2020版高考英语一轮复习 Unit3 Inventors and inventions精品学案 新人教版选修8

选修8 unit3 Inventors and Inventions复习目标闯关 要点名师讲解【重点单词】1. distinguish 辨别；辨认；（常与from, between连用）区别；区分distinguish A from B 辨别A与B be distinguished from不同于be distinguished by 以为特征 be distinguished for 因而著称distinguish oneself 显扬自己；使自己扬名1). I can distinguish them at a distance. 从远处我能认出他们。2). The man distinguishes himself by his wisdom这个人因智慧而扬名。【即境活用】It is not easy to_cultured pearls from genuine pearls.A. distinguish B. separate C. identity D. recognize【解析】选A 。考查distinguish的用法。distinguish. from. 辨别，把.和.区别开；separate-from把-隔开；identity辨别；recognize认出，这两个词后面都不跟from2. convenient adj.便利的，方便的convenience n.便利，方便 conveniently adv.便利地be convenient to sb. 对某人方便 It is convenient (for sb) to do sth. (某人)做某事方便1). Is it convenient for you to come next Sunday? 下个星期天你方便来吗？2). I can t see him now; it s not convenient. 我现在不便见他。3bear v. 忍受，具有，带有，显示 （标记或特性）【拓展延伸】bear表示“忍受”其后可跟doing sth 表示习惯性动作，也可跟to do sth表示某一次具体动作，且多与 can, could和 be able to连用。作“生产，生育”讲时，有两种过去分词形式 borne指“生产，生育”而 born 指“出生”，如：She has borne three children with her husband. 她与丈夫生育了三个孩子。【即境活用】I dont think our relationship could _the strain of her mother visiting for a month.A. bear B. tell C. put up D. hold【解析】A 考查动词词义辨析。bear承受符合句意；tell区别，告诉；put up 举起，张贴；hold持有。4.associate vt.联系，联想；n.同伴，伙伴。【重点短语】1. call up 征召；召集服兵役；唤起；使人回忆；带入心中；打电话给某人相关短语 call短语：call back 召回；回电话；收回处理call on/at 拜访(on后跟人；at后跟地点名词)call for 要求，提倡，为叫喊call forth 使产生；引起；使起作用call in 召集，召来，来访call off 取消；取消或延期：call out 出动，唤起，大声叫唤1). He called me up to tell me the good news. 他打电话给我并告诉我这个好消息。2). I was called up three months after war broke out. 战争爆发后的第三个月，我应征入伍。【点拨】 辨析： call up 与look back on/uponcall up 表示“使.回忆起”主语为物，look back on/upon“回忆，记起”主语为人【即境活用】When I _Tom, he was doing some shopping.A. call on B. called up C. called off D. called over【解析】选B。考查动词词义辨析 call on。按照句意此处为给-打电话；call up符合；call on拜访； call off 取消；call over把-喊来均不合句意。2. set about sth/doing sth (不用於被动语态) 开始（某工作）； 着手做某事相关短语 set短语：set sth aside 将某事物放在一边；（为某目的）节省或保留（钱或时间）set sth down 将某事物记在纸上； 写下来 set out 从某地出发上路set off 开始（旅行、赛跑等） set sth off 使（炸弹、地雷等）爆炸set to 精力充沛地开始做某事 set sth up 摆放或竖起某物；创（体育）记录1). I must set about my packing. 我得开始收拾行李了。2). The new government must set about finding solutions to the country s economic problems. 新政府必须立即找出解决国家经济问题的办法。【即境活用】根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。1). I don t know how to set _ this job.2). She set _ a new world record time _ the 100 metres.3). They set _ on the last stage _ their journey.4). How do senior managers set _ making these decisions?Keys: 1). about 2). up; in 3). out; of 4). about2get through 设法联系上（尤指打通电话）；（设法）做完；通过；度过【重点句型】1. The first thing I tried to do was to see if there were products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. 我先看看有没有能派得上用场的产品，好象只有一些用来杀死蛇的药粉。(1) 在there be结构中，be的人称与数应遵循就近一致原则：There was a bucket of water and two chairs in the comer of the house.There are two chairs and a bucket of water in the comer of the house.(2) there be常见的形式有：there seems to be.there happens to be.there used to be.(3) seem的归纳总结： sth.sb. seem (to be)+adj.名词好像 It seems that. 似乎，好像 It seems to sb that. 在某人看来好像 It seems as ifas though. 看起来好像(后可接虚拟语气，这可接表真实的表语从句。)It seems as if it were going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。(天气好得很，不会下雨。)It seems as if it is going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。(真的快要下雨了。) There seems (to be) 好象【即境活用】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。1). The child seems _ (be) healthy, but the doctor is concerned.2). It seems to me _ there s something funny about the case.3). There doesnt seem _ (be) much hope that he ll come / of him coming.Keys: 1). to be 2). that 3). to be2. Between the outside and inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes hard when cooled. 在碗的内外壁中间有些果冻，当冷冻时就会变得非常硬。when cooled的构成：连词+过去分词，相当于when 引导的状语从句when it is cooled如果whenwhile引导的时间状语从句中的主语与主句的主语相同，常常可用whenwhile + 现在分词短语或者过去分词短语的结构来代替。1). When offered help, you should say “thank you” or “it s very kind of you”.= When you are offered help, you should say “thank you” or “it s very kind of you”.2). You must be careful when crossing the street.