高2020届高三英语 Unit 22重难点详解

高2020届高三英语 Unit 22重难点详解Unit 22 Bees一、课文疑难详解1. Among the different types of bee, it is the honey bee that has most interested scientists because of the language they use to communicate with each other. 在不同种类的蜂中，最使科学家感兴趣的是蜜蜂，因为蜜蜂能用“语言”来交际。“. it is the honey bee that has most interested scientists.”是一个由it引导的强调句，被强调的部分是the honey bee。句子的正常语序为：the honey bee has most interested scientists.由it引导的强调句型是：It + be + 被强调部分 + that + 其他。动词be的时态是is还是was由原句的时态决定。如：Mr. Smith met his old friend in the street yesterday. 史密斯先生昨天在街上遇见了他的老朋友。此句可变为以下强调句：It was Mr. Smith that/who met his old friend in the street yesterday. 是史密斯先生昨天在街上遇见了他的老朋友。（强调是史密斯先生，而不是别人。此句强调主语，且指人，可将that换为who。）It was his old friend that Mr. Smith met in the street yesterday. 史密斯先生昨天在街上遇见的是他的老朋友。（强调宾语，是他的朋友，而不是别人的。）It was in the street that Mr. Smith met his friend yesterday. 史密斯先生昨天是在街上遇见了他的老朋友。（强调地点状语，是在街上，而不是在其它地方。）It was yesterday that Mr. Smith met his friend in the street. 史密斯先生是昨天在街上遇见了他的老朋友。（强调时间状语，是昨天，而不是其它时间）Where was it that Mr. Smith met his friend yesterday? 史密斯先生昨天是在什么地方遇见了他的老朋友？（强调地点状语，在什么地方）要注意区别强调句与定语从句，试比较：1) It is this house that we lived in last year. 这是我们去年住过的那座房子。定语从句。此句的主句为一般现在时（动词为is），从句为过去时，显然不是强调句。2) It was in this house that we lived last year. 去年我们就是住在这座房子里。强调句。强调地点状语in this house.3) It was this house that we built last year. 去年我们建造的就是这座房子。强调句。强调宾语this house.2. The development of the modern beehive in 1851 made it possible to design experiments to research the language of honey bees. 1851年研制出新式蜂箱，使得有可能做些实验，来研究蜜蜂的语言。此句是一个简单句，由不定式充当宾语，it作形式宾语，形容词（possible）作宾补。it作形式宾语的句型是：主语 + 及物动词 + it + 宾语补足语 + 不定式（复合结构）。如：I found it important to learn spoken English. 我发现学英语口语很重要。I think it hard to master a foreign language. 我认为掌握一门外语是很难的。She feels it her duty to support her family. 她感到养家活口是她的责任。The music made it possible for you to fall asleep. 音乐使你能够入睡。注意此结构中，it是绝对不能用其他的词如that来替换的。3. In order to tell the bees apart, he painted some bees with little spots of colour. 为了便于区别，他在一些蜜蜂身上点上颜色。tell apart是短语动词（V. + adv.），作“识别、辨别”解（= tell one from another）。如：Can you tell the two apart?这两件东西你能辨别吗？The twins are so much alike that we can hardly tell them apart. 这对双生子长得非常相像，我们几乎辩认不出他们。4. To his astonishment, the bee began to perform dance on the surface of the honeycomb. 使他吃惊的是，这只蜜蜂在蜂巢上跳起舞来。此句中to ones astonishment作“使吃惊的是”讲，在句中作状语，astonishment是抽象名词。类似的结构还有：to ones surprise/pleasure/anger等。如：To my anger, he came late once again. 使我感到生气的是，他又一次迟到了。To our happiness, our team has won the gold medal. 使我们感到高兴的是，我们的队赢得了金牌。5. They trooped behind the first dancer, copying its movements. 他们成群结队地跟在第一只跳舞的蜜蜂后面，模仿它的动作。1) troop原作名词，“一队”“一群”的意思。