauseofsittinginafixedpositionovertheyearsandbecauseofusinghisleftfoottocontrolthechiselwhileturningchair-legs,hisleftleghasbecomedeformed.,.,76,Para.10,frenziedadj.fullofuncontrolledexcitementWillthispushhimtoofarandleadtoafrenziedattack?(疯狂攻击）Shewasclimbingnowwithasortoffrenziedhaste.（她这时带着一股疯狂劲头快速向上攀登）afrenziedmobofoverathousandbeggars（狂乱暴徒）makefrenziedefforts(拼命挣扎),.,77,self-contained-,selfsufficientAself-containedcommunityisoneinwhichallornearlyalltheneedsofthecommunityaremetfromwithin.Thereislittleneedtogooutsideformaterialorculturaldesires.TheJewishghettosareself-containednotonlybypreferencebutalsobynecessity,sinceJewsmayhavebeenunwelcomeoutside.,.,78,self-contained,1a:completeinitself:INDEPENDENTb:BUILT-IN2a:showingself-controlb:formalandreservedinmanner,.,79,Paragraph11,Itsagoodjob(colloquialBrE.)Itsagoodthing(AmE.):Itisafortunatestateofaffairs,itisfortunate.Itisagoodjob/thingithappenedhereratherthanontheopenroad.,.,80,AgoodjobHitlerwasnthere,ItwasluckyfortheJewsthatHitlerhadnotcometothisplace.Ifhehad,theJewswouldhavebeenexterminatedastheywereinPolandandotherEuropeancountries.,.,81,Thatsonlyforshow!,TheJewonlypretendstoworkasapoorlabourer.show-n.sthfalseorsuperficial,pretenceHispublicexpressionsofgriefarenothingbutshow.他公开表示悲痛只不过是做做样子而已.他的自我批评不是摆样子的。Hisself-criticismwasnotmadeforshow.asquaremeal:adecentsubstantialmeal,.,82,punishmentsforbeingawitch,HangingwasthemostpopularinAmerica.InEurope,mostpeopleaccusedofwitchcraftwereburnedatthestake.Therewereseveraloddpunishments,suchasbeingpressedtodeath,(havinglargestonesplacedonthechesttowithdrawaconfession),peopleweretiedupandthrownintolakes,(iftheyfloatedtheywereawitch,iftheydidnttheywereinnocent,butdrownedanyway),theyweretorturedwithhotirons,(mainlytothebottomsofthefeet),theywerestretched,hungupsidedown,stuckwithneedles,andshovedinironmaidens.,.,83,Witcheswereeventorturedintheirdeaths,notaffordedaquickandsanitarydemise,themajorityofwitcheswereburntatthestake,thoughagreatmanywerestrangledorgarrotedbeforeburning.Thistorturousdeath,inBritain,wasusedonlyforwomenwhocommittedoneofthetwomostunforgivableacts,treasonorwitchcraft.,.,84,InhisSalemWitchcraft,W.F.PooleestimatesthedeathtollofwitchesinEuropeduringthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesisabout200,000.Thewitchhuntsweresorampant,MontagueSummersreportsinhisGeographyofWitchcraft,Intheyear1586thedioceseofTrierwassoscouredandpurgedofsorcerersandwitchesthatintwovillagesonlytwowomenwereleftalive.,.,85,Witchcraft,Orwellisprobablyreferringtomanyoccasionsinthe1600sinbothEnglandandAmericawheninnocentwomenweretriedandoftenburnedorotherwisepunishedforwitchcraft.Bytheverynatureofthechargeitwasimpossiblefortheaccusedtodefendherself,justasitwasfortheJews.AndliketheJews,witchesservedasscapegoatsfortheillsofsocietythatcouldntbeexplained.SuchtrialsreachedtheirpeakinAmericaatSalem,Massachusetts.,.,86,Injustthesamewayasquaremeal,Jewswerenowbeingcondemnedbyprejudiceandignoranceassomepooroldwomenwhocouldnotevengetthemselvesadecentmealwerecondemnedandburnedforwitchcraft.,.,87,Paragraphs16-18,WhatisdescribedinPara16-18?ThehardworkingbutinvisiblepeopleanddifficultcultivationofthepoorsoilWhattonedoestheauthoruseinPara16and17?Bitterandironic.Insteadofopenl