中考英语 题型三 阅读理解解题指导 牛津译林版

阅读理解阅读理解是各地中考试题中所占分值比例最大的题型，其分值一般在30分左右。阅读理解的设题形式有判断正误、选择最佳答案、回答问题、填写表格等。阅读题重点考查的内容是事实认定、词语理解、数量计算、主题思想归纳等。而从考查方式来看，则以直接型、转换型和归纳型的试题为主，需要依据文章事实和作者思路进行推理的题次之。一、细节理解题（一）题型概述细节理解题就是指那些针对文章细节描写或与文章主旨大意、情节发展相关的具体事实所设置的问题。这类题主要测试考生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。细节类阅读题是每年中考的重点，但细节理解题的解题方法随着题目类型的不同而变化。命题形式有： 直接理解题问题包括询间人（who）、物（what ）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（why）、结果（result）以及文中的数据( data)等，这些题在原文中可以直接找到答案。说明文、记叙文、新闻和广告信息等常出现此类直接理解题。 语义转化题这是细节理解题最基本也最常用的考查方式。题干通常考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解，或对某一个或几个信息的捕捉能力。常见的提问方式有： All the statements are true except _. Which of the following is true/ NOT true according to the passage? Which of the following is not mentioned? From this passage we know _. 排序题一般是在选项中列举一些从文中选出的事实细节，要求考生根据时间、地点、动作发生的先后顺序或句子间的逻辑关系进行排序。最常见的是表示时间的关键词，如first, then, later,next , last, during, while等。 （二）解题思路第一步：找词 寻找定位关键词、题干或选项；醒目词具体实词。第二步：定位 在原文中定位原词（同义转述、反义转述或其他相关词） （三）真题范例【范例1】（吉林）Dear neighbors,We are writing this letter to you because our school has started a group. It is called “Help the Environment”. It works to look after the environment.Here are some interesting facts that our group has learnt:Most things that we throw away can be used again or recycled(再利用).Some European countries, for example, Germany, already recycle half of their waste. Yours,John Cooper问题：根据短文内容，判断下列各句正（T）误（F）。All the things that we throw away can be used again or recycled.【范例2】（北京）Billys favorite color is orange. But he cant see what orange looks like. Billy is blind.A month after he was born, his mother noticed that his eyes werent quite as big as a normal babys. Billy would never be able to see.” the doctor told his mother. After that Billys mother began talking to him, describing things she saw outside the window. She described everything to him.Billy does not only depend on his mothers descriptions to learn about the world around him. He sees with his ears and his hands, too. He has perfect hearing. When people make phone calls, he can tell the numbers they dial(拨).Billy loves computer science. He began teaching himself computer programming when he was just seven years old. His dream school would be Stanford University. He gets top grades in his classes, making that a real possibility.“You cant let excuses get in the way of your dreams, and if you do that you cant move forward and reach your goals, “said Billy.问题：1.From the passage, we know that _.A. Billy cant hear.B. Billy cant see.A. Billy cant walk.D. Billy cant talk.2.How did Billys mother help him?A. By teaching him how to draw.B. By asking teacher for advice.C. By describing everything to him.D. By sending him to his dream school.3.When did Billy begin teaching himself computer programming?A. When he was 7 years old. B. When he was in Grade 5.C. When he was high school. D. When he was at university.解析：1. B 题干意为“从短文中，我们得知比利不能 _。”四个选项分别为：不能听；不能看；不能走；不能说话。根据文中第一段第三句Billy is blind.可知比利是盲人，看不到。因此答案选B。2. C 题干意为“比利的妈妈是怎样帮助比利的？”A. By teaching him how to draw.通过教他怎么画；B. By asking teacher for advice.通过向老师寻求建议；C. By describing everything to him.通过为他描述每一样东西；D. By sending him to his dream school.通过把他送到梦想的学校。根据文中第二段最后一句She described everything to him.她给他描述一切事物，可知答案为C。 3. A 题干意为“什么时候比利开始自学电脑程序？”根据文中第四段的第二句He began teaching himself computer programming when he was just seven years old.可知，是在七岁时。故选A。【范例 3】（山东滨州）Trip 1 One Week In The MountainsBring your strong shoes and warm clothes for this walk in a beautiful area of the Green Mountains. You may go hiking or have a try of rock climbing. This is also a protection area for wild animals. You can find many kinds of animals in this area.Time: July 8July 14 Tel: 84639818Adult : $1l0 Child: $55Trip 2 Three Days In The CountryThere are many beautiful gardens. Take your camera and enjoy the wonderful sights in Hunter Valley. It is a good place for fishing and horse riding. You can also find different kinds of flowers here. This is also a great walk for bird-lovers.Time: July 20July 22 Tel: 83986432Adult: $50 Child: $25Trip 3 Flashlight (手电筒) Adventure (冒险)Put on your warm clothes, bring a flashlight and come for a night walk along the Dungog Valley. It is a trip full of adventure. A guide will lead the tour. Many of the plants on