现在分词的用法

现在分词的用法 现在分词（Present Participle）(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ，是分词的一种，分词又分为现在分词和过去分词，它们都是非限定动词，即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语和状语），并且它们具有动词的性质，所以又是类动词的一种。现在分词的两个基本特点:1. 。例如： a developing country. 一个发展中的国家， boiling water 沸水， rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。（试比较： a developed country 一个发达国家， boiled water 白开水， risen sun 升起的太阳）2. 在语态上表示主动。例如： the ruling class 统治阶级， the exploiting class 剥削阶级。（试比较： the ruled class 被统治阶级， the exploited class 被剥削阶级）一：构成形式 doing 现在分词表示主动的，或进行的动作 二：时态与语态 主动被动 一般式doing Being done完成式having doneHaving been done三：否定式：所有否定式都是在ing前面加not 1） 现在分词的时态：现在分词本身不能表示具体的时间概念，其动作发生的时间只能是相对于谓语动作发生时间相对而言的。这一点和不定式用法相同。A) 现在分词的一般式：doing表示分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。或是谓语动作发生时，分词的动作正在发生过程中。如：Looking back, I found she was washing clothes.She smelt something burning.(smelt发生在burning的过程中。)她闻到有东西烧焦了。She sat on the chair, reading a novel.B)现在分词的完成式：having done表示现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。Having worked for 2 hours, we had a rest.Not having received his letter, we all felt worried.2) 现在分词的语态：现在分词用主动还是被动，决定于它的逻辑主语。如果现在分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者，用主动。反之，用被动。如：Entering the room, I found Tom watching TV.I knew the man sitting under the tree.(the man是sitting的逻辑主语，而且是分词动作的执行者，故分词用主动。)I found the car being washed.3) 现在分词的逻辑主语：A) 如果分词在句子作定语，其逻辑主语就是被修饰的名词。如：a developing country. 一个发展中的国家， boiling water 沸水， rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳a running boy=a boy who is running B)如果分词在句子作表语，其逻辑主语通常就是句中的主语。如：The story was interesting.The match is exciting. C)如果分词在句子作宾语补语，其逻辑主语就是句中的宾语。如：He kept the boy singing.I found his playing on the playground.D)如果分词在句中作状语，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。如：Walking on the road, he was whistling.他一边走路，一边吹着口哨。Not knowing what to do.His uncle died,leaving him a lot of money.注意：分词作状语时，有时其逻辑主语不是句子的主语。此时，分词需要自带逻辑主语。其形式为“名词/代词+现在分词”，构成独立分词结构。也可在名词前加上介词with或without。如：(With)his wife cooking in the kitchen, he was reading in the living room.E)有一类分词短语，没有自带的逻辑主语，句中也没有它的逻辑主语。通常是表示说话人的态度或看法的。即现在分词作“评注性状语”。Generally speaking, he is a good student.常常这样用的分词短语有：Talking of.谈到。Considering.考虑到。Judging form.根据。判断Roughly speaking大致说来Strictly speaking严格的说Frankly speaking坦白说来Generally speaking一般说来Broadly speaking泛泛地说Allowing for考虑到Honestly speaking老实说4） 现在分词的句法功能：1. 作主语：通常被看作是单数不可数名词，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。Driving fast is very dangerous.Swimming is my favourite sport.Painting is an art.Hearing the bad news made him cry.注意：现在分词作主语时，和动词不定式一样，当它是较长的短语时，常常用it作形式主语，而把现在分词放到句末。如：Its nice spending the holiday at the beach.Its tiring working late.现在分词作主语时的常用句型： a waste of time no good/no useIt +be+ little/hardly any use + V-ing分词 not/hardly worth worth/worthwhile如：Its no use complaining.Its no good smoking a lot.Its a waste of time doing such a thing. no no sense in（没有道理）There +be+ no point in（毫无意义） +V-ing分词 no use in Nothing worse than(没有比.更糟糕的)如：There was no knowing what he was doing.There is no point (in) doing so.这么做，毫无意义。经常跟在it +be后面的形容词，然后接动名词作实际主语的形容词还有：Odd古怪的Crazy疯狂的Hopeless无望的NiceFunny好笑的Foolish愚蠢的interestingTiring累人的betterterribleEnjoyable愉快的Pointless无意义的2作表语：-ing分词作表语多和系动词be连用。注意：如果主语用了不定式，表语也要用不定式；同样地，如果主语用的是-ing分词，表语也应用-ing分词。即，作主语和表语的动词在形式上的一致。如：Seeing is believing=To see is to believe.My favourite sport is swimming.Her only hobby(爱好) is collecting stamps.注意：现在分词作表语和动词不定式作表语的区别在于：现在分词表示习惯性动作；而不定式表示一次性的具体动作。如：My plan is to finish my homework before tomorrow.My favourite sport is swimming.3. 作宾语英语中，有相当一部分动词后，只能接-ing分词作宾语。这类动词主要有：Admit承认adviseAnticipate期望做。Detest憎恨做。Defer推迟suggestEscape逃避做。Quit停止做。Deny否认Miss错过Avoid避免做。Tolerate忍受。Keep保持做。Appreciate感谢。Practise练习。enjoyMind介意Consider考虑做Risk冒险做。Excuse原谅如：Excuse me interrupting you.I enjoy reading newspapers.I suggest you should practise speaking English every morning.注意：有一类动词后即可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟-ing分词作宾语。可以把这类动词分为三种类型：1）两种形式意义基本相同。2）两种形式略有差别。3）意义完全不同。A）两种形式意义基本相同的动词有：attempt, begin, cease(停止), continue, intend, start, commence(开始).