英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech.ppt

Figuresofspeech,InPoetry,Definition,Figuresofspeechareformsofexpressionthatdepartfromnormalwordorsentenceorderorfromthecommonliteralmeaningsofwords,forthepurposeofachievingaspecialeffect.,thechieffunctionsoffiguresofspeech,toembellish,toemphasizeortoclarify.togivetoneoratmospheretodiscourse,toprovidevividexamplestostimulatethoughttogivelifetoinanimateobjects,toamuse,ortoornament.,Wordsareeitherliteralorfigurative,Literal原意Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally.Figurative比喻义Wordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereadersorlistenersmindareusedfiguratively.,colourful,In“acolourfulgarden”thewordcolourfulisusedinitsliteralsensetodescribethemanydifferentcoloursoftheflowersin“acolourfullife”or“acolourfulcareer”thewordisusedinitsfigurativesensebecauseneitherlifeorcareerhasanycolour.,FiguresofSpeech(2),similemetaphorpersonificationmetonymySynecdocheAntonomasiaeuphemismHyperbolelitotesAntithesisParadox12.Oxymoron13.EpigramApostropherhetoricalquestion,16.Irony17.Sarcasm18.Satire19.Ridicule20.Innuendo21.Parody22.Climax23.Anti-climax24.Alliteration25.Assonance26.Onomatopoeia27.Transferredepithet28.Pun29.Parallelism30.Repetition,Majorfiguresofspeechinpoetry,Simile直喻Simileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Metaphor暗喻Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.,Examples,shehasafacethatsasroundasthemoon.Timeflieslikeanarrow.Yourunlikearabbit.Lifeisayo-yo.Itsaseriesofupsanddowns.Alltheworldsastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;,TheWaningMoonByPercyByssheShelley,Andlikeadyinglady,leanandpale,Whotottersforth,wrappedinagauzyveil,Outofherchamber,ledbytheinsaneAndfeeblewanderingsofherfadingbrain,Themoonaroseupinthemurkyeast,Awhiteandshapelessmass.,有如苍白、清癯、垂危的女郎，薄纱掩面，步履踉跄，精神恍惚，漫游出闺房神魂颠倒，气吁吁游荡，月儿升起在朦胧的东方，模模糊糊，一片白茫茫。,Mixedmetaphors,OnedangerinusingmetaphorsisthepossibilityofbeginningwithonecomparisonandendingwithanotherThisiscalledamixedmetaphor（混合隐喻；多重隐喻）,Allegory,Allegory:anarrativethatservesasanextendedmetaphor.Allegoriesarewrittenintheformoffables,parables,poems,stories,andalmostanyotherstyleorgenre.Anallegoryisacompletenarrativethatconveysabstractideastogetapointacross.,BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeathbyEmilyDickinson,Hyperbole:,Hyperboleisafigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedtoemphasizeapoint,tocreatehumor,ortoachievesomesimilareffects.,Shewasscaredtodeath.Itoldyouathousandtimesthatyoushouldntbehavelikethat.Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.(APope)Herbeautymadethebrightworlddim.(Shelly)Ihaveaseaoftrouble.,WhenIhearyourname,MycompulsionistoblastdowneverywallwhenIhearyournameIdpaintedonallthehouses,TherewouldntbeawellIhadntleanedintoToshoutyournamethereMycompulsionisToteachthebirdstosingit,ToteachthefishtodrinkitGodwillsentencemetorepeatingitendlesslyandforever.,personification,Bydefinition,personificationisafigureofspeechwhichattributeshumanqualitiestoinanimateobjectsorabstractideas.Itiscloselyrelatedtometaphorandissometimescalledpersonalmetaphor.,Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonifications:,1)Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectives.theblushingrose;thethirstyground2)Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.thekettlesings;thewavesdanced3)Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.thesmilesofspring;thewhisperofleaves,e.g.,Thewindwhistlethroughthetrees.Thunderroaredandapouringrainstarted.Iwatchedthemoonlightdancingontheripplesofthelake.Theancientmansionspoketomeofbygonedays.Thegentlebreezecaressedmycheeksandsoothedmyanger.,TheWindbyJamesStephens,Thewindstoodupandgaveashout.HewhistledonhisfingersandKickedthewitheredleavesaboutAndthumpedthebrancheswithhishandAndsaidthathedkillandkill,Andsohewillandsohewill.,Metonymy借代,Thesubstitutionofanounforanothercloselyassociatednoun.Thesubstitutednounderives（获得）itsmeaninginthecontextitisusedbytheassociationproducedinthereadersmind.,Exampleofmetonymy,IncontemporaryEnglishwhenwespeakofastatementfromthe“WhiteHouse”weunderstandthatthisisnotatalkingbuilding,butanofficialcommunicationwiththeauthorityofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswholivesintheWhiteHouse.,A.Namesofpersons,1.JohnBull:2.UncleSam:3.Ivan:4.JohnDoe:,England,ortheEnglishpeople,TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,theRussianpeople,ordinaryAmericancitizen,ThealarmwentoutforaJohnDoewhostolethediamondsfromthestore.,警察发出命令，搜捕一个从商店里偷盗钻石的家伙。,B.Animals,1.BritishLion:2.thebear:,EnglandortheEnglishgovernment,TheformerSovietunionortheSovietgovernment,C.Partsofthebody,grayhair:oldage,HerheartruledherheadUseyourbrains.,feelingsoremotions,wisdom,intelligence,reason,D.Professions,1.thebar:2.thebench:3.theveil:4.thepress:,Hehasbeencalledtothebar.Hehasbeenappointedtothebench.Shetooktheveilat20.Hesmeetingthepressthismorning.Whathasthepresstosaytothis?,thelegalprofession;,position(office)ofjudgeormagistrate;,vocationofanun;,newspapers;newspaperreporters;,E.Locationsofgovernment,ofbusinessorindustrialenterprises,1.DowningStreet:2.TheWhiteHouse:3.CapitolHill:4.thePentagon:5.Kremlin:6.FleetStreet:7.WallStreet:8.MadisonAvenue:9.Hollywood:,theBritishgovernmentorcabinet,thePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheU.S.government,theLegislativebranchoftheU.S.government.,theU.S.militaryestablishment,thegovernmentoftheformerSovietUnion,theBritishpress,U.S.financialcircles,Americanadvertisingindustry,Americanfilm-makingindustry,euphemism委婉语,WordsorphrasesthatsubstituteanagreeableorinoffensivetermforamoredirectonethatmightembarrassorsuggestsomethingunpleasantProfane(非宗教的;世俗的)wordsandexpressionsaregenerallytakenfromthreeareas:religion,toilets,andsex.,religion,Godgosh/gollyJesusjeezDevilOldNick,Toilets,mensroom/womensroomthelittleboysroom/thelittlegirlsroomrestroomBathroomWashmyhandsthehead,(sailorsterminology术语)latrine(commonmilitaryterm),sex,SleepwithsomeoneShagBonkExchangingbodilyfluidsGettinglaid,death,PassedawayPassedonDepartedKickedthebucketPushingupdaisiesSleepingwiththefishes(掉水里淹死),irony,Statingonethingwhilemeaningtheexactopposite.orthepersoncouldbetryingtoberude,eventhoughthewordsusedareseeminglypoliteetc.,Exampleofirony,Yourfriendturnsupinripped（撕裂的）jeans.Withasmirk（傻笑；假笑）,yousay,Iseeyouhaveputonyourbestclothes!,understatement含蓄陈述,TheoppositeofhyperboleStatinganideainwordsthatarelessstrongthananticipated（预期的）.tomakesomethingappearsmallerorlessimportantthanitreallyis.,Exampleofunderstatement,Itdoesseemtoberainingalittle.Theresafewcarsouttoday,arentthere?,sarcasm,SarcasmisaformofironythatiswidelyusedinEnglishespeciallywhenpeoplearebeinghumorous.Generallythesarcasticspeakerorwritermeanstheexactoppositeofthewordtheyuse,oftenintendingtoberudeortolaughatthepersonthewordsareaddressed（针对）to.,Exampleofsarcasm,Ilovebeingmarried.ItssogreattofindthatonespecialpersonyouwanttoannoyfortherestofyourlifeIdinsultyou,butyourenotbrightenoughtonotice.Notallmenareannoying.Somearedead.,Synecdoche（提喻：是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。提喻又称举偶法。）,Afigurebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorvicevers;aswholeforpartorpartforwhole,genus（类，种；属）forspeciesorspeciesforgenus,etc.,Exampleofsynedoche,Allhandsweresummonedtothequarter-deck(后甲板),wherehandsisusedtodescribesailors.,Antithesis（对比）,Adirectcontrastinwhichtwosetsoffiguresaresetinoppositiontooneanother.,Exampleofantithesis,“Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknot,whatyourcountrycandoforyou.Askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.”JFKennedysInauguralAddressWinstonChurchill,inwhichhechallengestheLuftwaffe(theGermanairforce):“Youdoyourworst-andwewilldoourbest.”Toerrishuman,toforgivedivine（神圣的；非凡的）.,Parallelism（排比）,Parallelismreferstothefigureofspeechthatexpressesrelevantideasinthesameorsimilargrammaticalstructures.Ithelpsmakeasentencebrief,smoothandcoherent(连贯的)andgiveitrhythm,balanceandforce.,Exampleofparallelism,Tohaveandtoholdfromthisdayforward,forbetterforworse,forricherforpoorer,insicknessandinhealth,toloveandtocherish,tilldeathusdopart.,Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）,AncientGreek:Oxus=sharpMoros=dullOxymoron=asharpdullnessorafoolishwise.aselfcontradictingphrase.,oxymoron,Arhetoricalfigurebywhichcontradictoryorincongruous(不一致的)termsareconjoined(结合；连结)soastogivepointtothestatementorexpression;anexpression,initssuperficialorliteralmeaningself-contradictoryorabsurd,butinvolvingapoint.(Nowoftenloosely(宽松地)orerroneously(错误地；)usedasifmerely=acontradictioninterms,anincongruousconjunction.),Exampleofoxymoron,PrettyuglyCivilwarMobilehomeDryiceWhitegoldOldnewsOriginalcopyVoicemail,HalfnakedFinaldraftAlmostperfectOpensecretWorkingholidayMinorcrisisActnaturallyOnlychoice,Pun(双关语；俏皮话),Aplayonwordsthehumoroususeofaword,orofwordswhichareformedorsoundedalikebuthavedifferentmeanings,insuchawayastoplayontwoormoreofthepossibleapplications;aplayonwords.,Exampleofpun,Sevendayswithoutwatermakesoneweak.Whatswrongwiththisfish?Longtimenosea.Whatdolawyersdowhentheydie?Liestill.Tryoursweetcorn.Youwillsmilefromeartoear(笑得合不拢嘴).,Exampleofpun,Oldphotographersneverdie,theyjusthaveflashbacks.Thatnewmysterynovelhasakillerstarttoit.Iwonderedwhythebaseballwasgettingbigger.Thenithitme.Thehospitallabisrecruiting.Theyrelookingfornewblood.,Clich（陈词滥调，老生常谈）,Aclichisahackneyed（陈腐的；平庸的）phraseorexpression.Thephrasemayoncehavebeenfreshorstriking（显著突出的）,butithasbecometiredthroughover-use.,Exampleofclich,Nopain,nogainEverycoinhastwosidesLast,butnotleast,avoidclichsliketheplague（瘟疫）.,Paradox（自相矛盾，悖论）,Paradoxisafigureofspeechinwhichastatementappearstobeself-contradictory,butcontainssomethingofatruth.Paradoxisusedforemphasisorstylisticeffect.,Exampleofparadox,Thechildisfathertotheman.Cowards（懦夫）diemanytimesbeforetheirdeath.,Zenosparadox(芝诺,希腊哲学家),TheTortoisechallengedAchillestoarace,claimingthathewouldwinaslongasAchillesgavehimasmallheadstart（先行一点点).Achilleslaughedatthis,forofcoursehewasamightywarriorandswiftoffoot,whereastheTortoisewasheavyandslow.,Zenosparadox,“Howbigaheadstartdoyouneed?”heaskedtheTortoisewithasmile.“Tenmeters,”thelatterreplied.Achilleslaughedlouderthanever.“Youwillsurelylose,myfriend,inthatcase,”hetoldtheTortoise,“butletusrace,ifyouwishit.”,Zenosparadox,Onthecontrary,”saidtheTortoise,“Iwillwin,andIcanproveittoyoubyasimpleargument.”,Zenosparadox,“Goonthen,”Achillesreplied,withlessconfidencethanhefeltbefore.Heknewhewasthesuperiorathlete,buthealsoknewtheTortoisehadthesharperwits（智慧),andhehadlostmanyabewildering(使人困惑的)argumentwithhimbeforethis.,Zenosparadox,“Suppose,”begantheTortoise,“thatyougivemea10-meterheadstart.Wouldyousaythatyoucouldcoverthat10metersbetweenusveryquickly?”“Veryquickly,”Achillesaffirmed(断言；肯定）.“Andinthattime,howfarshouldIhavegone,doyouthink?”,Zenosparadox,“Perhapsameternomore,”saidAchillesafteramomentsthought.“Verywell,”repliedtheTortoise,“sonowthereisameterbetweenus.Andyouwouldcatchupthatdistanceveryquickly?”“Veryquicklyindeed!”,Zenosparadox,“Andyet,inthattimeIshallhavegonealittlewayfarther,sothatnowyoumustcatchthatdistanceup,yes?”Ye-es,”saidAchillesslowly.“Andwhileyouaredoingso,Ishallhavegonealittlewayfarther,sothatyoumustthencat