this trip can only be seen at night.Time: July 16July 18 Tel: 83875629Adult: $30 Not for childrenTrip 4 Five Days By The SeaWear your sun hat and enjoy wonderful sunshine all the time from morning to evening. Ourhotel is next to the sea. We have our own boats, too. You can swim in the sea or in theswimming pool. Every day our boat will take you to different places for swimming.Time: July 13July 17 Tel: 87549679Adult: $80 Child: $40问题：1. What number can you call if you want to enjoy the sunshine at the seaside?A. 87549679. B. 83875629. C. 84639818. D. 83986432.2. David loves sports. He will take his holiday from July 7 to July 15. What activity will he probably take part in?A. Hiking in the mountains. B. Watching plants at night.C. Fishing in the country. D. Swimming in the sea.3. Lucy wants to know something about the life of plants at night. Which trip will she choose?A. Trip 1. B. Trip 2. C. Trip 3. D. Trip 4.4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned according to the four advertisements? A.B. C. D. 3.C 题干意为：露西想了解植物在夜间的生活，她可以参加那种旅游？Trip 1的项目是徒步旅行、攀岩和观察野生动物。Trip 2的项目是欣赏自然风光、垂钓、骑马、赏花、赏鸟；Trip3的项目是观赏夜间植物；Trip 4的项目是游泳。根据题干意思可知，应选C。4.B 题干意为：下面哪一项是广告中没有提到的？Trip1和Trip3 都提到要带“厚衣服”；Trip2 中提到要带相机；Trip4中提到要带“太阳帽”，只有“雨伞”没有提到。根据题干意思可知选B。【范例4】（福州）生词提示： expand 扩展 publish 出版Book DescriptionThis is an educational childrens picture book with plenty of facts to expand young minds, Sara Myers simply explains all about dogs with easy words or phrases. Children will learn about: What dogs areWhere they can be foundWhat they eatAnd much more!The fantastic photos are sure to fire your childs imagination, and keep them interested all the way through.Publication Date: September 3, 2020 Publisher: Hazed Publishing Language: English问题：According to the material, the book may be chosen for the reason EXCEPT _.A. easy English B. fantastic photosC. plenty of facts D. lots of pages解析：D 题干意为：根据这篇材料，这本书除了_都是被选中的原因。A项：简易英语；B项：精美图片；C项：大量事实；D项：很多页码。由“This is an educational childrens picture book with plenty of facts to expand young minds, Sara Myers simply explains all about dogs with easy words or phrases.”可知：页码不是要选中的原因，故选D。 二、推理判断题（一）题型概述推理判断题主要考查考生根据文章的字面意思，推断作者的意向、动机、目的、性格特征、事件的前因后果、语言中的语态、语气等。在阅读中，人们首先理解的是字面意义。然而，语言所表达的内容常常超过其字面意义。阅读的目的不仅仅是只读懂原文，还要从字里行间“读出”作者没有明确表达却又隐含的意思。这就要求考生掌握逻辑判断和推理的方法，根据语言本身的内在联系，在理解原文的基础上，做出符合作者原意的推断。推理判断题常见的提问方式： It can be inferred/concluded(下结论)/ seen from the passage that _. Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage? From the news, we can learn/conclude that _. In the passage, the writer mainly wanted to tell us that _. The sentence “.” is from the passage. Which situation may it belong to? The story suggests that _. Which of the following might happen later? The passage is probably taken from a(an) _. Which of the following best describes the character of.? The passage may be a(an) _.（二）解题思路第一步：定位 定位段落，目标阅读第二步：详读 了解大意，深层把握第三步：推理 立足语篇，据实推理（三）真题范例【范例 1】（湖北十堰）The 2020 FIFA World Cup, the twentieth World Cup football match, will be held in Brazil from June 12th, 2020 to July 13th, 2020. Thirty-two teams from different countries will bring us sixty-four wonderful games during the World Cup. This is the second time the World Cup is held in this country and the fifth in South America. Thousands of football fans are looking forward to watching the games.A Bite of China (舌尖上的中国), a mouth-watering documentary TV program featuring delicious Chinese food, has interested a large number of people. The program has become very popular since it was shown on TV. The documentary provides not only Chinese delicious food but also the relations between people and food. “We made this documentary with our respect and love for food. I hope it will help people learn more about Chinese food as well as Chinese culture,” said the director Mr. Chen.Lu Jialei, a school girl from Hangzhou China, won the championship of the first Chinese Character Dictation Contest, which made her become famous overnight. Lu is a hard-working girl and always comes top at school. “I like reading and Im crazy about learning Chinese characters. I enjoy the contest and hope more and more people become interested in learning Chinese characters.” said Lu Jialei after winning the contest.