如：a troop of young pioneers（一队少先队员），a troop of visitor（一群参观者）。它的复数形式（troops）作“军队”解。但troop在此处作动词用，是“结队而行，成群涌向”的意思，用在句子中，句子的主语总是复数。如：We must have our own troops. 我们必须拥有自己的军队。The children trooped into the park. 孩子们列队走进公园。The game was over and the players trooped home. 比赛结束了，运动员整队回家。2) copy原作“抄写，复写”讲，此句作“模仿，效仿”讲。如：Hes busy copying his composition. 他正忙于抄写他的作文。Please coppy my action.（= Please act as I do.）请照我这样做。You should copy his strong points, not his weak points. 你应学他的长处，而不学他的短处。6. But what else? = But what else did it communicate? 但是它还传递什么别的吗？else常接在疑问代词或副词的后面，构成who else（别的谁），what else（别的什么），where else（别的什么地方）等，如：Where else have you been to?你还去过别的什么地方吗？Who else saw them last light?昨晚还有谁看见了他们？7, He marked all the bees that came to the nearby feeding place blue, and all the bees that went to the fareway place were marked red. 他给所有来到附近的喂食的蜜蜂标上蓝色，给飞到远处的喂食处的蜜蜂标上红色。faraway（远方的）与nearby（附近的）都是合成形容词，在此句中作定语。又如：a faraway froest（远处的森林），faraway times（遥远的时代）；a nearby hotel（附近的旅馆），nearby hills（附近的小山）。faraway作定语时通常连写，作表语或作状语时则分开（far away）。nearby可作定语与状语，可写成nearby, near by与near-by。如：The house is not far away. 那座房子并不远。He lives far away from the school. 他住得离学校很远。I saw her going to a near-by post-box before lunch. 我看见她午饭前去附近的信箱投信。They live nearby - less than a kilometer. 他们住在附近，不到一公里。类似的合成形容词还有：good-looking，hard-working，leftover，low-lying，nationwide，noble-minded，radioactive，well-known，wide-spread，worldwide等。8. They discovered that the farther away the feeding station was, the slower the dance was. 他们发现，喂食处越远，舞蹈动作的速度就越慢。1) farther（较远，更远）是far的比较级，最高级为farthest，都是指距离而言；further指程序。如：Our village is perhaps the farthest from the city of Beijing. 我们这个村子可能离北京城最远。We should get further education. 我们应该接受到进一步的教育。We cant go any farther/further. 我们不能再走了。（分别指距离与程序）2) “the + 比较级.，the + 比较级.”的意思是：“越，就越”。The higher we stand, the farther we see. 我们站得越高，就看得越远。The more he gives his children, the more they want.他给孩子们的越多，他们想要的就越多。The sooner you do it, the better it will be. 你越早做那事就越好。9. So another astonishing fact came to light. 于是又发现一个令人吃惊的情况。come to light是“发现，暴露”的意思（= to be discovered）。如：The money didnt come to light until the old man was going to die. 这笔钱直到老人临死时才透露出来。10. The number of wagging dances per minutes told the exact distance to the feeding place. 每分钟摆尾舞的次数表明了到喂食处的精确距离。“The number of.”作“的次数/数目”解。当其作句子的主语时，谓语要用单数。但是“a number of.”后跟复数名词，作“许多”（many）解，当其修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。试比较：The number of students in our class is 55. 我们班上的学生人数是55名。A number of students in our class are out by the lake. 我们班有些学生到湖边去了。11. They also found out that bees fly a maximum distance of 3.2 kilometres between their hive and a feeding place. 他们还计算出了，蜜蜂从蜂箱到喂食处的最大飞行距离为3.2公里。