如：She started to cry/crying.What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下来做什么？He continued to work/working.B)两种形式意义略有差别的动词主要有：hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等。如：I like playing basketball.I hate to trouble you.I prefer to go for a walk.I prefer singing songs.C)后跟不定式和-ing分词时，意义完全不同的动词有：remember, forget, regret., try, mean, chance(碰巧),cannot help.等。它们后面跟不定式表示动作还未发生，而跟现在分词表示动作已经发生。如：I regret to do this thing.I regret doing such a thing.Mean to do 表示打算，意欲做某事：而mean doing表示“意味着，意思是”如：I mean/plan to buy a house.Fighting means killing.Chance to do表示碰巧做某事；而chance doing表示冒险做某事、碰运气试着做某事He chanced to meet his old friend in the street.He chanced taking part in that race.Cannot help to do表示不能帮忙做某事;Cannot help doing表示情不自禁，不由得做某事如：I cannot help to do homework for you.I cannot help laughing.4. 作介词宾语除了我们已经谈到的“疑问词+不定式”可以作介词宾语外。通常情况下，只能用-ing分词作介词的宾语。但个别表示“除了。之外”的介词如“except, but, than”通常接不定式。如：I can do nothing except/but wait.后面跟-ing分词作介词宾语的短语结构主要有：A) “动词+介词+动名词”I am used to sleeping on the floor.(习惯于。)I am looking forward to meeting you.The rain stopped us from working.She objected to marrying him(反对)B)“形容词+介词+-ing分词”I am interested in playing basketball.Tom is responsible for breaking the glass.C)名词+介词+动名词There are many ways to do it/of doing it.He didnt go out for fear of raining.-ing分词的惯用搭配有：A) 主语+have+fun/pleasure/a good time/trouble/difficulty+(in) doing sth如：We had a lot of fun (in) playing basketball.I have trouble/difficulty(in) understanding him.B)“There is+difficulty/trouble/pleasure+(in) doing sth”如：There is difficulty in passing the exam.There is trouble in learning a foreigh language.C)“be busy+(in) doing sth”I am busy in doing my homework.D) “What about/How about +-ing分词”（征求意见句型。怎么样）What/How about having a cup of tea?How about playing basketball with me?E)注意：有一类-ing分词和go搭配，表示“去（干。）”，这些分词大多与休闲娱乐的户外活动有关。常用的有：boatingCamping野营Climbing爬山Driving驾车兜风Dancing跳舞Hiking徒步旅行Hunting打猎Fishing垂钓runningJogging慢跑Ridding骑马Sailing航行Shopping购物Sightseeing观光Skating滑冰swimmingWalking散步Window shopping逛街如：We went boating yesterday.5.作定语 单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前 arunningboy thegirlstandingthere （分词短语作定语，故置于所修饰名词之后）并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句 如：aboywhoisrunning agirlwhoisstandingthere注意：某些现在分词作定语时，已不再表示动作，已经从分词变为了形容词词性。如：aninterestingstory，anexcitingmatch。这些也可以属于现在分词作定语，但是不能转化为相应的定语从句。但是可以有三级变化（原级、比较级、最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰。6.作宾语补语只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补 ） 感官动词或心理状态的动词：see，hear，watch，feel，notice，observe，find，listen to，look at ）表示致使意义的动词：make, have，get，catch，leave，keep, let 注意：但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补） eg.I saw him singing now.和 I saw him sing in the house.注意 ：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。7.作状语分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致。若逻辑主语和分词动作之间为主动，用主动。反之，用被动。A） 作时间状语 如：.Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了可以转化为一个时间状语从句：When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him.注意：当我要强调正在进行的动作时我们可以在分词前面加上whenwhile 那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其实这是省略了从句中的I was,因为从句的主语和主句一致）。如果句子为：When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 当他走在街上，我看到他了。这里，由于从句主语和主句主语不一致，故不可省略。B）作条件状语 如： Working hard,you will succeed. （只要）努力工作，你就会成功。可以转换为if引导的状语从句。即：If you work hard, you will succeed.C)作原因状语 如： Being ill,she stayed at home. （因为）生病，她留在家里 注意being是常用来作原因状语的 这句可以转换为相应的原因状语从句：Because/As she was ill, she stayed at home.D)作让步状语 如. Having failed many times,he didnt lose heart. 有很多次失败，他没有灰心。=Although he had failed many times, he didnt lose heart.E)作结果状语 如： His friend died,leaving Tom a lot of money, 他的朋友死了，（所以）给汤姆留了很多钱。=His friend died, so he left Tom a lot of money.F)作方式状语 如：Please answer the question using another way. 请用另一种方式回答这个问题G)作伴随状语,表示现在分词的动作正在进行中。如：He sat on the chair, singing songs.They left the shop, satisfied.The worked for a whole day, exhausted.They watching TV in the living room, I was cooking in the kitchen.8. 现在分词的独立主格 （1）独立主格，又叫独立结构，在句中作状语。它没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是