江苏省宜兴市第二高级中学2020届高三英语一轮复习《虚拟语气、情态动词》专题复习导学案（无答案）

虚拟语气、情态动词语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示所说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。假设的情况条件从句主句与现在事实相反一般过去时（be动词一般用were）should （would, might， could）+ 动词原形与过去事实相反过去完成时should （ would, might， could）+ have done与将来事实相反 一般过去时； should动词原形； were to动词原形should （would, might， could）+ 动词原形如：If I were you, I would give up smoking.If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning.今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。）If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我们赶上早班火车，到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我们赶不上这班火车，我们就得在车站等一小时。（表不希望）二、混合句的虚拟语气当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。如条件从句用if I were.，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。如：If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去了。(were表过去)If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我会去的。(were表现在)三、if的省略如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。Had you not helped me， I should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely.假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。四、含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster.同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。I would like to come. 我愿意来。五、不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。如：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed.农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning.我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept?假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow.如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。六、虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等。1、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1)宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形，should可以省略。这些动词常见的有：一坚持insist 二命令order，command 三要求require，request，demand 四建议advise，suggest，propose，recommend 还有urge，desire etc.如The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。2) wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。与现在事实相反, 从句的谓语动词用过去式。I wish it were true我但愿这是真的。与将来事实相反，从句的谓语动词用“would/should/could/ might+动词原形”I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。与过去事实相反, 从句用“had +过去分词”或“would/should/could/ might +have+过去分词”I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天来过电话。We wish you had come to our New Years party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。3) would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。七、虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用“在It is (was)+形容词 / 过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用（should）+动词原形。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （带有“要求”的含义）Its better that he go at once. （带有“建议”的意思） 用于本句型的形容词并不多，常见形容词有：necessary，important，natural, strange, best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent， 等。It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at onceIts strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak politely.It is a pity that she should fare so badly.Its right that you should think that way.用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested， required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lectureIt is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonightIm ashamed you should have done such a thing.It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off有人建议推迟会议。注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。八、虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用名词suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should +动词原形或省略should。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them.我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。My advice is that you (should) treat her well. 我的忠告是你应该善待她。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建议是我们应该告诉他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。注意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。如：There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once.他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。九、虚拟语气常用在It is time (that)句型中，常用过去式。It is time the children went to bed. 孩子们早该上床睡觉了。（表示催促）Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money.他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。It is time we left.我们该走了。It is time we went to bed.我们该去睡觉了。十、虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中，表愿望Long live the Communist Party of China！中国共产党万岁！God bless you! 上帝保佑你。God damn it! 该死的！May you succeed! 祝你成功！The devil take you! 见鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那样吧。情态动词情态动词有：can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would), must, have to, need, dare (dared), ought to, used to. 情态动词无人称和数的变化，不能独立使用，它与其后面的动词原形合成谓语。情态动词的具体用法如下：1 can1）表示能力 能，能够A computer can not think for itself, it must be told what to do.2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。The temperature can fall to 60, that is 60 below freezing.气温可降至60，也就是零下60。He cant (couldnt) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。3）表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）“是否有可能”_ it be true that your bike was stolen again? (Is it possible?)How _ you be so careless!_ anyone be such a fool as to believe that?4）用来表示一种可能出现的事情，或表示某事、某物、某人偶然或通常有做出什么事的倾向。通常（但并非总是）指不愉快的事情。或表示某些特殊情况下的可能性,客观的可能性Our house is on the top of a hill, and in winter the winds _ be pretty cold.The World Wide Web is jokingly called the World Wide Wait, for sometimes it can be very slow.It can be very cold in the mountains.Accidents can happen on such rainy days.I would rather go shopping alone than go with her because she can be rather tiresome at times.比较：Driving on these roads _ be a very nerve-racking business.Driving on this icy road _ be dangerous today.5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。6) can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如：I could / was able to play chess when I was six.但be able to 可用于各种时态Ill not be able to come this afternoon.I have been able to do the work.I hope to be able to do the work.区别：Something was wrong with my car, but I _ drive it to the garage.= Something was wrong with my car, but I _ drive it to the garage.= Something was wrong with my car, but I _ drive it to the garage.be able to 可以表示经过努力或克服了困难之后做成了某事，相当于manage to do , succeed in doing7)表推测 cant have done 表示对过去发生的事情的否定推测She cant be at home now, for the lights are all out.It cant have rained last night, for the ground is dry.8) can 的习惯用法It is as good as can be.不能再好了。One cannot be too careful to drive a car./ in driving a car.One can not but be moved by his noble deeds.人们不能不为他那高尚的行为所感动。cant/couldnt help doingcant/couldnt help to do2. could1) can 的过去式I could speak a little Japanese when I was at college but now I have forgotten all of them except a few words.2) 客气的请求Could I borrow your dictionary?Yes/Of course, you can.3) could用在肯定句中表示一种比较婉转的怀疑。His story _ be true, but I hardly think it is.4) could have done表示对过去能做而未做的事感到惋惜、遗憾。