= You must be careful when you cross the street.3). Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.= IfWhen the city is seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.4). Seeing from the hill, you call see that the whole city is beautiful.= IfWhen you see from the hill, you can see that the whole city is beautiful.【即境活用】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。1). Once _ (publish), this novel will be very popular!2). _ (tell) many times, he still couldnt understand.3). The girls are talking excitedly, _ (follow) their teacher.Keys: 1). published 2). Having been told 3). following语法核心突破过去分词作定语、表语和宾语补足语作用与用法过分(表示和被动的动作) 是有形容词.副词的作用,在句中可以用作定语,表语,宾语补足语和状语1.定语: 过分做定语,表示分词的动作与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系,单一的确过去分词做定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前,过去分词短语作定语放在被修饰的名词之后,过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以转换为一个定语从句The broken window (=The window which was broken) will be replaced soon.破损的窗户很快就会被换掉.The books bought yesterday (=which were bought yesterday) are of high quality.昨天买的书确实很不错【点拨】过去分词和与其相关的名词、代词之间构成一种动宾关系，即被动态。过去分词作定语，主要说明业已完成的动作或是一个在以前某个未知时间发生的动作 。单个过去分词作定语，分词一般说来写在被修饰的名词、代词之前；分词短语作定语时，分词放在被修饰词之后(1)表示情绪的过去分词作定语：-She threw me a quick, frightened glance.他迅速而惊恐地看了我一眼-His face wore a puzzled expression.他脸上有一种困惑的表情-He had a pleased look on his face.他脸上现出高兴的神情-We can hear his excited voice.我们可以听到他激动的声音-The inspired soldier soon calmed down. 那个受到鼓舞的士兵很快就平静下来了-The frightened girl sat in the corner quietly. 那位吓得惊慌的姑娘一声不响地坐在角落里。-Tom gave a satisfied smile.汤姆满意地笑了笑-There is a worried boy in the corner of the street.在街道拐角有一个焦急的男孩【举一反三】amaze,embarrass,interest,excite,disappoint,encourage,move,surprise,astonish,delight,frighten,inspire,please,puzzle,terrify,shock,satisfy,worry,confuse, amuse, tire等。这些动词构成的过去分词实际上已经成了形容词，它们常常用来修饰人（2）其它常见的过去分词作定语：guided missile导弹 armed forces武装力量cooked food熟食 boiled water开水frozen food冷冻食品 canned food罐头食品fried eggs煎鸡蛋 smoked fish 熏鱼finished products成品 dried fruit果干required courses必修课 printed matter印刷品written English书面英语 mixed feelings混杂情绪（3）表示完成的过去分词作定语：faded flowers萎谢的花 fallen leaves落叶escaped prisoners逃犯 deceased wife亡妻departed friends离去的朋友a retired professor退休的教授new arrived visitors新到的客人a dated map过时的地图（4）过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后，作用相当于一个定语从句：-They reduced the number of animals used in experiments.他们减少了用于试验的动物数量-Whats the language spoken in that country?那个国家讲的是什么语言？-Is there anything planned for tonight?今晚有什么活动吗？-They are problems left over by history?他们是历史遗留下来的问题-Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in green.突然出现一个穿绿衣服的青年女子2.表语: 过去分词作表语,表示主语的状态且该状语通常是由外界因素引起的,这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词,是形容词化的过去分词Im interested in reading novels, written by Jin Yong. 我对金庸的小说很感兴趣.常见的还有: be surprised, be astonished, be amazed, be moved, be exhausted, be worried, be devoted, be pleased, be inspired, be encouraged, be excited, be delighted, be satisfied, be scared, be frightened, be disappointed3.宾语补足语 作宾语补足语的过去分词一般是及物动此,和宾语有逻辑主谓关系,可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:a. see, hear, watch, feel, find, observe, notice, look at, listen to 表示感觉和心理状态的动词b. make, get, have, leave 表示致使意义的动词c. like, want, wish, order表示希望,要求等意义的动词He wont like such questions discussed at the meeting.他不想让这样的问题在会上讨论【拓展延伸】现在分词与过去分词的区别:1.定语: 现在分词作定语常表示动作正在进行, 此时或当时的状态等; 过去分词则常表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作前等;被修饰的名词一般是现在分词的逻辑主语,是过去分词的逻辑宾语如:I know the man standing there. 我认识站在那儿的那个人.Is there anything planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗?2.表语: 现在分词作表语,具有主动的含义,意味着起这种作用; 而过去分词作表语,具有主动的含义，意味着“起这种作用”；而过去分词作表语具有被动含义，意味着“受这种影响”。如：The work was tiring. 这项工作挺累人的The workers were soon tired. 工人们很快就感到累了注意：作表语的过去分词表示状态，构成被动语态的过去分词表示动作：The book is well written.（表语）The book was written by a soldier.