高三英语语法基础知识：动词知识精讲

高三英语语法基础知识：动词【本讲主要内容】语法基础知识：动词【知识总结归纳】动词是表示动作和状态的词。在英语的句子中，如果动词用做句子的谓语，那么在人称和数方面受主语的限制，在时态、语态和语气方面也要根据具体的使用情境发生变化。如果动词在句子中不做谓语，而充当了其它的语言成份，则被称为非谓语动词，其出现形式包括动词不定式，分词和动名词三种。它们在句子中不单独作谓语，不被主语限制，没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词我们会做为专题在今后详尽介绍的。动词分为实义动词，联系动词、助动词和情态动词。1. 实义动词：实义动词又叫做行为动词，表示动作和状态，能单独作谓语或作谓语的一部分。实义动词可分为及物动词（The transitive verb）和不及物动词（The intransitive verb），有许多动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。正确判断及物动词和不及物动词能够帮助正确使用被动语态和词语搭配。不及物动词没有被动语态的用法。2. 联系动词：联系动词和表语一起连用，起到谓语的作用。主系表结构的句子用以表述主语的特点，状态，形状，身份、性质等。He is a student.In spring the days get longer.The girl became interested in music.You look fine today.常见的连系动词有be , feel , look , taste , seem , grow等等，感官动词如feel , smell , taste , look及有些不及物动词如grow , become , remain , get 等都可以用作连系动词。要注意的是：（1）联系动词除了to be 结构以外，在构成否定式，疑问式的方法上与实义动词一样。以look为例：The picture looks beautiful.The picture does not look beautiful.Does the picture look beautiful ?（3）连系动词后面须接有作表语的名词或形容词。请比较下列句子，判断谓语动词是不及物动词还是连系动词。在使用连系动词时请同学务必注意以上两点，以避免在写作中出现错误。如：I feel happy. （不是happily），happily表明I的状态。I ran fast. fast在此处是副词，修饰ran这个动作，而不表明主语I的状态）3. 助动词：助动词有下面这些：（1）be , been , being , am , are , is , was , were（2）have , has , had , having（3）shall , will , would , should（4）do , does , did助动词本身没有词义，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问，时态，语态和语气等语法现象。如：He does not like watching music program. （否定）Did you have a meeting yesterday ? （疑问）I have seen this film. （时态）A lot of machines are made in this factory. （被动语态）I did come to see you yesterday but you were not at home. （强调语气）（1）助动词be：be作助动词时有下列形式（be , is , am , are , was , were , being , been）a. am , is , are 帮助构成现在进行时和一般现在时的被动语态；was , were 帮助构成过去进行时和一般过去时的被动语态。What are you doing ?Was it raining when you came back yesterday ?A piece of ice is taken into a warm room.Negroes were not treated as human beings.b. be 与shall , will , should , would , can , must , may 等一起构成被动语态和进行时态。The drawing must be handed in five days before the exhibition.He must be doing his homework now.c. been 帮助构成各种完成进行时和完成时态的被动语态。He has been doing his homework this morning.In some places people have been warned of SARS.d. being 帮助构成进行时态的被动语态和动名时，分词的被动式。The water in the clothes in being turned into vapour.I was afraid of being scolded.（2）助动词havehave作助词时有have , has , had , having 四种形式。a. have 与has帮助构成一些完成时态及完成进行时Have you ever seen this film ?The whole city has been changed into a big beautiful park .He may have worked out the problem.We have been working at this difficult problem.b. had 帮助构成过去完成时态和虚拟语气过去时态。How long had you stayed in Beijing before Mr Zhang came here ?If he had been here , he would have helped us.c. having 帮助构成分词的完成式。Having finished the work , he went home.（3）助动词dodo作助动词时有do , does , did 三种形式。a. 可以帮助实义动词一般现在时与过去时的否定式和疑问式。What time do you / does he get up every day ?I / He didnt see the teacher that morning.b. do , does , did 都可以用来加强语气，后接原形动词，表“的确”、“真的”等意思。