高中英语Unit 3 Australia词语学习

Unit 3 AustraliaPart Two: Teaching ResourcesSection 3: Words and expressions from Unit 3 Australiaassociateverb1. vn sb/sth (with sb/sth) to make a connection between people or things in your mind: I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood. He is closely associated in the public mind with horror movies. Most people immediately associate addictions with drugs, alcohol and cigarettes. You wouldnt normally associate these two writerstheir styles are completely different.2. v with sb to spend time with sb, especially a person or people that sb else does not approve of: I dont like you associating with those people.3. vn yourself with sth (formal) to show that you support or agree with sth: May I associate myself with the Prime Ministers remarks? (= I agree with them) I have never associated myself with political extremism.adj. only before noun1. (often in titles) of a lower rank, having fewer rights in a particular profession or organization: associate membership of the European Union an associate member / director / editor She was only the associate producer of the movie.2. joined to or connected with a profession or an organization: an associate company in Japannoun1. a person that you work with, do business with or spend a lot of time with: business associates a close political associate of The company is called Landor Associates. He was known to be one of the convicted mans associates.2. Associate (US) a person who has an Associates degree (= one that is given after completing two years of study at a junior college)barriernoun1. an object like a fence that prevents people from moving forward from one place to another: The crowd had to stand behind barriers. Show your ticket at the barrier. The car crashed into the safety barrier and burst into flames.2. (to sth) a problem, rule or situation that prevents sb from doing sth, or that makes sth impossible: the removal of trade barriers Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success. Cost should not be a barrier to the use of legal services. The world of Disney is a magical experience that knows no age barriers.3. (between A and B)| (against sth) something that exists between one thing or person and another and keeps them separate: The Yangtze river is a natural barrier to the north-east. There was no real barrier between reality and fantasy in his mind. Ozone is the earths barrier against ultra-violet radiation. the language barrier (= when people cannot communicate because they do not speak the same language)4. a particular amount, level or number which it is difficult to get past: the first player whose earnings passed the $1.0 million barrierdefencenounPROTECTION AGAINST ATTACK1. U the act of protecting sb/sth from attack, criticism, etc.: soldiers who died in defence of their country When her brother was criticized she leapt to his defence. What points can be raised in defence of this argument? I have to say in her defence that she knew nothing about it beforehand.2. C, U (against sth) something that provides protection against attack from enemies, the weather, illness, etc.: The town walls were built as a defence against enemy attacks. The harbours sea defences are in poor condition. The body has natural defence mechanisms to protect it from disease. Humour is a more effective defence than violence.3. U the organization of the people and systems that are used by a government to protect a country from attack: (BrE) the Ministry of Defence (NAmE) the Department of Defense Further cuts in defence spending are being considered.SUPPORT4. C something that is said or written in order to support sth: a defence of MarxismLAW5. C what is said in court to prove that a person did not commit a crime; the act of presenting this argument in court: Her defence was that she was somewhere completely different at the time of the crime. He wanted to conduct his own defence.6. the defence sing.+ sing./pl. v. the lawyer or lawyers whose job is to prove in court that a person did not commit a crimeIN SPORT7. sing., U the players who must prevent the other team from scoring; the position of these players on the sports field: Welford cut through the defence to score the winning goal. (BrE) She plays in defence. (NAmE) He plays on defense.8 C a contest, game, etc. in which the previous winner or winners compete in order to try to win again: Milans defence of the European Cuppolicynoun (pl. -ies)1. C, U (on sth) a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc.: the present governments policy on education The company has adopted a firm policy on shoplifting. We have tried to pursue a policy of neutrality. US foreign / domestic policy They have had a significant change in policy on paternity leave. a policy document 2. C, U (formal) a principle that you believe in that influences how you behave; a way in which you usually behave: She is following her usual policy of ignoring all offers of help. (saying) Honesty is the best policy.3. C a written statement of a contract of insurance: Check the terms of the policy before you sign.taxnoun C, U (on sth) money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services. People pay tax according to their income and businesses pay tax according to their profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services: to raise / cut taxes tax increases / cuts changes in tax rates to pay over 1 000 in tax profits before / after tax a tax on cigarettes Income tax will be deducted by your employer. corporation tax, council tax, inheritance tax, poll tax, road tax, sales tax, stealth tax, value added