（被动语态）【语法专练】1. “Things _ never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself.A. to lose B. losing C. lost D. have lost2. The _ smell made John _ .A. disgusting; disgusted B. disgusting; disgustingC. disgusted; disgusting D. disgusted ; disgusted3. Once_ in the exam, the students whove done it would be punished.A. caught cheated B. catching cheatingC. being caught cheating D. caught cheating4. As , a couple of pandas reached Taiwan Island smoothly.A. expectedB. expectsC. to expectD. expecting5. The man managed to make himself in his _ French.A. understood, breaking B. understand, brokenC. understand, breaking D. understood, broken答案：15 CADAD高考真题链接1.（2020浙江卷T12）After that, he knew he could any emergency by doing what be could to the best of his ability.Aget away withBget on with Cget through Dget across【解析】选C。本题考查与get相关的短语辨析。get away with侥幸逃脱；get on with与有好相处；get through接通，顺利通过，完成；get across被理解，越过。根据语境：经过那件事之后，他明白了他能尽一切可能去顺利解决任何突发情况。2.（2020江苏卷T22）The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization【解析】选B，reputation 表示名声而expectation是期望的意思。Contribution是贡献的意思。Civilization是文明的意思。3.（2020北京卷T23）-Good morning. Ive got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.-Ah, good morning. You be Mrs. Peters.A. might B. must C. would D. can【解析】选B。本题考查情态动词在语境中的运用。第一个说话人说和史密斯小姐有约，那下面的人就回应说，那您一定就是Mrs. Peters了因此排除A,C.D4.（2020重庆卷T25）To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions had used the products.A. whoeverB. whoC. whicheverD. which【解析】选A。考查关系代词。这儿_ used the products。是个宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，并且指人，所以用whoever.综合效能检测一、听力（略）二、单项选择21. _ washing machines out of order, so I have to wash all our clothes by _ hand.A. The / B. A the C. The the D. A 22. Did you receive my letter?I received one just as I 。A. set out B. had set outC. was setting out D. would set out23. -Its very cloudy and freezing cold- Yes, I m afraid it be snowing tonightAmust Bneed Cshould Dmight24. Well, , he is just my colleague But I think we can become best friends one dayAtime and again Bnow and then Cin the mean time Dfor the moment25. - He couldnt bear _ like that before the whole class.A. making fun of B. being made fun ofC. to be laughed at D. being made fun26. Believe me, _ women would never make such a stupid decision.A. merciful B. mature C. mean D. innocent27. -Hi, Nick, I tried to phone you several times yesterday, but I couldnt _to you.-I wasnt in. I went to the library to return those books.A. call up B. get through C. ring up D. go through28. The moment we heard of the accident, we the work to rescue those trapped in the mine.A. set offB. set downC. set backD. set about29. - Why did Bob weep?Farmers now _ more government help not only of money but also of science and technology on farming. A. call on B. call forC. call inD. call up30. Did you remember to pay the telephone bill?The telephone bill? _.A. That isnt due yet.B. Are you sure?C. My telephone is out of order.D. Please remember the amount.31. Until the start of the Industrial Revolution, mankind was poor, hungry, and constantly at the _ of disease and natural disastersApower Blimit Ccontrol Dmercy32. The man didnt see the sign “ No smoking”, for _ of his eyes was near-sighted.A. both B. none C. neither D. either33. The prices of houses _ because the demand of them become more and more great.A. are risingB. rise C. had risenD. have been risen34. The judge made the final decision after listening to the opinions of each party _.A. having involved B. to be involvedC. involving D. involved35. _ no use discussing it with me. Youd better consult the teacher.AThats BYoureC Its DTheres三、完形填空（2020北京市通州区高三一模）I did very badly at schoolMy headmaster thought I was 36 and when I was 14 he said，“Youre never going to be 37 but a failure”After five years of 38 jobs，I fell in love with a very nice middle-class girlIt was the best 39 that could have happened to meI 40 I wanted to do something positive with my life because I wanted to 41 to her that what people said about me was 42 Especially her mother, who had said to me，“Lets 43 it, youve failed at everything youve ever done. So I tried hard with my 44 and went to college. My first novel came 45 while I was at college.After college I taught during the 46 in high schools and attended evening classes at London University, where I got a 47 in history. I became a lecturer at a college and decided to 48 that job to write full time 49 I was offered a part-time job at Leeds University. I began to feel proud of myself here was a working-class boy whod 50 school early, now teaching at the university.My writing career took off when I 51 my own style. Now Im wealthy and 52 , have been on TV, and met lots of film stars. 