PT入职培训3解剖学与人体运动学

Chapter3AnatomyandKinesiology解剖学和人体运动学,Ch3-1/2010,1,AnatomicalPosition解剖学位置,Ch3-1/2010,2,矢状面Sagittal冠状面Frontal水平面Horizontal,Ch3-1/2010,3,GeneralJointActionTerms常用关节动作术语,屈曲关节角度变小(多数屈曲动作是向前的除了膝关节)Flexioncharacterizedbythejointanglediminishing(mostflexionmovementsareforwards,exceptforthekneejoint)伸展屈曲的相反动作;关节角度增大Extensionreturnfromflexion;jointangleincreases外展远离身体中心线的运动Abductionmovementawayfromthemidlineofthebody内收接近身体中心线的运动Adductionmovementtowardthemidlineofthebody旋转绕轴的运动Rotationmovementaroundanaxis环旋环绕360的运动Circumductionmovementina360circle,Ch3-1/2010,4,Shoulder(Gleno-humeral)JointActions肩关节动作(浅窝肱骨),1.肩屈曲ShoulderFlexion2.肩伸展ShoulderExtension3.肩外展ShoulderAbduction4.肩内收ShoulderAdduction5.肩水平内收(或屈曲)ShoulderHorizontalAdduction(orFlexion)6.肩水平外展(或伸展)ShoulderHorizontalAbduction(orExtension)7.肩内旋ShoulderInternalRotation8.肩外旋ShoulderExternalRotation9.肩环旋ShoulderCircumduction,Ch3-1/2010,5,ShoulderGirdle(Scapular)Actions肩胛动作,肩胛上提ScapularElevation肩胛下压ScapularDepression肩胛缩回ScapularRetraction(内收)(Adduction)肩胛前引ScapularProtraction(外展)(Abduction)肩胛上旋ScapularUpwardRotation肩胛下旋ScapularDownwardRotation肩胛上斜ScapularUpwardTilt肩胛下斜ScapularReductionofUpwardTilt,Ch3-1/2010,6,_,肩胛上提肩胛前引ElevationProtraction肩胛下压肩胛缩回DepressionRetraction上旋上斜UpwardRotationUpwardTilt下旋下斜DownwardRotationReductionofUpwardTilt,Ch3-1/2010,7,ElbowJoint:肘关节*Flexion屈曲*Extension伸展,Radio-UlnarJoint桡尺骨关节*Supination上翻*Pronation下翻,Ch3-1/2010,8,TheSpine脊柱,Flexion屈曲Extension伸展Rotation旋转LateralFlexion侧屈Cervical颈椎Thoracic胸椎Lumba腰椎Sacrum骶骨；荐骨Coccyx尾骨,Ch3-1/2010,9,Pelvis骨盆*Anteriorpelvictilt骨盆前倾*Posteriorpelvictilt骨盆后倾*Lateralpelvictilt骨盆侧倾,HipJoint髋关节1.Hipflexion髋屈曲2.Hipextension髋伸展3.Hipabduction髋外展4.Hipadduction款内收5.Hiphorizontaladduction(flexion)髋水平内收（屈曲）6.Hiphorizontalabduction(extension)髋水平外展（伸展）7.Hipinternalrotation髋内旋8.Hipexternalrotation髋外旋9.Hipcircumduction髋环旋,Ch3-1/2010,10,KneeJoint膝关节*Flexion屈曲*Extension伸展,Ch3-1/2010,11,AnkleJoint踝关节,Dorsiflexion足背屈Plantarflexion足跖屈Eversion外翻Inversion内翻,Ch3-1/2010,12,Six(6)MajorUpperBodyMuscleGroups:6组上身主要的肌肉群：1.Bicepselbowflexion肱二头肌：肘屈曲2.Tricepselbowextension肱三头肌：肘伸展,Ch3-1/2010,13,BicepsBrachii肱二头肌*elbowflexion肘屈曲,Ch3-1/2010,14,TricepsBrachii肱三头肌*elbowextension肘伸展,Ch3-1/2010,15,UpperBodyMuscleGroups,contd上半身肌肉群,三角肌：肩屈曲,肩外展(前和中间部分)Deltoids:shoulderflexion,shoulderabduction(anteriorandmedialportions)阔