意思是“本可以；可能已经做了某事”I stayed at a hotel while in New York._ Oh, did you? You could have stayed with Barbara.5) couldnt have done”表示对过去情况的推测，意思是“不可能做了”。例如：He could not have seen the film because he knew nothing about it.3.may,might1）表示许可，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？May I use your car? No, you mustnt.(Sorry, but Im using it now./Youd better not.)在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly./ Please dont ./ Youd better not. / No, you mustnt.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。2）表示可能（可能性较 must 和 can 小）。might可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。Peter may come with us tonight , but he isnt very sure yet.They might be having a meeting, but Im not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。3) may/might have done表示对过去的推测。Its too late. He may have gone to bed.Yesterday ,Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise ,she might have said something she would regret later.4. shall1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？2）表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、威胁”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令）You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺）You shall fail if you dont work hard. (警告)3)当宣布法律、规定时It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.(规则或规定)5. should1）表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。You shouldnt waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。2）表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。- When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.- They should be ready by 12:00.3). 在名词性从句中表感情，即说话人认为应该如此。例如：It is natural that students should study hard.4). 表示“竟然”Swine flue should have nothing to do with pigs.5). should have done 表示过去应该做而未做某事。含有惋惜、责备的意味。例如：We should have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead.6. will1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。None is so blind as those who wont see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。If you will read the book, Ill lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。2）表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求，用于第二人称的疑问句中Will you close the window? Its a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。Wont you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。4) 表功能The door/window wont open.7.would1）表意愿。They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法，比 will 客气。Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗？They wouldnt have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。Whenever I passed his house I would see him standing under the big tree.8. must1）表示义务或强烈的劝告，意为“必须”，否定式表示“禁止”、“不准”。在回答 must 的问句时， 否定回答用 neednt 或 dont have to .。We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。-Must we hand in our exercisebooks now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗？-No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 不必。2）表示对现在情况的推测用“must + 动词原形”。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。3）对过去情况的猜测用“must+ have +过去分词”。例如：It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.4) 表示“偏要、硬要”做某事How old are you, Madam?If you must know, Im twice my sons age.9. ought to1）表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。You oughtnt to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。Theres a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。3) ought to have done 表示过去应该做而未做的事情。例如：You ought to have helped him. (but you didnt)1、can ,和be able tocan 和be able to 在表示“能力”时意思相同，但在用法上有区别。1). can 表示主观能力， be able to 表示客观能力。can 表示有这种能力或机会，be able to 则表示经历一番艰难后能够做成某事。例如：I can drive , but Im not able to drive now because Im drunk.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.2). can只有两种时态形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式。Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5.3). be able to 可用于动词不定式和动名词结构中， can 不能。例如：I regret not being able to take his advice.2. must和 have tomust表示主观意志，而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。Its getting dark. I have to be off now.3. need和dareneed和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。1) 用作情态动词 need do / neednt do dare do / dare not do dare有过去式daredYou neednt telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。I dont think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。How dare you say Im unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平？I wonder how he dared say that to the teacher.2) 用作实义动词 need to do / dont(doesnt/didnt) need to dodare to do/ dont(doesnt/didnt) dare (to) doYou dont need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。3) need 构成一般疑问句时，其肯定回答用must ，否定回答用 neednt 。Need I do it now?Yes, you must. (No, you neednt.)4) need (not) have done表示“本有 （无）必要做某事，然而做了（没有做）”。You neednt have told him about the news. He had known it long before.4.would和used to1）used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，而would只表过去的情况。People used to think that the earth was flat.过去人们认为地球是平的。（现在人们不这么认为。）She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country.在乡下时，她总是在早晨去散会儿步。（可能现在仍有散步的习惯。）2）used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。He used to would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。非谓语动词在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。一、动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1 动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式主 动to buildto be buildingto have builtto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build否定式：not + (to) do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后， 例如：He seems to know a lot.The patient asked to be operated on at once.（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.Bell is considered to have invented the telephone.2不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose heart.注意以下句型：Its + adj. (good, important, possible, necessary ) + to do sth.Its + n. (fun, a pity/a shame) + to do sth.Its good/bad manners + to do sth.Its + adj.+ for sb. + to do sth.Its + adj.+ of sb. + to do sth.for: 当所用adj.表述事物的特点时，用for 如：necessary, (im)possible, important, good etc.of: 当所用adj. 与人的品性相关时，用of 如：nice, good, wise, clever, silly, foolish, stupid, right, wrong, careful, careless, rude, polite, impolite, etc.（2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.What I want to do is to swim in the sea and to lie on the warm sand.be to do 还可用来表将来、劝告、指示及命令They are to be married soon.(将来)You are to apologize to her for what you have done. (命令)You are to find out who did it. (指示)（3）作宾语： They expect to come to China again next year.下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt ,enable, neglect忽视afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排destine注定 mean意欲，打算begin expect期望 omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得determine决定 manage设法hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装dread害怕 agree同意desire愿望 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 bear承受 offer提供beg请求 plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼 prefer喜欢，宁愿 ca