语法课件 Discovering useful structures

Unit1,Discoveringusefulstructures,statementsandquestions,DirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech(I),直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语。直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句时，转换为间接引语时,在句子的结构、人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等方面都有变化。,转述他人的陈述陈述句,SheaskedmewhatIwasdoing.,1)Hesaid,“ImgoingtoBeijing.”,HesaidthathewasgoingtoBeijing.,2)Heasked,“Areyouateacher?”,Heaskedmeif/whetherIwasadoctor.,3)Sheasked,“Whatareyoudoing?”,2.转述他人的疑问一般疑问句,3.转述他人的问题特殊疑问句,陈述句用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的said,也可用told来代替。注意，可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that，但不可直接说toldthat。,Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”Hesaid(tous)thathehadbeentotheGreatWall.Hesaid,“IllgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.,转换步骤:,“Idontlikecomputers,”Sarahsaidtoherfriends.,Sarahsaidtoherfriends,that,said,didnt,she,Sarahsaidtoherfriendsthatshedidntlikecomputers.,Sarah,一般疑问句,Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?”Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,arentyou?”HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.,间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等)，语序是陈述句的语序。,“Isiteasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil?”Theyaskedhim.,Theyaskedhim,if,Itiseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil.,itiseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil.,asked,is,was,Theyaskedhimifitwaseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil.,转换步骤:,特殊疑问句,Hesaidtome,“Whatsyourname?”Heaskedmewhatmynamewas.Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?”Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达，语序改为陈述句语序,Whendoyouharvestthewheat?(Theyaskedhim),Theyaskedhim,When,youharvestthewheat,youharvestthewheat.,he,harvested,Theyaskedhimwhenheharvestedthewheat.,转换步骤:,选择疑问句,Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?”HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench.Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?”Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.,用whetheror表达，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror,5.注意地点的变化,在直接引语变为间接引语时需要注意的变化,1.注意时态的变化,2.注意人称变化,3.注意指示代词的变化,4.注意时间的变化,6.注意个别趋向动词的变化,一般现在时,一般过去时,现在进行时,过去进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,一般过去时,过去完成时,过去完成时,不变,一般将来时,过去将来时,人称的变化,一随主,二随宾,第三人称不变,引号内的第一人称变间引后与主句主语的人称保持一致,引号内的第二人称变间引后与主句宾语的人称保持一致,引号内的第三人称在变间引后人称不变,Shesaid,“Iliketennis.”,Shesaidthatshelikedtennis.,HesaidtoLily,“Youmustgetupearly.”,HetoldLilythatshemustgetupearly.,Shesaidtome,“Theywanttohelphim.”,Shetoldmethattheywantedhelphim.,一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新,Thegeographyteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.,谓语动词时态变化需要注意几点：,Thegeographyteachersaid,“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.”,1.直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变,Shesaysthatshellneverforgetthedaysinthecountry.,Thechildrensaid,“Welovethisgame.”,Theytoldusthattheylovethatgame.,Shesays,“Illneverforgetthedaysinthecountry.”,2.如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时同样有效，变间接引语时，时态可不变,3.主句谓语动词的时态是现在时态，在引述时，时态不变。,1.当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候；2.当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时；3.当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时；4.当引语是谚语、格言时；5.当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时。,从句时态无须改变的还有以下情况:,直接引语,间接引语,指示代词,地点状语,方向性动词,this,that,these,those,now,then,today,thatday,thisweek,thatweek,yesterday,thedaybefore,lastweek,theweekbefore,fourdaysago,fourdaysbefore,thedaybeforeyesterday,twodaysbefore,tomorrow,thenextday,nextmonth,thenextmonth,here,there,come,go,bring,take,时间状语,1.“Inevereatmeat,”hesaid.Hesaidthat_never_meat.2.“Ivefoundmywallet,”hesaidtome.He_methathe_wallet.3.“Itookithomewithme,”shesaid.Shesaidthat_ithomewithher.,Practice(I),he,told,shehadtaken,ate,hadfoundhis,4.Theteachersaid,“Thesunrisesintheeastandgoesdowninthewest.”Theteachersaidthatthesun_intheeastand_downinthewest.5.“Imetheryesterday,”hesaidtome.He_methathe_methertheday_.6.“Youmustcomeherebeforefive,”hesaid.HesaidthatI_togo_beforefive.,rises,told,hadthere,goes,had,before,7.“Iboughtthehouse10yearsago,”hesaid.Hesaidthathe_boughtthehouse10years_.8.“Didyouseeherlastweek?”hesaid.He_Ihadseenhertheweek_.9.Hesaid,“Youcansithere,Jim.”He_Jimthathe_sitthere.,had,askedif,could,before,before,told,10.Heasked,“Howdidyoufindit,mother?”Heaskedhismother_foundit.11.“Wherehaveyoubeenthesedays?”heasked.Heaskedme_been_days.12.“Doyouknowwhereshelives?”heasked.Heasked_knewwhereshe_.,howshehad,whereIhad,lived,those,whetherI,“Idontwanttogosightseeing,”saidJohn.Johnsaidthat_togosightseeing.2.Themothersaid,“Imcooking.”Themothersaidthat_.3.Daisysaid,“Ihaveboughtanewcomputer.”Daisysaidthat_anewcomputer.,Practice(II),hedidntwant,shewascooking,shehadbought,4.Theysaid,“WestayedinAmerica.”Theysaidthat_inAmerica.5.Hesaid,“IhadleftforBeijingbeforeyoucalledme.”Hesaidthat_forBeijingbefore_.6.Tomsaid,“Iwillexplainittoyouafterclass.”Tomsaidthathe_afterclass.7.Shesaid,“Iwillbuythisbooktoday.”Shesaidshe_.,they(had)stayed,hehadleftIcalledhim,wouldexplainittome,wouldbuythatbookthatday,8.Theoldmansaid,Iamsurprisedwiththechangesthathavetakenplacehere.“Theoldmansaid_surprisedwiththechangethat_.9.Thestrangersaidtome,“Aplayisbeingperformednow.”Thestrangertoldmethat_.10.Thevolunteersaid,“Iwillattendtheperformancetomorrow.”Thevolunteersaid_.,hewashadtakenplacethere,aplaywasbeingperformedthen,he/shewouldattendtheperformancethenextday,1.Hesaid,“ImafraidIcantfinishthiswork.”,2.Hesaid,“IhaventheardfromhimsinceMay.”3.Tomsaid“Iwillseeyounextweek.”,Hesaidthathewasafraidhecouldntfinishthatwork.,HesaidthathehadntheardfromhimsinceMay.,Tomsaidthathewouldseemethenextweek.,Practice(III),4.“Whywereyoulateagain?”Theteachers