背肌：肩伸展肩内收LatissimusDorsi:shoulderextension,shoulderadduction,Ch3-1/2010,16,Deltoids三角肌(前和中)(anteriorandmedial)*肩屈曲ShoulderFlexion*肩外展ShoulderAbduction,Ch3-1/2010,17,LatissimusDorsi阔背肌*肩伸展ShoulderExtension*肩内收ShoulderAdduction,Ch3-1/2010,18,UpperBodyMuscleGroups,contd,胸大肌:肩水平内收,肩屈曲(锁骨的),肩内收和伸展(胸骨的)PectoralisMajor:shoulderhorizontaladduction,shoulderflexion(clavicular),shoulderadductionandextension(sternal)中斜方肌，菱形肌，后三角肌：肩胛缩回，肩胛水平外展Mid-Trapezius,Rhomboids,andPosteriorDeltoid:scapularretraction,shoulderhorizontalabduction,Ch3-1/2010,19,PectoralisMajor胸大肌*肩水平内收ShoulderHorizontalAdduction*锁骨部分:肩屈曲ClavicularPortion:shoulderflexion*胸骨部分:肩内收和肩伸展SternalPortion:shoulderadductionandshoulderextension,Ch3-1/2010,20,中斜方肌和菱形肌*肩胛缩回,PosteriorDeltoid,后三角肌*肩水平外展,Rhomboids,Mid-Trapezius,Ch3-1/2010,21,UpperBodyMuscleGroups,contd,Scapularprotractors:肩胛前引SerratusAnterior前锯肌PectoralisMinor(alsoresponsibleforscapulardepression胸小肌（肩胛下压）,Ch3-1/2010,22,SerratusAnteriorPectoralisMinor前锯肌胸小肌*scapularprotraction*scapularprotraction肩胛前引肩胛前引*scapulardepression肩胛下压,Ch3-1/2010,23,OtherUpperBodyMuscles其他上半身肌肉群,RotatorCuffMuscles:肩袖肌群（肌腱套肌肉群）:*Subscapularis肩胛下肌:shoulderinternalrotation肩内旋*InfraspinatusandTeresMinor冈下肌和小圆肌:shoulderexternalrotation肩外旋*Supraspinatus冈上肌:shoulderabduction肩外展,Ch3-1/2010,24,RotatorCuffMuscles肩袖肌群,Infraspinatus冈下肌shoulderexternalrotation肩外旋,TeresMinor小圆肌shoulderexternalrotation肩外旋,Supraspinatus冈上肌shoulderabduction肩外展,Subscapularis肩胛下肌shoulderinternalrotation肩内旋,25Ch31/2010,TorsoMusclesandTheirJointActions躯干肌肉及关节动作,RectusAbdominis腹直肌:脊柱屈曲ExternalandInternalObliques腹内外斜肌:spinalflexionwithrotation带旋转的脊柱屈曲TransverseAbdominis腹横肌:腹部下压，或用力吐气ErectorSpinae:竖脊肌脊柱伸展QuadratusLumborum:腰方肌脊柱侧屈,Ch3-1/2010,26,RectusAbdominis腹直肌*SpinalFlexion脊柱屈曲,Ch3-1/2010,27,ExternalObliques腹外斜肌InternalObliques腹内斜肌*带旋转的脊柱屈曲SpinalFlexionwithRotation,Ch3-1/2010,28,TransverseAbdominis腹横肌*AbdominalCompression腹部下压*VigorousExhalationandExpulsion强力吐气,Ch3-1/2010,29,竖脊肌ErectorSpinae*SpinalExtension脊柱伸展longissimus:最长肌spinalis:棘肌illiocostalis:髂肋肌capitis:头部cervicis:颈部thoracis:胸部lumborum:腰部,Ch3-1/2010,30,Multifidus(multifidi)多裂肌*spinalextension,脊柱伸展spinalrotation,脊柱旋转spinallateralflexion脊柱侧屈,Ch3-1/2010,31,QuadratusLumborum腰方肌*SpinalLateralFlexion脊柱侧屈,Ch3-1/2010,32,HipJointMusclesandTheirPrimaryJointActions髋关节肌肉和主要肌肉动作,IliopsoasandRectusFemoris髂腰肌和股直肌:hipflexion髋屈曲GluteusMaximusandHamstrings臀大肌和后腿腱肌群:hipextension髋伸展GluteusMedius臀中肌:hipabduction髋外展AdductorLongus长收肌,AdductorMagnus大收肌,AdductorBrevis短收肌,Gracilis股薄肌,Pectineus耻骨肌:hipadduction髋内收GluteusMinimus臀小肌:hipinwardrotation髋内旋GluteusMaximusandthe6OutwardRotators臀大肌和六块外旋肌:hipoutwardrotation髋外旋,Ch3-1/2010,33,HipFlexors髋屈肌,RectusFemoris股直肌*hipflexion髋屈曲Iliopsoas髂腰肌*hipflexion髋屈曲,Ch3-1/2010,34,HipExtensors髋展肌,GluteusMaximus臀大肌*hipextension髋伸展后腿腱肌群Hamstrings*hipextension髋伸展,Ch3-1/2010,35,GluteusMedius臀中肌*hipabduction髋外展,Ch3-1/2010,36,HipAdductors髋内收肌,大收肌长收肌短收肌耻骨肌股薄肌AdductorAdductorAdductorMagnusLongusBrevisPectineusGracilis,Ch3-1/2010,37,GluteusMinimus臀小肌*HipInwardRotation髋内旋,Ch3-1/2010,38,HipOutwardRotators髋外旋肌,6块外旋肌：梨状肌、闭孔内肌、闭孔外肌、股方肌上孖肌、下孖肌。臀大肌GluteusMaximus,Ch3-1/2010,39,KneeJointMusclesandTheirJointActions膝关节肌肉及关节动作,Quadriceps股四头肌群(rectusfemoris股直肌,vastuslateralis股外侧肌,vastusintermedius股中间肌,vastusmedialis股内侧肌):膝伸展kneeextension后腿腱肌群(股二头肌,半腱肌,半膜肌):膝屈曲Hamstrings(bicepsfemoris,semitendinosus,semimembranosus):kneeflexion,Ch3-1/2010,40,Quadriceps股四头肌群*KneeExtension膝伸展rectusfemoris股直肌vastuslateralis股外侧肌vastusintermedius股中间肌vastusmedialis股内侧肌,Ch3-1/2010,41,Hamstrings后腿腱肌群*KneeFlexion膝屈曲,1.BicepsFemoris股二头肌2.Semitendinosus半腱肌3.Semimembranosus半膜肌,Ch3-1/2010,42,MajorAnkleJointMusclesandTheirActions主要踝关节肌肉和关节动作,AnteriorTibialis胫骨前肌:ankledorsiflexion踝关节背屈GastrocnemiusandSoleus腓肠肌和比目鱼肌:ankleplantarflexion踝关节跖屈AnteriorTibialisandPosteriorTibialis胫骨前肌和胫骨后肌:ankleinversion踝关节内翻ExtensorDigitorumLongus趾长伸肌,PeroneusTertius第三腓骨肌,PeroneusLongus腓骨长肌,andPeroneusBrevis腓骨短肌:ankleeversion踝关节外翻,Ch3-1/2010,43,AnteriorTibialis胫骨前肌*AnkleDorsiflexion踝关节背屈,Ch3-1/2010,44,AnklePlantarflexors踝关节跖屈肌,*AnklePlantarflexion踝关节跖屈腓肠肌比目鱼肌,Ch3-1/2010,45,AnteriorTibialis胫骨前肌&PosteriorTibialis胫骨后肌*AnkleInversion踝关节内翻,Ch3-1/2010,46,AnkleEvertors踝关节外翻肌,趾长伸肌第三腓骨肌腓骨长肌腓骨短肌ExtensorPeroneusPeroneusPeroneusDigitorumTertiusLongusBrevisLongus,51.Ch31/2010,ConnectiveTissues结缔组织,Ligamentanon-elasticbandoffibroustissuethatconnectsbonetoboneandprovidesjointstability韧带一种无弹性的纤维束，能把骨骼连接在一起，它附着于骨骼的可活动部分，起到固定关节的作用伤。Tendondense,fibroustissuethatformstheendofamuscleandattachesmuscletobone腱一种连接肌肉和骨骼的由结缔组织所构成的高密度纤维束或膜。Fasciafibroustissuethatformssheathsforindividualmuscles,fasciculi,andmusclefibers筋膜指肌肉的坚韧部分。附于骨节者为筋，包于肌腱外者为膜。是联络关节、肌肉，主司运动的组织。Cartilagewhite,semi-opaquet