中考英语专题教案---阅读理解

阅读理解专题 选择性阅读常考知识清单一、 考点分析1. 细节理解题这种题目比较简单,只要阅读全文,了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节就可以解答出来,有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。 此类题目的出题形式很多,例如：（1）Which of the following statements is true?（2）Which of the following is （not） mentioned?（3）How many How much Where How What . . . ?要快速辨认和记忆事实或细节,就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法。 查阅是考生在对材料有所了解的情况下进行的,它的特点是带着问题去寻找答案。2. 猜测词意题在阅读中,我们经常会遇到一些生词,需要根据上下文猜测它们的意思。 此类问题考查学生紧扣原文,根据上下文语境判断单词、词语或短句意义的能力。 常见的题型有：直接对生词进行解释；对多义词或短语在文章具体语言环境中的意义作出准确判断；对英语中的一些格言或谚语进行解释；对文中一些代词的指代对象作出界定等。 这种题型常见的设题方式如下：（ 1 ） The underlined word （ phrase ） in the passage means.（2 ） The word “ it them” in the first paragraph refers to.（3 ） The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means.（4）What does the underlined word” . . . “refer to.在做此类题时,考生应紧扣原文,根据上下文语境进行判断,切不要望文生义或断章取义,也不能只选择自己熟悉的意思。3. 推理判断题推理判断题属于深层阅读理解题。 它要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实,在通篇理解文章的基础上,严格按照作者提供的信息推断出作者的言外之意。 这种题型常见的设题方式有：（1）From the text, it can be inferred that.（2）The passage suggests that.（3）Which of the following best describes.（4）The writers attitude towards . . . is.（5）From the text, we learn that .这种题目有一定难度,解答时必须根据上下文及相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。 有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等文外之意加以推理。4. 主旨归纳题这种题型要求学生在理解全文的基础上,对文章进行归纳、概括或评价。 解这种题目时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,如涉及文章的标题 （ title）、主题 （main idea）、结论 （ conclusion）、结局 （end）等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断,从而获取文章中的内在信息。 常见的设题方式有：（1）The general idea of the passage is about.（2）The main idea of the article is.（3）The main purpose of this selection is.（4）The passage suggests that.（5）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?二、 解题步骤做阅读理解时,可遵循三部曲的原则,即：快速阅读短文；认真逐题作答；复查校对答案。第一步,快速阅读短文。先读题,明确题目要求,弄清考点,然后带着问题去读文章,这种方法在英语中称为 scanning,就是寻读。 快速阅读一遍弄清段落大意,对全文有一个整体了解,掌握中心意思,注意哪些用以说明中心意思的主要事实和细节,抓住关键词,弄清作者写此篇文章的目的及意图。 如遇到生词,应先跳过,继续通读全文,切忌长时间死扣生词,因为有些生词并不影响对全文的理解,还有一些词可以通过上下文推测含义。第二步,认真逐题作答。看完短文后,对整篇短文的内容有了大致的了解,然后马上看后面的问题,带着问题去找答案。 如果属于客观信息题,就可直接在短文中找到出处。 如果是主观判断题,则应迅速再读全文,仔细分析思考,将近似的答案对照原文反复比较,推敲,选出最佳答案。第三步,仔细校对所选答案。做完所有题目后,再读一遍短文,逐一检查所有答案是否有误。 如果有拿不定主意的答案,不要随意更改。 一定要从原文中找到依据。1. 如果文长题少,则以略读的方式先读一遍,而后带着问题去查阅,求得要找的答案。2. 如果文短题多,则应先仔细阅读该短文,再去做题。 遇到某个题答不来时,可带着该问题去查阅有关细节。3.如果问的是一段文章的中心思想,则应重点读段首句和段尾句,看是否有主题句。 有时主题句可能位于段中,也有的段落无明显的主题句,那就要自己分析、归纳中心思想。4. 如果问题要求解答数字、人名、地名、时间等,则可直接用查阅的方法来寻求答案,也可先略读而后查阅。5. 如果文章中提到的事实多、涉及面广,可采取抓关键词的办法,记住文章中所谈及的各个方面,从而判断选取答问题。6. 有时遇到看不懂的难句,读了几遍仍然不懂,可作记号,暂时放下,留待以后有时间再来考虑。总而言之,掌握一定的阅读技巧和方法固然重要,但要想在阅读理解这一重要知识板块取得高分,还必须经过坚持不懈的努力。 阅读理解需要扎实的语言基础以及熟练的语言能力,而扎实的语言基础来自平时严格的基本功训练,熟练的语言能力来自长期的知识积累以及运用。 只要平时刻苦努力,打下扎实的英语基础知识,再加上科学的解题方法,阅读理解不失分就不再是一个遥不可及的梦想了。【例】 In the past, when people had problems, they usually went to their families or friends to get advice. Today it is possible to get advice from radio shows, TV programmes and telephone hot lines. A hot line is a telephone line. It offers a direct way of getting in touch with advisers. Most hot lines are completely anonymous. That is to say, callers do not have to say their names or telephone numbers. Most hot lines are usually free. Callers do not have to pay for the advice or the phone calls. At some hot lines,the advisers are volunteers. Other hot lines pay their advisers for their work. Usually the advisers are full-time-job people with years of education and experience, but sometimes,the advisers have only taken a short class before starting to work on the hot line. All the advisers listen to people and help them solve their problems.1. How did people get advice when they had problems in the past?A. They listened to radio shows.B. They went to their families or friends.C. They watched TV programmes.D. They made telephone calls.2. What is a telephone hot line?A. A hot telephone.B. A phone call to the listeners.C. A telephone line for people to get advice.D. A training class on the phone.3. What does the underlined word anonymous mean in Chinese inthe passage?A. 匿名的 B. 虔诚的C. 开放的 D. 免费的4. According to the passage,how does a caller get in touch with the adviser working on the hot line?【主旨大意】 本文主要介绍获得建议的途径和方法。1. B 解析：细节理解题。 由第一段第一句可知在过去,人们从家人或朋友那里得到建议。 故选 B。2. C 解析：推理判断题。 由短文内容判断：电话热线就是为人们提建议的电话线。 故选 C。3. A 解析：词义猜测题。 根据 “打电话的人没有必要说出名字和电话号码”“猜测 anonymous”一词的意思是”匿名的”。 故选 A。4. D 解析：主旨大意题。 根据短文内容判断：打电话的人通过热线与建议者取得联系。 