问题：Where may the articles probably come from?A. A story book.B. A science report.C. A sports magazine.D. The Internet. 【范例 2】（湖北随州）Nothing was going right for Dr. Turner at the hospital. He made a mistake while operating on a patient. He felt sure he was no longer trusted (信任) and decided to change his job. One day he learned from the paper that a doctor was looking for a partner. The doctor, whose name was Johnson, lived in Thorby, a small town in the north of England.A few days later Dr. Turner went to Thorby, and arrived at Dr. Johnsons home early in the afternoon. Though old and a little deaf, Dr. Johnson still had a good brain. He kept talking to the visitor about the town and its people. When they turned to the question of partnership, it was already seven in the evening, Dr. Johnson invited Dr. Turner to have dinner with him in a restaurant before catching the train back to London. Dr. Turner noticed that Dr. Johnson was fond of good food and expensive wines. They had an excellent meal. When the bill was brought, Dr. Johnson felt in his pocket. “Oh, dear,” he said, “Ive forgotten my money.” “Thats all right.”Dr. Turner said. “Ill pay the bill.” As he did so, he began to wonder whether Dr. Johnson was worthy of trust. 问题：1. The two doctors spent most of the afternoon talking about _.A. things of no interest to Dr. JohnsonB. things of no importance to Dr. TurnerC. health mattersD. food and drink2. The story suggests that _.A. Dr. Johnson did not like Dr. TurnerB. The two doctors would become friendsC. The two doctors would not work togetherD. Dr. Turner decided to stay at his present job解析：1. B 根据文章第三段中的“He kept talking to the visitor about the town and its people. When they turned to the question of partnership, it was already seven in the evening.”可以推断：整个下午的谈话都是关于约翰逊所在城镇的事情，都和特纳大夫没有关系。故选B。2. C 根据原文最后一段最后一句“As he did so, he began to wonder whether Dr. Johnson was worthy of trust.”可知，特纳大夫感到迷茫的是“这个约翰逊大夫是否可以信任”。由此可以推断：他两个可能不会合作。故选C。【范例 3】（湖北鄂州）Once upon a time, a boy was walking through a wood and he thought he could hear a sad cry. Following the sound he came to a big, round, mysterious, grey fountain. The sad sound seemed to be coming from the fountain pool. The boy swept aside the pools dirty surface water and saw a group of grey fish swimming in a slow circle through the pond.Amused by this, the boy tried to catch one of these incredible talking fish. But when he stuck his arm into the water it turned grey right up to the elbow. As this happened, a huge sadness entered into him, and he suddenly understood how sad the fish were feeling.He quickly pulled his arm out of the water, and ran from that place. But the arm stayed grey, and the boy continued feeling sad. He tried so many times to cheer himself up, but nothing worked. That was, until he realized that if he were to make the Earth happy then that happiness would be, in turn, transmitted back to him, through the earth on his arm.From then on, he set about looking after countryside. He cared for the plants, and he did what he could to keep the water from being polluted. He encouraged others to do the same. He was so successful that his arm started to recover its normal color. When the grey had disappeared completely, he started feeling happy again, and he decided to go and visit the fountain. When he was still some way from the fountain he could hear the fish singing happily.问题：What can we learn from the passage?A. We should protect the earth. B. We shouldnt catch fish.C. Even the fountain may cry. D. We should visit the fountain.【范例 4】（四川遂宁）A neighbor of mine, Jackie, while visiting his mother in Boston, took her to a shoe store to buy a new pair of shoes. When he was trying on different styles(款式), Jackie took the manager aside. “When she picks out a pair she likes,” he said, “ Just tell her the price is 12 dollars, Ill pay the regular(平时的) price. I dont care how much it is. I only want to make her happy.” The following week, when Jackie was walking by the shoe store, the manager recognized him and called him in. “Whats the problem?” asked Jackie as he entered the store. “Wasnt my check any good?”“Thats not it,” answered the manager, “The problem is that your mother is bringing all her friends in and for all those shoes at the price of 12 dollars.” 