上海骨干教师自主招生高中英语应试辅导第3讲 语法知识补充与四级真题练习

第三讲：语法知识补充与四级真题练习一、非谓语动词 动词不定式 (bare) infinitive 动名词 gerund (doing, being done, having done) 动词、名词性 分词：现在分词present participle (doing, being done, having done, having been done) 和过去分词 past participle 动词、形容词、副词性1. 不定式和动名词做宾语（1）后接二者做宾语的动词a. 没有差别 like, love, hate, begin, continue,b. 有差别 forget, remember, regret, try, mean,stop（2） 只能接一种的动词a. 只能接不定式 agree, aim, ask, attempt, decide, determine, demand, desire, expect, intend, manage, order, pretend, promise, wantb. 只能接动名词 advise, appreciate, avoid, finish, enjoy, suggest, recommend, admit, consider, mind, resist, give up, put off, keep on, cant help, require, need, want2. 后接不带to的不定式（1）感官、使役动词see, notice, watch, hear, let, make, feel, look at, listen to, (help) doing or do（2）其他had better, would rather, prefer rather than, why not.3. 不定式做宾语补足语allow, ask, cause, command, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, invite, oblige, order, permit, request, require, tell, urge, want4. 动名词的复合结构 ones doingDo you mind opening the door?Do you mind my opening the door?I appreciate your coming to see me.5. 分词的差别和选用（1）差别现在分词 主动 正在进行过去分词 被动 已经完成（2）选用（首先应用一个简单句只能有一个独立的谓语这一原则）a. 看其与逻辑主语之间的关系b. 意义6. 独立主格结构特点：分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。Weather permitting, we will go fishing.There being many people over there, something must have happened.往年四级题1. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _ to the outside world.A. having been lost B. to be lost C. losing D. lost2. Although a teenager, Fred could resist _ what to do and what not to do.A. being told B. telling C. to be told D. to tell3. What a lovely party! Its worth _ all my life.A. remembering B. to rememberC. to be remembered D. being remembered4. We left the meeting, there obviously _ no pint in staying.A. were B. being C. to be D. having5. _ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide difference between the two schools of thought.A. To have reviewed B. Having reviewedC. Reviewing D. Being reviewed6. Sometimes children have trouble _ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.A. to separate B. separating C. for separating D. of separating7. He wasnt appointed chairman of the committee, _ not very popular with its members.A. to be considered B. consideringC. being considered D. having considered8. Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when _alone.A. seen B. is seen C. to be seen D. having been seen9. All flights _ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train.A. Having been canceled B. had been canceledC. Having canceled D. were canceled二、定语从句用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。1关系词句子成分代替人 代替物 代替人或物关系代词 主语 who which that宾语 whom which that关系形容词 定语 whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)关系副词 状语 时间地点 原因 方式when where whyThis is the way I get used to.2. 关系代词的几点特殊用法(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, (something), nothing, everything, none等不定代词，关系代词只用that，不用which。(2) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom。Is there anyone here who will go with you?(3) 如果先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(4). 介词关系代词(1) “介词关系代词” 可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。(2) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中不能将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.3. 非限定性的定语从句(1) 与先行词关系松散，可有可无。(2) 它可以指主句的全部内容。例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.往年四级题1. Government reports examination compositions，legal documents and most business letters are the main situations _ formal language is used.A) in which B) on which C) at what D) in that2. The hours _ the children spend in their one-way relationship with televisionpeople undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.A) in which B) on which C) when D) that3. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,_ overall consumption issignificantly higher than that of women.A) whose B) which C) that D) what4. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _ obtainingfreshwater is not the least.A) with which B) for whichC) of which D) which5. Ive never been to Beijing, but its the place _.A) where Id like to visit B) in which Id like to visitC) I most want to visit D) that I want to visit it most6. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new born babies in that region,_ were surprising.A) as results B) which resultsC) the results of it D) the results of which7. We need a chairman _.A) for whom everyone has confidenceB) in whom everyone has confidenceC) who everyone has confidence ofD) whom everyone has confidence on.8. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _ up to half will be fromoverseas.A) in whichB) for whom C) with which D) of whom9. Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded _ other more well-informed experimenters failed.A) which B) that C) what D) where10. I have kept that portrait _ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.A) which B) where C) whether D) when11. Areas _ students have particular difficulty have been treated with particular care.A) that B) which C) where D) when12. There are signs _ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A) that B) which C) in which D) whose三、虚拟语气1. Were 型的虚拟语气(1) If 引导的条件句中对过去的虚拟：从句 had done， 主句 would have done对现在的虚拟：从句-ed或were，主句would 动词原形对将来的虚拟：从句-ed, were to do, should do; 主句 would动词原形复合形式：If 省略，助动词倒装If it were not for sth, Were it not for sthIf it had not been for sth, Had it not been for sth(2) wish （对过去的虚拟 had done， 对现在、将来的虚拟 ed）(3) would rather (宁愿) + 宾语从句 （-ed）(4) would that (但愿)+ 宾语从句 （-ed）(5) as if （对过去的虚拟 had done， 对现在、将来的虚拟 ed）(6) but for2. should 型的虚拟语气suggest, advise, propose, recommend, order, demand, insist, ask, request(1). 宾语从句中：(2). 同位语从句中：My suggestion is that (3). 主语从句中(It is essential, necessary, important, crucial, vital that , It is Ved that e.g. It is required that .(5) lest, for fear that 引导的从句中(6) prefer后的宾语从句往年四级题1. Webookedroomsatthehotel_ weshouldfindnovacanciesonourarrival.A. wheneverB. if C. since D. lest2. the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A) But for B) In case of C) In spi