2020年全国高考英语 阅读、完形与写作（考前纠错）之书面表达 名师在线答疑

名师在线答疑根据Corder(1967、1971)的理论，语言运用的差错可分为三类，第一类差错(errors)是不符合语法规则的语言形式，反映学习者的语言知识和能力问题；第二类错误(mistakes)是指不符合语境的语言形式，反映学习者的语言运用问题；第三类差误(slips 和lapses)是指口误或笔误，反映学习者的身体、精神以及情感等方面的状态问题。以上三类问题在学生的书面表达中经常存在。具体表现在以下几个方面： (一) 低级错误是指那些最基本的错误，譬如拼写(大小写)错误；冠词错误；名词单数和复数的错误；主宾格的错误；介词的误用；形容词和副词的误用；时态的错误；主谓一致等等。以上错误在写作中最常见。避免的办法是写完后认真默读一遍，仔细核对，一般可以自己改正。请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。1. I havent see you for several month. Hope you are very good.2. Suddenly I had a idea.3. I asked he what happened.4. I am back in China. Thanks for help me in Australia.5. I felt sadly, because a few of my classmates laugh to me in class.6. Both my mother and my sister likes listen to pop music.7. Collect stamp is my favorite hobby.8. I have been to England twice two years ago. I hope you to come to China for a visit.9. I was absent yesterday because I have to look for my sister. She was ill at home10. I hurt me when playing football yesterday afternoon.(二) 句子结构错误这种错误常见的有句子结构不完整(如漏掉be动词)；在表达时试图用比较复杂的结构，但往往又事与愿违，丢三落四；2个句子之间缺乏连词或多用连词；写出断句(sentence fragment)等等。对策是学好英语中的复合句(包括定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句)，重点把握连词的用法；还要充分理解句子和句子的逻辑关系。请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。1. My home town on the bank of the Changjiang River.2. Guo Jingjing, who has won two gold medals, she was born in Hebei.3. This is all what I know about it.4. I have a good friend, his name is Li Lei.5. Last week our class went on a trip to a factory, it is a modern plastic factory.6. I think you should put on more clothes. Because it is very cold.7. I dont know that when they left here.8. One morning it was raining strongly. However, I was late for school.9. I dont know where is the nearest post office.10. English is not easy to learn well is a fact.(三)中文式英语（Chinglish）由于受母语的影响，不少学生在写作时往往习惯于用中文构思或把中文直接翻译成英文，造成用词不当或句子成分的缺失，结果经常出现不地道的汉式英语。这种错误的出现在书面表达中最多。避免这种错误的正确做法是：掌握英语句子的基本构成(五种简单句的结构，即主语+谓语+宾语；主语+谓语+状语；主语+连系动词+表语；主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语；主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)；注意英文表达和中文表达在结构（顺序）上的不同；注意英文和中文词汇意义上的差别（尤其遇到难于表达或英语中没有的词汇可以采用解释法）；注意英语中的惯用句型；多读短小精悍的文章，培养语感。请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。1. When you come, give me a telephone. ( 你来的时候给我一个电话。)2. In the football match, our class won Class 4 ( 在下午的足球比赛中我们班赢了4班。)3. I very like English. (我非常喜欢英语。)4. My name is Li HuaI and I in 1985 was born in Dalian. (我的名字叫李华。我1985年出生在大连。)5. I have 165cm tall. My body is very good. (我有1米65。我的身体很好。)6. I got No. 1 in the middle exam and then went to a key senior middle school. (我在中考中得了第一，然后上了一所重点高中。)7. You have no need to look up every word when reading. (阅读时你没有必要查每一个单词。)8. Chinas history is very long, has over 5,000 years. (中国的历史很悠久，有5000多年了