问题：The regular price of the shoes must be .A. 12 dollars B. higher than 12 dollars C. lower than 12 dollars 三、词义猜测题（一）题型概述词义猜测题主要考查文章中出现的词、短语或句子的含义。对词和短语的考查主要是考查考生推测生词的汉语意思或其英语近义词、短语的引申意义；对句子的考查主要是根据上下文推测句子的含义。词义猜侧题中常见的提问方式有： The underlined word “” in the last paragraph probably means “_”. The expression “.” most probably “_”. The underlined word “.” in Paragraph 5 means “_”. The word “” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “_”. The word “” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_”.（二）解题思路 1. 见“形”辨析 利用构词法来理解词义。 2. 望“文”生义 根据上下文，利用同义词、反义词进行猜测。 3. 拆“句”知义 分析句子，根据句子结构的逻辑关系理解词义。（三）真题范例【范例 1】（山东莱芜） Then, I looked at my altimeter. We were at 10,000 feet. I looked at the door, and the light had turned green.“Are you ready?” the master jumper ask me.“Yes, I am.” I answered him.We walked to the door. There were two master jumpers who would jump with me. One was on my left, and the other was on my right I followed all the steps, and then we jumped.I was flying! I looked at my master jumpers. They were with me, and they were smiling. I felt relaxed. I had to wait until was at 6,000 feet to pull the rope. 问题：The underlined word “altimeter” in Paragraph 2 means _ in Chinese A. 血压计 B. 温度计 C. 高度计 D. 气压计解析：C 题干意为：在第二段，画线单词altimeter的汉语意思是什么？由单词altimeter后一句We were at 10,000 feet我们在1万英尺可猜测，“altimeter”是显示高度的仪器，故推测其意思是“高度计”。【范例 2】（陕西）Akuapem is in the eastern part of Ghana. The sun there shines all the time. The local people are very friendly and hospitable(好客的). Now lets have a look at how Akuapem people receive a visitor.A visitor is often welcomed warmly in a family of Akunpem. After the visitor is welcomed into the house, he is offered a seat and water at the very beginning, because the host assumes that the visitor must have come from a very long journey find need water. If there is a group of visitors, the host will greet the visitors from right to left. And the host shakes only with his right hand, because Akuapem people think the left hand is not clean.Next, the visitor is asked how his journey was and why he has come. While the conversation is going on, the wife and the children, especially girls, are preparing food for the visitor. The visitor can choose his favorite food. After the visitor finishes eating, the host and the visitor go on with their conversation. Usually this is a short one because the visitor is getting ready to say goodbye.When the visitor is leaving, he is often given some food. He is also accompanied(陪伴) by one of the children to the nearest station. The child who accompanies the visitor will not come back home until the visitor leaves safely.Whether he is a close friend or just a stranger, this is always how friendly Akuapem people receive a visitor.问题：The underlined word “assumes” here probably means “_”.A. thinks B. remembers C. disagrees D. follows【范例 3】（江西）Besides going on trips with their parents, American students enjoy taking part in different kinds of activities during the holidays. For example, some kids enjoy summer camps and outdoor adventure(冒险) holidays. Such trips are great for adventurous students. They also have a lot to offer students who arent usually interested in traditional PE activities. You can do courses in survival(生存) skills, for example. Students learn how to make a camp in the forest, which wild food they can eat and how to find their way back to the center. 问题：What does the underlined word “They” refer to (指代) in the third paragraph?A. Some kids. B. Different traditional PE activitiesC. Parents D. Summer camps and outdoor adventure. 四、主旨大意题（一）题型概述主旨大意题是针对文章的主题、标题或写作目的而设置的问题。这类题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，运用概括、判断、推理等逻辑思维方法对文章进行高度概括或总结的能力。主旨大意题的常见类型有： 归纳大意型主要分为归纳文章大意和段落大意两种。常见的提问方式有： What is the passage/story mainly about? What is the main idea of this passage? This story mainly tells us about/that _. What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about? What do the first three paragraphs tell us? 提取标题型 常见的提问方式有： What is the best title for this passage/ story? 写作目的型 常见的提问方式有： The purpose of this passage/ story is to _. What is writers purpose of writing this passage?（二）解题思路 第一步：串读题干，明确主题第二步：瞻首顾尾，定位中心句第三步：转义概括，或取其一（三）真题范例【范例 1】（安徽）Tony Wheeler was born to travel. His father worked for an airline. For the first 16 years of his life, Wh