故选 D中考真题演练Passage 1Computers are good tools （工具）. The Internet is also good. But some people spend too much time online. They cant stop. Doctors say this is a new sickness. They call this sickness Internet Addiction! （互联网成瘾症）（IAD People with IAD are online a lot. They spend hours chatting to their friends or playing online games. Many people with IAD spend more time on the Internet than with family or friends. Some people with IAD even quit（辞掉） their jobs!Do you have IAD? Think about these questions： How many hours a day are you online? Is it a lot or a little? When you are not online, are you thinking about playing a computer game or checking your messages? When you are online,do you forget the time? Do you get angry when you cant play a game?If you have IAD,what can you do? Dr. Ivan Goldberg and Dr. Kimberly S. Young have some ideas. First,ask yourself “Why am I online a lot?” Then try to take a break. For example, use the computer or play games twice a week,not every day. In this way, you can have a good social life with other friends.1. The passage is mainly about .A. a new sickness B. an online gameC. messages D. computer jobs2. If you have Internet Addiction Disorder （IAD）,you .A. are online for an hour a weekB. send e-mall messages at workC. are on the Internet more than with friendsD. never use the computer3. According to the passage,which is NOT a sign of IAD?A. Quitting your job to spend more time online.B. Spending time with family and friends.C. Forgetting the time when you are online.D. Getting angry when you cant play a game.4. Ivan Goldberg and Kimberly S. Young .A. quit their jobs B. are online a lotC. have IAD D. help people with IADPassage 2 “My dear lady,” says Holmes. “ Youre shivering. Are you cold? Do you want a cup of hot tea?”“Im not cold,” the woman replies,”I fear for my life!”“We are here to help you. Dont worry about anything. I dont know you. But I know many things about you. For example,I know how you travel. You come to London by train. You also ride to thetrain station on a horse-drawn wagon（马车）. “ “Why,yes. Youre right. But how do you know these things?” “I see a return ticket in your glove. I see fresh mud on the left arm of your dress. Now tell us your problem. “ “My name is Helen Stoner,” she states. “My mother and father are dead. I am living with my stepfather, Dr Grimesby Roylott. He comes from a rich family. But they are no longer rich. They have nothing except a small piece of land and a huge old house. We are living in the house. Dr Roylott is using my mothers money for expenses（开支）. Part of it was for my sister and me. It was for our marriages. “Holmes is sitting in his chair. His eyes are closed. He is listening carefully to Helens story. He hears every detail. Helen continues. “My stepfather has no friends. He fights with everyone. He is strong and gets angry quickly. Everyone is afraid of him. “He has no friends at all?” asks Holmes.“No. He talks to no one except the gypsies. They are poor people who travel from place to place. A band of gypsies is staying on our land right now. “Are you and your sister afraid of the gypsies?” “My dear Mr Holmes. You are making me so sad. My sister is dead. That is why I am standing here in this room. “1. Paragraph 6 beginning with “My name is . . . “ is mostly about.A. Helens dead sisterB. Helens trip to LondonC. the house Helen lives inD. Helens stepfather and the family2. What is Holmes doing while Helen is telling her story?A. Walking slowly. B. Listening carefully.C. Standing sadly.D. Writing quickly.3. Which of the following can best describe the gypsies according tothe passage?A. They are very rich.B. They are afraid of other people.C. They live on a horse-drawn wagon.D. They move from one place to another.4. The passage is probably from .A. a novel B. a guideC. a poem D. an advertisementPassage 3 My Year AbroadThis month in Travelers Corner there are three teenagers experiences in year-abroad programmes.Mariko OkadaTokyo My year abroad in the United States was a fantastic experience. Im not a shy person,and I was very comfortable speaking to everyone,so I got lots of speaking practice. I also learned lots of interesting things about American culture. When I got home,my friends all said that I had improved so much! I hope to go back again in the future. Carla FonsecaRio de Janeiro I spent last year studying English in London. Im from a small town,and London is a very big city. Sometimes I felt it was too