英语词汇学串讲6.ppt

VIII.Idioms,Idiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentences,whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwiththenativeculturesandideas.Strictlyspeaking,idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.Inabroadsense,idiomsmayincludecolloquialisms,catchphrases,slangexpressions,proverbs,etc,出题形式：填空，选择,定义2004(41)idiom20032.Idiomsinthecoursebookareusedina_.AbroadsenseBnarrowsenseCfigurativesenseDspecialsense答案：A,8.1CharacteristicsofIdioms8.1.1SemanticUnity语义的整体性：Beingphrasesorsentences,idiomseachconsistofmorethanoneword,buteachisasemanticunityThoughthevariouswordswhichmakeuptheidiomhavetheirrespectiveliteralmeanings,intheidiomtheyhavelosttheirindividualidentity,i.e.theirmeaningsarenotoftenrecognizableinthemeaningofthewholeidiomlikeabreeze（easily）,ThesemanticunityofidiomsisalsoreflectedintheillogicalrelationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningofeachwordandthemeaningoftheidiomManyidiomsaresemanticallyinexplicableE.g.wearonesheartupononessleeve,8.1.2StructuralStabilityUnlikefreephrases,thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeableFirst,theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplacedlipserviceSecondly,thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchangedbytwosandthrees,Thirdly,theconstituentsofanidiomcannotbedeletedoraddedto,notevenanarticleoutofthequestion:impossibleoutofquestion(noquestion)Finally,manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysablediamondcutdiamond,出题形式：填空，选择,定义，简答20065.Thesemanticunityofidiomsisreflectedinthe_relationshipbetweentheliteralmeaningofeachwordandthemeaningoftheidiomasin“raincatsanddogs”.A.illogicalB.logicalC.mutualD.natural答案：A20038.Structuralstabilitymeansthestructureofanidiomisgenerally_.AmovableBunstableCunchangeableDunderstandable答案：C2006年46.Whatissemanticunityofidioms?,8.2ClassificationofIdioms.Inthecoursebook,idiomsareclassifiedaccordingtothecriterionofgrammaticalfunctions.Thedifficultyinusingidiomsappropriatelyliesfirstinthedifficultyofgraspingtheelusiveandfigurativemeaning(隐含义和比喻义)andtheninthedifficultyofdeterminingthesyntacticfunctionsofidioms,(1)IdiomsNominalinNature:Idiomsofthisclasshaveanounasthekeywordineachandfunctionasanouninsentences.E.g.anappleofdiscord(2)IdiomsAdjectivalinNature:idiomsfunctioningasadjectivesbuttheconstituentsarenotnecessarilyadjectives.E.g.aspoorasachurchmouse,(3).IdiomsVerbalinNature:Thestructuresofsuchidiomsarequitecomplexandthuscanbesubdividedintophrasalverbsandotherverbphrases:Phrasalverbsareidiomswhicharecomposedofaverbplusaprepand/oraparticle.E.g.lookintoturnonOtherverbphrases:E.g.makeitfollowonesnose,（4）IdiomsAdverbialinNature:Thisclasscontainsnumerousprepositionalphrasesandfunctionasadverbial.E.g.throughthickandthin,(5)SentenceIdioms:Asthetermsuggests，allidiomsofthiscategoryarecompletesentences.Theyaremainlyproverbsandsayings，includingcolloquialismsandcatchphrasesIntermsofcomplexitytheycanbefurtherdividedintosimple，compoundandcomplexsentencesE.g.Killthegoosethatlaidthegoldenegg,出题形式：选择,填空，定义，简答20066.Idiomsverbalinnatureare_.A.verbphrasesB.phrasalverbsC.verbidiomsD.alltheabove答案：D2005(45)phrasalverb,8.3UseofIdioms：Rhetoriccharacteristicsofidioms:stylisticfeatures,rhetoricfeaturestheiroccasionalvariations,8.3.1StylisticFeatures:Alargeproportionofidiomswerefirstcreatedbyworkingpeoplesuchasseamenonthesea,huntersinthewoods,farmersinthefields,workmenatmills,housewivesandcooksinthekitchenandsoon,usingfamiliartermsthatareassociatedwiththeirowntradesandoccupations.indeepwaterkilltwobirdswithonestonehavealloneseggsinonebasketnewbroomssweepcleankeepthepotboilingplayfair,SuchexpressionswereallcolloquialandinformalandonceconfinedtoalimitedgroupofpeopleengagedinthesametradeoractivityButtheyprovedterse，vivid,forcibleandstimulatingsothatlatertheybrokeoutoftheirboundsandgraduallygainedwideacceptanceHowever，idiomsaregenerallyfelttobeinformalandsomearecolloquialismsandslang，thereforeinappropriateforformalstyleOccasionally,wefindidiomswhichareextremelyformalandusedonlyinfrozenstyle,However，idiomsaregenerallyfelttobeinformalandsomearecolloquialismsandslang，thereforeinappropriateforformalstyleOccasionally,wefindidiomswhichareextremelyformalandusedonlyinfrozenstyleStylisticFeatures:Coloquialisms,Slang,Literaryexpressions,8.3.2RhetoricalFeaturesApartfromthestylisticfeatures,idiomsmanifestapparentrhetoricalcoloringinphoneticmanipulationinlexicalmanipulationinfiguresofspeech,Phoneticmanipulation：（1）Alliteration头韵法mightandmain（allonespowerandstrength）roughandready（acceptable；simpleandwithoutcomfort）2）Rhyme叠韵wearandtear（damagefromcontinuoususe）toilandmoil（workhardandlong；strivelaboriously)byhookandbycrook（byallmeansgoodandfoul),Lexicalmanipulation：（1）Reiteration(duplicationofsynonyms）同义词复用；Screamandshout，cutandcarve（2）Repetition重复；neckandneckwordforword（3）Juxtaposition（ofantonyms)反义词叠用Hereandthere,upanddown,Figuresofspeech：（1）Simile明喻spendmoneylikewater（2）Metaphor暗喻adarkhorse（3）Metonymy转喻livebyonespen,（4）Synecdoche借代twoheadsarebetterthanone（5）Personification拟人Failureisthemotherofsuccess（6）Euphemism委婉powderonesnose,8.3.3.VariationsofIdioms：Whenidiomsareusedinactualcontext，theydoexperiencegrammaticalchangessuchasdifferentformsofverbs，agreementofpersonalpronounsandnumberandsoon（1）Replacement替代（2）Additionordeletion添加或删除（3）Position-shifting位移（4）Shortening缩短（5）Dismembering拆散,出题形式：选择,填空，定义，搭配。2003（41）avariationofanidiom，2005（2）20067.Theidiom“newbroomssweepclean”wascreatedprobablyby_.A.seamenB.housewivesC.farmersD.hunters答案：B20044.Theidiom“Jackofalltrades”resultsfrom_.A.additionB.position-shiftingC.dismemberingD.shortening答案：D,IX.Dictionary,Dictionary：AbookwhichpresentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationastotheirspelling,pronunciation,meaning,usage,rulesofgrammar,andinsome,theiretymology.,9.1TypesofDictionaries9.1.1MonolingualandBilingualDictionaries：Monolingualdictionariesarewritteninonelanguage.Thatistheheadwordorentriesaredefinedandillustratedinthesamelanguage.Bilingualdictionariesinvolvetwolanguages.ThemainentriesaregenerallydefinedorexplainedinthesamelanguagewithTranslations,9.1.2LinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesLinguisticdictionariesaimatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesinthelanguage.Theyusuallycoversuchareasasspelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammaticalfunction,usageandetymology,etcEncyclopedicdictionariescanbefurtherdividedintoencyclopediaandencyclopedicdictionaries.Anencyclopediaisnotconcernedwiththelanguagepersebutprovidesencyclopedicinformationconcerningeachheadword.Therethereadercannotfindpronunciationormeaningsorusagesbutotherinformation.Encyclopedicdictionarieshavethecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticdictionariesandencyclopedia.,9.1.3.Unabridged,DeskandPocketDictionariesAsthenameindicates,anunabridgeddictionaryisanunshortenedone.Theoretically,itisacompleterecordofallthewordsinuse.Deskdictionariesaremedium-sizedonescontainingwordsrangingfrom50,000to150,000.Thesedictionarieshaveabout50,000entriesorfewer.Suchadictionaryprovidesonlythespellingandpronunciationofeachwordwithafewmostcommonmeanings.,9.1.4.SpecializedDictionaries:Specialdictionariesconcentrateonaparticularareaoflanguageorknowledge,treatingsuchdiversetopicsasetymology,synonyms,idioms,pronunciation,usagesinlanguage,andcomputer,engineering,literatureandavarietyofothersubjects.,出题形式：填空，选择,定义2005(41)encyclopedia2004(44)bilingualdictionary200517.LongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglishisa_dictionary.答案：specialized200318.Theheadwordorentriesaredefinedinthesamelanguageina_dictionary.答案：monolingual,9.2UseofDictionaries9.2.1.ChoiceofDictionaries(1)Monolingualorbilingual(2)Generalorspecialized(3)BritishorAmerican.(4)Earlyorlate.Thedateofpublicationmakesabigdifferenceindictionaries.,DifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericandictionaries:(1)AmericandictionariescontainmoreencyclopedicinformationinthemainbodythantheBritish,forexample,namesoffamouspeople,placesofhistoricalinterestandthelikewhereasBritishdictionaries,especiallylearnersdictionaries,includemoregrammaticalinformation.(2)Generallyspeaking,onemayfindBritishusagesinanAmericandictionary.ButasforAmericanusages,usersareadvisedtoconsultAmericandictionariesbecausechancesarethatsuchwordsareexcludedfromageneralBritishone.,9.2.2.ContentoftheDictionary:(1)Spelling(2)Pronunciation:BritishdictionariesgenerallyuseInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,AmericanonesemployWebsterssystems.(3)Definition:definitionsgiveninfullsentencesasinCCELD;SomeuseacontrolledvocabularytomakedefinitionseasytounderstandasinLDCE.(4)Usage.(5)Grammar(6)Usagenotesandlanguagenotes(7)Etymologicalinformation(8)Supplementarymatter,9.2.3.UseoftheDictionary(1)Readthecontentspagetofindoutquicklywhatinformationisincludedinthedictionarybecausethispageusuallyprovidesadetailedlistofthecontent,includingsupplementarymatter.(2)Readtheguidetotheuseofthedictionary,wherethecompilersexplainindetailhowtousethedictionary.LDCEisnotedforitselaborategrammarinformation.Ithasagoodsystemofeasy-to-usegrammarcodes,出题形式：填空，选择,简答200615.WhichofthefollowingcanbesaidaboutaBritishDictionary?A.ItisalwaysbetterthananAmericandictionary.B.OnecanalwaysexpecttofindAmericanusagesinit.C.OnecanneverexpecttofindAmericanusagesinit.D.Ittendstoincludemoregrammaticalinformation.答案：D200446.Whatfactorsshouldonetakeintoaccountwhenhechoosesadictionary?,9.3ThreeGoodGeneralDictionaries9.3.1.LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish（LDCE）NewEdition（1987）：famousforitssimpleandcleardefinitionsandforitscontrolled2,000wordsusedtodefinewordsandillustrateusages（1）Cleargrammarcodes（2）Usagenotes（3）Languagenotes,9.3.2CollinsCOBUILDEnglishLanguageDictionary（CCELD）（1987）（1）definition：Firstly,thedefinitionsinthisdictionaryareallinfullsentences；thedefinitionitselfthrowslightonthegrammaticaluseofthewordinquestion.Secondly,CCELDcontainsmoremeaningsandcoversmoreinformationincomparisonwithsomeotherdictionariesofthesamescope.Thirdly,theorderofmeaningsindicatesthesemanticchangesofwords.,（2）Extracolumn：anextracolumnarrangedalongsidethedefinitions.Thisiswhereyoufindpartofspeech,usageinstructions,synonyms,antonyms,superordinates,verbpatternsandsoon.（3）Usageexamples：InCCELD,almosteverymeaningofawor