英国历史简介PPT课件

.,1,英国历史简介,.,2,1.theoriginsoftheEnglishNation（5000BC-1066AD)2.thefeudalperiodoftheNation(1066-1485)3.transitiontotheModernAge(1485-1688)4.theriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire(1688-1990)5.TwentiethcenturyoftheEnglishNation,TheBritainofhistory,.,3,一.theOriginsoftheEnglishNation,1.theIberians.(伊比利亚人)5000BC-55BCThefirstknownsettersofBritain.Inthisperiod,moredramaticmonumentswerethehenges,themostimportantofwhichwasStonehenge（巨石阵）inWiltshire（维尔特郡）.,.,4,2.TheCelts(凯尔特人）,TheyoriginallyhavecomefromeasternandcentralEurope,theycametoBritaininthreemainwaves(入侵英国的三次高潮）；thefirstwavewastheGaels盖尔人,thesecondwasBritons（布立吞人）andthethirdwasBelgae（比利其人）.,BBC凯尔特英国人的历史(BBCAHistoryofCelticBritain)导演:PaulKing/ArifNurmohamed/DickTaylor/JeffWilkinson主演:NeilOliver/PhilipCrummy/BarryCunliffe类型:纪录片,.,5,3.RomanBritain(罗马人统治时的英国）55BC-410AD,1.JuliusCaesar,thegreatromangeneral,invadedBritainforthefirsttimein55BC.Fornearly400years,Britainwasunderromanoccupation.2.TheromanbuilttwogreatwallstokeepthePicts（皮特人）.TheyweretheHadrianswall哈德良长城(AD122)runningfromcarlisletoNewcastle(从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔），andtheAntoninewall安东尼长城linkingtheestuariesoftheForthandtheClyde(链接福斯河口和克莱德河口).,.,6,JuliusCaesar（凯撒大帝）,.,7,theHadrianswall,哈德良长城,.,8,4.theAngloSaxons(盎格鲁撒克逊人）446-871,Inthemid-5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders,Jutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain,theywerethreeTeutonictribes三支日尔曼部落.theAngloSaxonswereorganizedintotribes,whichwereconsolidatedintosevenkingdoms(王国时代）.,.,9,sevenkingdoms(七王国）,ThesesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Essex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavegiventhenameofHeptarch.这七个主要的王国：肯特、威塞克斯、苏塞克斯、埃赛克斯、东安各鲁，麦西亚和诺森薄利亚合称七王国。,.,10,5.TheNormanconquest(诺曼征服)1066,TheNormanconquestofEnglandisperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.,诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名的事件，至此，英格兰的封建制度被完全建立起来。,.,11,二.theShapingoftheNation,1.RomanRule(罗马统治）1066-13811)Williamreplacedthewitan（贤人会议）,thecounciloftheAnglo-Saxonkings,withtheGrandCouncilofhisnewtenants-in-chief.威廉用由他的土地承租人组成的大议会取代了安各鲁撒克逊国王的顾问团贤人会议。2)TheDoomsdayBook末日审判书completedin1086,wastheresultofgeneralsurveyofEnglandmadein1085,andstatedtheextent,value,thepopulation,stateofcultivationandownership.末日审判书完成于1086年，它记录了1085年进行的英国总调查结果。此册陈述了土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权。,.,12,William(威廉一世）,.,13,贤人会议（英语：Witenagemot，简写为Witan，古英语：witenagemt）是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰的一个重要政治机构。贤人会议是一种由国王主持召开的、会期不定、人数不等的高层会议，与会者主要有被称为“贤者”或“智者”的高级教士和世俗贵族，包括国王的近臣、王族宠幸和地方长官等。,.,14,末日审判书,.,15,2.theGreatCharter（大宪章）1215,TheGreatcharter,orMagnaCarta,wasastatementoffeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweenthecrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomofthechurchandalimitationofthepoweroftheking.,大宪章陈述的是国王与贵族间的封建和法律关系，保证了教会自由和限制了王权。,.,16,3.theHundredYearswithFrance（英法百年战争）1337-1453,WhenEdwardclaimedtheFrenchCrownbytherightofhismotherIsabella,theFrenchrefusedtorecognizetheclaimbecausetheSalicLawdebarredfemalesfromthesuccession.In1337Edwarddeclaredawarthatwastolastahundredyears.爱德华三世通过他母亲伊莎贝拉的关系宣布继承法国王位，但法国人民拒绝承认，因为萨利法典规定女子不得继承王位，于是在1337年，爱德华对法宣战，战争持续了一百年。,.,17,英法百年战争,.,18,4.theBlackDeath(黑死病）,BlackDeathsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348withoutwarning.ItkilledbetweenonehalfandonethirdofthepopulationofEngland.1348年夏天，黑死病横扫全英国，没有任何征兆，它夺去了三分之一到一半的英国人口。,.,19,5.thePeasantUprisingof1381（1381年农民起义）,AlthoughthePeasantUprisingof1381,orTylersRebellionwasbrutallysuppressed,ithadfar-reachingsignificanceinEnglishhistory.thesignificace:Itdealtatellingblowtovilleinageandanewclassofyeomenfarmersemerged,pavingthewayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.