big. There were so many people to talk to,but I always felt bad about my English. I missed my family,and I really missed my two cats. My roommate was always using our telephone,so I hardly had the chance for a nice long talk with my parents. I think it was a good experience for me,but Im glad to be home!Alvin ChenHong KongStudying in New Zealand was a fun experience for me,but it was also lots of hard work! I had English classes six hours a day,five days a weekwith lots of homework. I also kept a diary of my experience. I like to write,and I wrote two or three pages in my diary every day. On Saturdays,my homestay family took me to lots of interesting places and showed me so many wonderful things about the culture. Im really glad I went!1. All the three teenagers went abroad .A. to study English B. to visit friendsC. to have a holiday D. to find a job2. Who didnt really enjoy the stay in a foreign country very much?A. Mariko. B. Carla.C. Alvin. D. None of them.3. Travelers Corner is most probably .A. a sports club newsletter B. a science documentaryC. a travel magazine D. a news websitePassage 4 We were doing our best to control the fire of the burning garage（车库）. Outside,I heard the sound of cats crying. I couldnt stopI would have to look for the cats after the fire was put out. It took a long time to finally bring the big fire under control. No one inside was hurt. At that point I was free to find out where the cat noises were from. There was still a lot of smoke and heat coming from the building. I followed the meowing to the sidewalk in front of the garage. There,crying and huddled（挤作一团） together,were five frightened kittens（小猫）. They must have been inside the building, as their fur was badly burned. I wanted to find the mother. It was obvious that she had gone into the burning garage and carried out all her babies,one by oneunbelievable.We finally found her. Her face and paws were blackened,and her fur was burned all over. You could even see her reddened skin under the burned fur. She could hardly move. I picked her up,and she relaxed in my arms as much as her pain would allow. I was determined（下定决心的） to save this brave little cat and her family.The veterinarian（兽医） told me they would watch the kittens and their mother for the night,but they werent confident about the mothers chances. About a week later, I found out she was going to live. We named her Scarlet because of her reddened skin. I was happy to see Scarlet get together with the kittens again. She touched each of them,nose to nose. She had risked her life five times-and it had paid off. All of her babies had survived.As a firefighter,I see heroic acts every day. But what Scarlet showed me that day was the kind of bravery that can only come from a mothers love.1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the story?A. The writer went to look for the cats as soon as he heard themcrying.B. The firefighters put out the fire quickly and no one was hurt.C. The writer didnt find the cats until the smoke and heat were gone.D. The mother cat moved all her babies out of the fire to a safeplace.2. Why was the writer determined to save the cats?A. Because he was amazed at the mother cats courage.B. Because the cats attracted many peoples attention.C. Because he didnt want to see any living things die.D. Because it had taken him much time and effort to find them.3. The writer talks about the cats story mainly to show that .A. animals should be taken good care ofB. mothers love can be great and braveC. it is meaningful to help othersD. a cat always has nine livesPassage 5 Its Friday evening. My daughters,3 and 9,sigh（叹息） when I gently take the iPads away from their laps. One by one,our screens are turned off. We light the candles and sit down to have a big meal. Most people in our lives know they will not be able to contact us by using computers or mobile phones for 24 hours. And so it has gone,every week for three years. We call it our “Technology Shabbat （科技安息日）” which lasts from sunset on Friday to sunset on Saturday. I first understood the importance of disconnecting in 2008,when my father was told that he had got brain cancer. Some days he would have only one good hour,and I wasnt willing to be disturbed when I was with him,so Id turn off my mobile phone. Soon after,encouraged by National Day of Unplugging（全国断网断电日） on March 1st,my husband and I decided to unplug for one full day every week. During our “Technology Shabbats”,time slows. Our Saturdays now feel like mini-vacations. We drive our car or ride our bikes. We,with our kids,work in the garden,play board games and cook meals. I feel more balanced. I feel like a better mother,wife and person. Keeping a balance between the good and the bad of technology is my lasting state. The technology weve created makes it possible for us to share knowledge and take in various ideas all over the world. But the technology also takes something away from us. When we stay up late at night linking（连接） from website to website or sending messages or e-mailing,we click again,and again,and againuntil were overloaded（超负荷的）. When we rush into the time full of high technology,its necessary for us to pay attention to what we are doing online and when we should go off. I will always remember the most important thing in my family： “Technology Shabbat”.1. When is “Technology Shabbat” in the writers family?A. Only on Sunday.B. From sunset on Friday to sunset on Saturday.C. Only on Friday.D. From sunset on Saturday to sunset on Sunday.2. The writers family have “Technology Shabbat” every week mainly because they hope to .A. save energy B. enjoy life togetherC. stay away from othersD. follow National Day of Unplugging3. What do the writers family NOT do during their “ Technology Shabbats”?A. They drive their car or ride bikes for mini-vacations.B. They light the candles and sit down to have a big meal.C. They work in the garden,play board games and cook meals.D. They stay up late at night linking from website to website.4. Whats the main idea of the passage?A. Every family must have “Technology Shabbat”.B. A woman should learn to be a good mother or wife.C. People need to stay away from technology properly.D. People had better not send messages,e-mail or chat online.Passage 6 Water is the most common substance （物质） found on the earth,but less than 1 of the earths water is suitable for drinking. More than 1,000,000,000 people around the world survive on just o-ver l gallon of water a day. Probably more than 3,000,000,000 people may suffer from not having enough water by the year 2,025. You are considered lucky if you live in a country where you can drink water out of your kitchen tap or bathroom tap. People in some countries have to pay for drinking water at home. So clean water is one of our most valuable natural resources（资源）. In fact,people waste（浪费） so much clean water today. In factories lots of water is wasted. At home many people are not taking showers but still baths,and many are brushing their teeth with the tap turned on. Children are no longer taught how to save water . . . You can save clean water in many ways. For example, if you keep gold fish, the tank water is excellent for garden plants. And when you wash a milk bottle,pour the water on your house plants. Putting a brick or a water bottle into your toilet tank may help use less water,savirig many gallons over a long time. Using rainwater is another simple way to save clean water. You can use rainwater to wash your hands after gardening,flush the toilet, and wash your car,your pet,your driveway when they are dirty. For the same reason,people in Malaysia are encouraged to use rainwater. If one has a house with a small garden,he would buy a huge plastic tank to keep rainwater for their daily life. Use your head,and you may find more ways to save clean water.1. We can learn from the passage .A. when man cant live without waterB. where there is no water resourceC. why there is less water on the earthD. how important it is to save water2. According to the passage,one of the ways to save water is.A. to stop keeping gold fishB. to pay much for drinking waterC. to use it in a clever wayD. to educate those who waste water3. The underlined word “flush” in Paragraph 4 means “ “A. clean something with waterB. pour water over somethingC. make something wet with waterD. get water out of something4. People are encouraged to use rainwater.A. so that it can make our life easierB. so that clean water can be kept for other usesC. because it is free and easy to getD. because there is no clean water left for themPassage 7 In April,2013,I visited Yangzhou.Ge Garden is very beautiful and peaceful. The ticket has a map on the back of it that I didnt notice until I had already left. But to be honest,I dont think that map is very useful because it isnt very clear and detaile