fly作“飞行”讲，通常是不及物动词。如：New planes can fly at the speed of sound. 新型飞机可以音速飞行。此句中fly是vt.，作“飞越”解，后接地点或距离作宾语。如：This type of plane now flies the Atlantic in a few hours. 这种类型的飞机现在只用几个小时就能飞越大西洋。Now we have flown a distance of about 2000 km. 现在我们已经飞行了大允2000公里。fly作vt.用时，还可作“驾驶（飞机）”“（用飞机）运送”“放（风筝）”等解。如：He flew a fighter during the war. 战争期间他驾驶战斗机。We hope youll fly supplies to us immediately. （我们）希望你们立即空运给养我们。12. It soon became clear that the straight part of the dance changed when the suns position changed. 很快就弄清楚了，舞蹈的直线部分是随着太阳位置的改变而改变的。此句属于由it作形式主语的句型：It + be/become + adj./n. + that-clause。如：It is a rule that the state of matter changes when the temperature changes. 这是一个规律，物质的形态随温度的变化而变化。It isnt good that one reads newspapers when lying in bed. 躺在床上看报是不好的。It is important that she should come straight to me when she arrive. 她到达后要直接到我这儿来，这点很重要。13. From this we get the expression to make a beeline for someone or something, which means to go quickly along a straight direct course for someone or something.从这个词又引出了一个短语“to make a beeline for someone or something”，意思是朝某人或某物径直走去。1) make a beeline for作“走直路”“走近路”解。如：As he spoke he made a beeline for the door. 他一边说话一边朝门口径直走去。If you want to ctch up with the team, youd better make a beeline for them. 如果你想赶上队伍，你最好抄近路走。2) 动词head是“朝某方向前进”的意思，head for作“开往/前往（某地）”解。如：We are heading toward the mountain village. 我们朝那个山村行进。The ship is heading straight for London for repairs. 那艘船正径直开往伦敦进行修理。二、本单元高考热点归纳与拓展例：1.If a man _ succeed, he must work as hard as he can.(1995年上海市高考题)A. will B. is to C.is going to D.should简析：动词be与动词不定式连用，表示职责、义务、意图、约定、可能性等。这句话的意思是“如果一个人想成功，他必须尽力而为。”所以要用is to succeed的形式。注意：在条件状语从句中不能用一般将来时，所以选项A、C不能作答案，意思是B。例：2.There was a lot of fun at yesterday party. You_ come, but why didnt you?(1999年上海市高考题)A.must have B. should C.need have D.ought to have简析：ought to have+ 过去分词的意思是“本来应该做而没有做。”这句话的意思“昨天的聚会很有趣，你本来应该来，而你为什么没有来呢？”must have+ 过去分词的意思是“（过去）一定做了某事”；should+动词原形的意思是“（现在）应该那么做”，与本题表达的时间不一致。答案为D。例：3.My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yestersday afternoon, so he _ your lecture. (2000年上海市高考题)A. couldnt have attended B.neednt have attendedC.mustnt have attended D.shouldnt have attended简析:“情态动词+不定式完成式”有各自的含义。must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测，多用于肯定句中；neednt have done表示过去不必做某事。shouldnt have done表示过去做了本不该做的事。can(could)+have done用于否定句时, 是对过去的否定式推测，意为“绝不可能”；“不太可能”。用于疑问句时，对过去所发生的事表示怀疑。理解题中的第一分句可知“他昨天上午在the Grand Theatre, 不可能参加讲座”，答案A。例：4.In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.(1993年全国高考题)A. is serving B.is served C.serves D.served简析：这个句子的意思是：“在世界上一些地方，茶是和牛奶、糖一块儿供应的”。谓语动词要用被动语态。所以选B，is served, serve既可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词。