53 what does it mean? I 54 wish all the people that have put me down had 55 : I believe in you. Youll succeed.36. A. bright B. useless C. simple D. hopeful37. A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing38. A. low B. poor C. good D. useful39. A. support B. happiness C. surprise D. thing40. A. admitted B. decided C. planned D. told41. A. tell B. act C. prove D. witness42. A. wrong B. fight C. stupid D. faulty43. A. see B. know C. understand D. face44. A. experiment B. practice C. writing D. composition45. A. on B. up C. out D. back46. A. day B. night C. month D. year47. A. graduation B. pass C. degree D. credit48. A. abandon B. quit C. ban D. cancel49. A. while B. if C. when D. or50. A. left B. attended C. changed D. graduated51. A. discovered B. invented C. viewed D. observed52. A. gifted B. intelligent C. important D. famous53. A. And B. But C. So D. Besides54. A. just B. exactly C. mostly D. nearly55. A. praised B. said C. answered D. advised四、阅读理解AIt has been more than twenty years since pioneering British computer programmer, Sir Tim Berners Lee, created the World Wide Web. But could he have ever imagined how much the web would change our lives? And would he approve of how some British students are taking advantage of his invention?Universities and exam boards around the UK are becoming increasingly concerned with the rising number of cases of plagiarism, many of which are facilitated (助长) by the Internet access.In the UK most school and university students complete coursework throughout the academic year which contributes toward their final mark. In many cases coursework makes up the main part of the qualification. Since coursework is completed in the students own time it cannot be monitored by teachers in the same way as an exam.Derec Stockley, director of examinations in the UK, explains, “Plagiarism affects coursework more than anything else, and in the cases that come to our attention, more and more are linked to the Internet.”At a university level recent reports suggest that plagiarism has evolved from separate cases of individual cheating to systematic and even commercial operation. Students can now pay for bespoke essays to be written for them by experts.It is estimated that the market in online plagiarism is now worth 200 million pounds a year. Every month more and more websites offering to write students essays for them appear on the Internet.Barclay Littlewood, owner of Degree Essays UK employs 3,500 specialist writers and charges between 120 pounds and 4,000 pounds per essay. However, Mr. Littlewood refutes the accusation that he is helping students to cheat.56What dose the underlined word “plagiarism” in Paragraph 2 mean in the passage?Acheating Bproblems of the Internet Clearning pressure Dcoursework57Which of the following statements is mentioned by the author?AWith the help of online plagiarism, students can write more creative coursework.BThere will be no problem if online plagiarism is a systematic and commercial operation.CThe Internet seems to have contributed much to the problem of online plagiarism.DTeachers should lay more emphasis on exams than coursework.58It can be inferred from the text that the author seems to _.Ablame Sir Tim Berners Lee for having created the World Wide WebBworry about the quality of students coursework influenced by the World Wide WebCbe in favour of Littlewoods defence against the accusation of himDhave studied the problem of online plagiarism for nearly 20 years59Who should be blamed for online plagiarism?ABarclay Littlewood. BSir Tim Berners Lee. CDerec Stockley. DNobody.60The paragraph following the passage will most