它沉重打击了封建农奴制度，产生了全新的自耕农阶级，为资本主义发展铺设了道路,.,20,1381农民起义,.,21,三.transitiontotheModernAge,1.transitiontotheModernAge1455-14851）theWarofRoses(玫瑰战争）1455-14852）theEnglishReformation(宗教改革）,.,22,referringtothebattlesbetweenthegreathouseofLancaster,symbolizedbytheredrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite.玫瑰战争这个词是指两个家族间的战争，以红玫瑰为标志的兰开斯特家族和以白玫瑰为标志的约克家族。theyarethetwobranchesoftheplantagenetfamily(金雀花王朝）1154-1399,theWarsofRoses,.,23,thereformation,ThereformbeganasastruggleforadivorceandendinfreedomfromthePapacy.改革以争取离婚开始，以脱离教皇而告终theaim:togetridoftheEnglishChurchsconnectionwiththePope,andmakeanindependentChurchofEngland.目的：解除英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。,.,24,2.ElizabethI(伊丽莎白一世）1558-1603,1）Elizabethsreligiousreformacompromiseofviews(各种观点的妥协），shebrokeMarystieswithRomeandrestoredherfathersindependentChurchofEngland.2)foreignpolicyFornearly30yearsElizabethsuccessfullyplayedagainsteachotherthetwogreatCatholicpowers,FranceandSpain.,.,25,伊丽莎白一世,.,26,3.theEnglishRenaissance(文艺复兴）1350-1650,RenaissancewasthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes1）itsfirstexpression最好的表达方式：theso-calledElizabethandrama.所谓的伊丽莎白戏剧2）Itsfirstexponents最好的代表人物：ChristopherMarlowe,BenJonson,andWilliamShakespeare.克里斯托夫马洛；本琼生和威廉莎士比亚3)literature:primarilyartistic,ratherthanphilosophicalscholarly.主要是艺术的，而非哲学及学术的。,.,27,文艺复兴时的文学,文艺复兴时的油画,.,28,WilliamShakespeare,.,29,4.theCivilWars(内战）1642-1646,OnAugust22,1642,theFirstCivilWarbegan.ThekingsmenwerecalledCavaliers,andthesupportersofParliamentwerecalledRoundheads.1642.8.22，第一次内战爆发，支持国王者被成为“骑士派”，支持议会者被成为“圆颅派”。theconsequences:TheEnglishCivilWarnotonlyoverthrewfeudalsysteminEnglandbutalsoshockedthefoundationofthefeudalruleinEurope.英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲封建统治的基础。,.,30,5.theRestoration(王政复辟）,whenolivercromwelldiedin1658andwassucceededbyhissonRichard,theregimebegantocollapse.TheParliamentthuselectedin1660resolvedthecrisisbyaskingthelatekingssontoreturnfromhislongexileinFranceaskingCharles.1660年选出的议会要求上任国王的儿子从长期流亡的法国回国做查尔斯二世，从而解决了危机。,.,31,6.theGloriousRevolution(光荣革命）1688,EnglishpoliticiansrejectedJames,andappealedtoaprotestantking,WilliamofOrangetoinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.Thistake-overbecameknownastheGloriousRevolution.英国政客反对詹姆斯二世。他们呼吁新教的国王，奥兰治亲王威廉入侵英国夺取王位。这就是“光荣革命”。,.,32,WilliamofOrange,威廉和玛丽,.,33,7.theGunpowderplotof1605（1605年火药阴谋案）,ThemostfamousoftheCatholiccompiracies最著名的天主教阴谋November5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJamesandhisministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgunpowderinthecellars.几个狂热的天主教徒企图在议会大厦炸死国王和大臣，盖伊福克斯已在地窖放了炸药桶。,.,34,四.theriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire,1.WhigsandTories(辉格党和托利党）TheWhigs：opposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomfornonconformists.TheTories：traditionalistswhowantedtopreservethepowersofthemonarchyandthechurchofEngland.,.,35,2.theIndustrialRevolution(工业革命）1780-1830,TheindustrialrevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangeinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.工业革命指17世纪末，18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。,.,36,.,37,theresult:,Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”.英国到1830年止成为“世界工场”。,.,38,3.theChartistMovement(宪章运动）1836-1848,thefirstnationwideworkingclassmovementanddrewattentiontoseriousproblems.宪章运动是第一次全国范围的工人运动，引起了对许多严重问题的关注。,.,39,4.TradeUnionsandtheLaborParty(工会和工党）,In1900,representativesofthetradeunions,theILP,andanumberofsocialistsocietiessetupthelabourrepresentationforthegeneralwhichchangeditsnametothelabourpartyintimeforthegeneralelectionfor1906.1900年，工会代表，独立工党和许多小型社会主义社团一起成立了工人代表委员会。1906年的大选迫使工人代表委员会及时更名为工党。,.,40,5.ColonialExpansion(殖民扩张）,1）theGrowthofDominions(自治领的兴起）2）theConquestofIndia(征服印度）3）theScrambleforAfrica(对非洲的掠夺）4）AgressionagainstChina(侵略中国）,.,41,EnglishcolonialexpansionbeganwiththecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.By1900Britainhadbuiltupabigempire,“onwhichthesu