作及物动词时，意为“服务，供应（餐饮）等”。如：We must serve the people.“我们必须为人民服务！”In this restaurant meat is not served.“ 这家餐馆不卖肉食。”serve作不及物动词时意思是“服役。”例：5.Then pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right under my nose.(1993年全国高考题)A. think; lost B. thought; had lost C.think; had lost D.thought; have lost简析：think用于一般现在时表示一个人现在的想法；用于一般过去时表示过去曾有过的想法，这句话的意思是“我以为已经丢失的那支钢笔在我的课桌上， 正在我的眼皮下。”表示过去是那么认为的，所以要用一般过去时，选项C、D都属时态搭配有错。主句为一般现在时的句子，宾语从句的谓语一般不用过去完成时，主句为一般过去时的句子，宾语从句不用现在完成时，答案为B。例：6.I dont really work here, I _ until the new secretary arrives.A. just help out B. have just helped outC. am just helping out D.will just help out (1994年全国高考题)简析：因为前提是 I dont really work here.言外之意我在这儿只是暂时帮忙。因为A项是一般现在时，表经常性的动作，不能表达正在帮忙这个动作。而B项中的现在完成时和D中的一般将来时更不能表达暂时帮忙这个意思。这是一个难度相当大的问题。注意到I dont really work here.所提供的情景，就不会只注意到just一词而误用现在完成时了，答案为C。三、本单元生词详解1. surroundsE5raundv. 围绕，包围例：Surounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender. 绑架者在警察的包围下别无选择，只有投降。surround用作及物动词，其过去分词短语用来表示状态或原因，放在句首，这一用法十分普遍。2. withwiTprep. 和在一起，用，由于例：The poor woman was trembing with terror. 那个可怜的女人怕得发抖。with表示因为或由于，如：shake with laughter笑得浑身直颤/tremble with fear吓得发抖。常用词组with the window open 开着窗子/with a book in ones hand手里拿着一本书/ with night coming on 夜幕降临3. throughWru:prep. 穿过，经受，度过例：Then we started to push our way through crowds of children. 于是我们就开始从一群孩子中挤出去。through指（空间）通过一物或洞穴的“穿过”“通过”。如：The train has passed through the tunnel. 火车已通过隧道。记忆技巧形近词对比记忆：thorough5WQrEa. 彻底的常用词组get through通过，完成/go through通过，仔细查看4. amazeE5meizv. 使惊愕例：She was amazed to hear that he had died. 听到他的死讯她大吃一惊。amazing使人惊异的，amazed被震惊的；amazement惊奇（状态），amaze使吃惊，此句中运用的是词组be amazed to do sth.。记忆技巧形近词比较记忆：mazemeizn. 迷宫，曲径常用词组be amazed to find(see, hear) sth. 发现（看见，听到）某事物感到惊愕5. downward5daunwEdad. 向下例：She gazed downward. 她向下凝视着。记忆技巧词根分析记忆法：down副词，下，下面；ward形容词或副词后缀，向，朝，它们结合在一起的意思是“向下”。6. curious5kjuEriEsadj. 好奇的，奇特的例：The new car at the motor-show was of a very curious shape. 汽车展览会上的那辆新汽车式样很新奇。记忆技巧同义词比较记忆：inquiringin5kwaiEriNn. 显得好奇的；strangestreindVa. 奇怪的；unusualQn5ju:VuEla. 不平常的常用词组be curious about sth./to do sth.富于好奇心，想四、易混易错词语辨析1.辨析rock于stone:这两个单词虽然都表示“石头”之意，但所指对象不同。rock指大石头或高出周围环境的巨大体积的岩石。海中的暗礁亦称为rock。例如：I sat on a large flat rock.我坐在一块巨大平坦的岩石上。/The ship dashed against a rock in the storm and only a few of the passengers were saved.在暴风雨中船触了礁，只有几个乘客得救。stone指石块、石头。普通用词，可指自然形状的石头，也可指经过加工、琢磨过的石头。stone一般较小，简单地说，rock击碎后就成了许多stone了。例如：Most of the tools used by the primitiveman were made of stones.原始人用的工具大部分是石头做的。/A rollong stone gathers no moss.滚石不生苔。2.辨析puzzle与confuse:这一对词均表示“糊涂，迷惑不解”之义。Puzzle多指一个问题或一处情况异常复杂而使人感到迷惑不解。例如：The number case puzzled the police.这起凶杀案使警察迷惑不解。/The little