tax, withholding taxverb vn1. to put a tax on sb/sth; to make sb pay tax: Any interest payments are taxed as part of your income. His declared aim was to tax the rich.2. (BrE) to pay tax on a vehicle so that you may use it on the roads: The car is taxed until July.3. to need a great amount of physical or mental effort: The questions did not tax me. The problem is currently taxing the brains of the nations experts (= making them think very hard).tax sb with sth (formal) to accuse sb of doing sth wrong: I taxed him with avoiding his responsibility as a parent.nationnoun1. C a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history, who live in a particular area under one government: an independent nation the African nations 2. sing. all the people in a country; population: The entire nation, it seemed, was watching TV.citizennoun1. a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country: Shes Italian by birth but is now an Australian citizen. British citizens living in other parts of the European Union 2. a person who lives in a particular place: the citizens of Budapest When youre old, people treat you like a second-class citizen.celebrationnoun1. C a special event that people organize in order to celebrate sth: birthday / wedding celebrations 2. U, C the act of celebrating sth: Her triumph was a cause for celebration. a party in celebration of their fiftieth wedding anniversary The service was a celebration of his life (= praised what he had done in his life).tolerateverb1. to allow sb to do sth that you do not agree with or like; put up with: vn Their relationship was tolerated but not encouraged. This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated. v -ing She refused to tolerate being called a liar. also vn -ing 2. vn to accept sb/sth that is annoying, unpleasant, etc. without complaining; put up with: There is a limit to what one person can tolerate. I dont know how you tolerate that noise!3. vn to be able to be affected by a drug, difficult conditions, etc. without being harmed: She tolerated the chemotherapy well. Few plants will tolerate sudden changes in temperature.homelandnoun1. usually sing. the country where a person was born: Many refugees have been forced to flee their homeland.2. usually pl. (in the Republic of South Africa under the apartheid system in the past) one of the areas with some self-government that were intended for a group of black African people to live in: the Transkei homelandsuperbadj. excellent; of very good quality: a superb player The cars in superb condition. His performance was absolutely superb. You look superb.sowverb (sowed, sown / sowed, sowed)1. sth (in / on sth)| sth (with sth) to plant or spread seeds in or on the ground: vn Sow the seeds in rows. The fields around had been sown with wheat. Sow rows of lettuces between other vegetables. v Water well after sowing.2. vn sth (in sth) to introduce or spread feelings or ideas, especially ones that cause trouble: to sow doubt in sbs mind to sow confusionsow the seeds of sth to start the process that leads to a particular situation or result: In this way he sowed the seeds of his own success.sow (your) wild oats (of young men) to go through a period of wild behaviour while young, especially having a lot of romantic or sexual relationships: He wants to leave home, sow his wild oats and learn about life.correspondverb v1. (to / with sth) to be the same as or match sth; agree, tally: Your account of events does not correspond with hers. Your account and hers do not correspond. The written record of the conversation doesnt correspond to (= is different from) what was actually said.2. (to sth) to be similar to or the same as sth else: The British job of Lecturer corresponds roughly to the US Associate Professor.3. (with sb) (formal) to write letters to sb and receive letters from themoweverb (not used in the progressive tenses)1. sth (to sb) (for sth)| (sb) sth (for sth) to have to pay sb for sth that you have already received or return money that you have borrowed: vnn, vn She still owes her father 3. 000. She still owes 3. 000 to her father vn The country owes billions of dollars to foreign creditors. How much do I owe you for the groceries? (figurative) Im still owed three days leave.2. sth to sb| sb sth to feel that you ought to do sth for sb or give them sth, especially because they have done sth for you: vn I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family. You owe it to your staff to be honest with them. vnn You owe me a favour! Thanks for sticking up for meI owe you one (= I owe you a favour). I think you owe us an explanation. I think were owed an apology. 3. sth to sb/sth| sb sth to exist or be successful because of the help or influence of sb/sth: vn He owes his success to hard work. The play owes much to French tragedy. vn, vnn I owe everything to him. I owe him everything. vnn I knew that I owed the surgeon my life.4. vn allegiance / loyalty / obedience (to sb) (formal) to have to obey or be loyal to sb who is in a position of authority or power: All serfs owed allegiance to a lord.authoritynoun (pl. -ies)POWER1. U the power to give orders to people: in a position of authority She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses. Nothing will be done because no one in authority (= who has a position of power) takes the matter seriously.2. U (to do sth) the power or right to do sth: Only the manager has the authority to sign cheques. We have the authority to search this building.PERMISSION3. U official permission to do sth: It was done without the principals authority. We acted under the authority of