《英语句子成分及基本结构》

英语句子成分及基本结构,（一）句子成分的定义,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语（subject）和谓语（predicate）；次要成分有表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补足语(complement)和同位语(appositive)。,（二）句子的具体成分,主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。,1Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）2WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）3One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）4Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）,5Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）6Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）7WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）8Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,谓语(predicate),谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.,表语(predicative),表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。,OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）,HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）,宾语(object),宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）,宾语补足语(complementofobject),英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。,HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）,定语(attributive),修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）Heisreadingabookthathehasneverread.（定语从句）,状语(adverbial),修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）,状语种类如下,Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）,同位语,同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.Carol,anAmericanteacher,willcometoourschool.,独立成分,有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语：mum,dad。插入语：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。,简单句、并列句和复合句,（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidnthearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,cantshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Donttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!,2、按句子的结构可分三种：,1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.,简单句的五种基本句型,1主语+不及物动词：(SV)Wework.ShecameMyheadaches.Thebellrang.,2主语+系动词+表语(SVC),系动词一be动词类：am、is、are、was、were二表示变化类：become、get、turn、grow、go三感官动词类:looksoundsmelltastefeelappear,seem四表示延续性的动词：remain、stay、keepHeisastudentHisfaceturnedredTheappletastessweetThesoldierkeepsstill.,3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO）,e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.Mikeatethreecakesshedrewabeautifulpicture.,4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO),e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.-MyfatherboughtacarformeHegavemethreeyuan.-Hegavethreeyuantome,5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）(SVOC),Tommadethebabylaugh.Wemadehimourmonitor.Icantmakemyselfunderstood.Wewanttohavethedeskrepaired.,2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Hewantstogotherebu