He does get up early every day .Do be careful.c. 用来避免重复，代替前面刚出现过的实义动词。Do you have more subjects than you did in the first year ?Who runs fastest in your class ? Wang Lin does.注意：在倒装句中，必须在主语前面加上与动词相同时态和人称的助动词，后面的实义动词需改为原形动词。I go for a walk only after supper.Only after supper do I go for a walk.I didnt see the tall man . My son didnt see him , either.I didnt see the tall man . Neither did my son.I could hardly climb up to the top of the peak.Hardly could I climb up to the top of the peak.【高考点拨】【题型展示】动词的考察在各种英语测试中都是极其重要的部分。在高考中，对于动词的时态、语态，搭配，词意辨析等各知识点的考查会覆盖整张试卷。在本章中，主要针对除时态，语态两个专题以外的考查类型举例。足够的词汇量和正确的词语搭配和语境的理解是做好动词考查的必要条件。考查动词有许多种题型，如单项选择，完型填空，阅读题中的猜词以及改错题等。下面我将分题型一一举例分析。单选：2020年全国考25题If anybody calls , tell them Im out , and ask them to _ their name and address.A. passB. writeC. takeD. leave该题考查动词辨异。题目意思是：如果有人打电话，告诉他我不在，让他留下姓名和地址。在句中从语境看是让留下打电话的人的姓名与住址。其余几个动词在这个情境中不适用。因此答案为D2020年全国卷31题News reports say peace talks between the two countries _ with no agreement reached.A. have broken downB. have broken outC. have broken inD. have broken up此题考查的是break动词短语的用法，一定要辨清这几个词组的准确含义。break down 受挫、失败、坏掉，break out 突然发生、爆发 break in 闯入、强行进入，break up 分开，分解，题目意思为：有新闻报道说，两国之间的谈判已经破裂，没有达成任何协议。从“with no agreement reached ”可看出谈判没有成功。所以选A。2002年全国卷28题The taxi driver often reminds passengers to _ their belongings when they leave the car.A. keepB. catchC. holdD. take本题考察在实际情景中选用正确动词。根据从句when they leave the car （离开汽车时）所给的信息，passengers 应拿走所携带物品（belongings）。虽然四个备选答案都可以与其宾语搭配，但选用适合语境的词才是解题的关键。二. 完形填空：在完形填空中对动词的考查就更为灵活了，它不仅要求同学们认识备选答案，更要通过全文的逻辑结构，前后文的主谓、动宾搭配来确定答案，因此难度更大。1997年高考题：The news 8 twenty minutes later . The gunman had （stopped）a car for a ride , and then （pushed）out the driver . He was possibly （heading for）the southern state Parkway in a white Ford. Licence plate （车牌）number LJR 1939 . The （voice）of the announcer continued A. continuedB. lastedC. spreadD. arrived这是一篇讲加油站工人勇抓通缉犯的故事。主人公Tod听到抢劫银行的广播消息，并引发了他的一些想法。此段接了上文描写Todd听的消息的后续内容。“二十分钟后这条消息”。从上下文与本段最后几个字可知：消息继续播出。可排除C和D。再根据A和B这两个选项（continue继续；last持续）在语义上的差别，可判断答案为A。C. 短文改错在短文改错中，动词考查主要在语法层面上，对词义辨析的考查较少，时态，固定搭配考查的比较多，要注意上下文时态、语态的一致和主谓一致等问题。例1：We wish you make better use of your time.从句子结构即可发现及物动词wish之后的不定式作宾语补足语时，须为wish sb to do 的结构。因此：make to make例2：All that can be done had done.首先分清主句的主语和谓语。本句译为“能做的一切都已经做了。”all做主语，that can be done 是定语从句。修饰all。其谓语部分had done , 应用被动语态。had done had been done.【实战模拟】1. I love to go to the seaside in summer . It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.A. doesB. feelsC. getsD. makes2. They _ the train until it disappeared in the distance.A. sawB. watchedC. noticedD. observed3. Let Harry play with your toys as well . Clare , you must learn to _.A. supportB. careC. spareD. share4. As we joined the big crowd , I got _ from my friends.A. separatedB. sparedC. lostD. missed5. Dont mention that at the beginning of the story , or it may _ the shocking ending.A. give awayB. give outC. give up D. give off6. We didnt