the UN.ORGANIZATION4. C, usually pl. the people or an organization who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region: The health authorities are investigating the problem. I have to report this to the authorities. the immigration authorities local authorityKNOWLEDGE5. U the power to influence people because they respect your knowledge or official position: He spoke with authority on the topic. the moral authority to run the countryEXPERT6. C (on sth) a person with special knowledge; specialist: Shes an authority on criminal law.have sth on good authority to be able to believe sth because you trust the person who gave you the information: I have it on good authority that he is going to be promoted.desperateadj.1. feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others: The prisoners grew increasingly desperate. Stores are getting desperate after two years of poor sales. Somewhere out there was a desperate man, cold, hungry, hunted. I heard sounds of a desperate struggle in the next room.2. usually before noun (of an action) giving little hope of success; tried when everything else has failed: a desperate bid for freedom She clung to the edge in a desperate attempt to save herself. His increasing financial difficulties forced him to take desperate measures. Doctors were fighting a desperate battle to save the little girls life.3. not usually before noun (for sth)| (to do sth) needing or wanting sth very much: He was so desperate for a job he would have done anything. I was absolutely desperate to see her. (informal) Im desperate for a cigarette.4. (of a situation) extremely serious or dangerous: The children are in desperate need of love and attention. They face a desperate shortage of clean water.desperately adv.: desperately ill / unhappy / lonely He took a deep breath, desperately trying to keep calm. They desperately wanted a child. She looked desperately around for a weapon.shrinkverb(shrank ,shrunk / shrunk, shrunk)1. to become smaller, especially when washed in water that is too hot; to make clothes, cloth, etc. smaller in this way: v My sweater shrank in the wash. also vn 2. to become or to make sth smaller in size or amount: v The tumour had shrunk to the size of a pea. The market for their products is shrinking. vn There was a movie called Honey I shrunk the kids!. Television in a sense has shrunk the world.3. v + adv. / prep. to move back or away from sth because you are frightened or shocked: He shrank back against the wall as he heard them approaching.a shrinking violet (humorous) a way of describing a very shy personshrink from sth to be unwilling to do sth that is difficult or unpleasant: We made it clear to them that we would not shrink from confrontation. + -ing They did not shrink from doing what was right.windverb (wound, wound )1. +adv. / prep. (of a road, river, etc.) to have many bends and twists: v The path wound down to the beach. vn The river winds its way between two meadows.2. vn + adv. / prep. to wrap or twist sth around itself or sth else: He wound the wool into a ball. Wind the bandage around your finger.3. (sth) (up) to make a clock or other piece of machinery work by turning a knob, handle, etc. several times; to be able to be made to work in this way: vn He had forgotten to wind his watch. v It was one of those old-fashioned gramophones that winds up.4. (sth) forward / back to operate a tape, film, etc. so that it moves nearer to its ending or starting position: vn He wound the tape back to the beginning. v Wind forward to the bit where they discover the body. 5. vn to turn a handle several times: You operate the trapdoor by winding this handle.noun: Give the handle another couple of winds.wind sth down / wind down sth1. to bring a business, an activity, etc. to an end gradually over a period of time: The government is winding down its nuclear programme. The department is being wound down after the election.2. to make sth such as the window of a car move downwards by turning a handle, pressing a button, etc.: Can I wind my window down?wind up (informal) (of a person) to find yourself in a particular place or situation: I always said he would wind up in prison. + -ing We eventually wound up staying in a little hotel a few miles from town. +adj If you take risks like that youll wind up dead.wind up/ wind sth up / wind up sth to bring sth such as a speech or meeting to an end: The speaker was just winding up when the door was flung open. If we all agree, lets wind up the discussion.wind sb up / wind up sb (BrE, informal) to deliberately say or do sth in order to annoy sb: Calm down! Cant you see hes only winding you up? That cant be true! Youre winding me up.related noun wind-upwind sth up / wind up sth1. to stop running a company, business, etc. and close it completely 2. to make sth such as the window of a car move upwards by turning a handle, pressing a button, etc.: Are all the windows wound up?paralyseverb vn often passive1. to make sb unable to feel or move all or part of their body: The accident left him paralysed from the waist down. (figurative) paralysing heat (figurative) She stood there, paralysed with fear.2. to prevent sth from functioning normally: The airport is still paralysed by the strike.recoververbFROM ILLNESS1. v (from sth) to get well again after being ill/sick, hurt, etc.: Hes still recovering from his operation.FROM STH UNPLEASANT2. v (from sth) to return to a normal state after an unpleasant or unusual experience or a period of difficulty: It can take many years to recover from the death of a loved one. The economy is at last beginning to recover.MONEY3. vn s