高考英语阅读长难句的分类与解析

高考英语阅读长难句的分类与解析,高考英语阅读文章中往往会有一些长难句，这些长难句常常是考题所要考查的对象，也是考生理解文章的一大障碍。针对长难句，要学会利用语法知识中的句法知识来理解，先判断句子的主干部分，而对于句子的修饰、补充成分，可以先忽略不看。在理解了句子的主干意思后，再来理解修饰、补充成分。同时，句子中的标点符号也是一个很重要的判断依据，要充分利用标点符合，帮助我们判断句子的主干和修饰成分。根据长难句的结构，我们可以把长难句分为：环环相扣式、并列式、插入语式和改变语序式。,一、环环相扣式这类句子往往有多重句子修饰成分，这些修饰成分往往用非谓语动词或从句充当。在阅读过程中，对于这类句式应当先找到句子的主干，然后再看修饰成分。二、并列式有时候，一个句子会包含多个并列成分，如并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语等，这些并列结构往往有连词连接。在解读这类句式时，要注意利用连词和标点符号来判断并列部分。,三、插入语式有些句子在中间会用逗号或破折号分开，而处于逗号或破折号之间的内容通常被称为插入语。阅读时，要先将插入语部分跳过，先读主句，然后再读插入语部分。四、改变语序式有时候，有些句子会使用改变语序的手段，主要以强调结构和倒装来使句子复杂化。正确掌握强调句型和倒装语法是理解这类句型的关键。,1.Theirstudyfoundthattheobromine，foundincocoa，wasnearlyathirdmoreeffectiveinstoppingcoughsthancodeine，whichwasconsideredthebestcoughmedicineatpresent.TheImperialCollegeLondonresearcherswhopublishedtheirresultsonlinesaidthediscoverycouldleadtomoreeffectivecoughtreatment，“whilecoughingisnotnecessarilyharmful(有害的)itcanhaveamajoreffectonthequalityoflifeand”thisdiscoverycouldbeahugestepforwardintreatingthisproblem，”saidProfessorPeterBarnes.53.AccordingtoProfessorBarnes，theobromine_.A.cannotbeaseffectiveascodeineB.canbeharmfultopeopleshealthC.cannotbeseparatedfromchocolateD.canbeamoreeffectivecureforcoughs,D,Theirstudyfoundthattheobromine，foundincocoa，wasnearlyathirdmoreeffectiveinstoppingcoughsthancodeine，whichwasconsideredthebestcoughmedicineatpresent.译文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。,TheImperialCollegeLondonresearcherswhopublishedtheirresultsonlinesaidthediscoverycouldleadtomoreeffectivecoughtreatment，“whilecoughingisnotnecessarilyharmful(有害的)itcanhaveamajoreffectonthequalityoflifeand”thisdiscoverycouldbeahugestepforwardintreatingthisproblem，”saidProfessorPeterBarnes.在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得巴恩斯教授说道：“这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步”。,2.MuchoftheenergythatcomesfromtheSunneverreachestheEarthssurface.Itiseitherreflectedorabsorbedbythegasesintheupperatmosphere.Oftheenergythatreachestheloweratmosphere，30%isreflectedbycloudsortheEarthssurface.Theremaining70%warmsthesurfaceoftheplanet.题目:OnlyasmallpartoftheSunsenergyreachestheEarthssurfacebecausemostofitis_.A.absorbedbythecloudsintheloweratmosphereB.reflectedbythegasesintheupperatmosphereC.lostintheupperandloweratmosphereD.usedtoevaporatewaterfromtheoceansandlakes,C,MuchoftheenergythatcomesfromtheSunneverreachestheEarthssurface.Itiseitherreflectedorabsorbedbythegasesintheupperatmosphere.来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收,Oftheenergythatreachestheloweratmosphere，30%isreflectedbycloudsortheEarthssurface.Theremaining70%warmsthesurfaceoftheplanet.在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。,3.TheresponsetoherrequestforhelpwassohugethatPoeestablishedKidsForACleanerEnvironment(KidsF.A.C.E.)in1989.Therearenow300，000membersofKidsFACEworldwideandistheworldslargestyouthenvironmentalorganization.(NMET2008山东卷D篇)72.KidsF.A.C.Eis_.A.aprogramtohelpstudentswithwritingB.aprojectoflitterrecyclingC.acampaignlaunchedbyPresidentBushD.aclubofenvironmentalprotection,D,3.TheresponsetoherrequestforhelpwassohugethatPoeestablishedKidsForACleanerEnvironment(KidsF.A.C.E.)in1989.Therearenow300，000membersofKidsFACEworldwideandistheworldslargestyouthenvironmentalorganization.73.WhatcanwelearnaboutPoe?A.ShewasawardedaprizeinBrazil.B.Shedonatedbillboardacrossthecountry.C.ShegotpositiveresponsesforhereffortsD.ShejoinedtheNationalParkService.,C,73.TheresponsetoherrequestforhelpwassohugethatPoeestablishedKidsForACleanerEnvironment(KidsF.A.C.E.)in1989.Therearenow300，000membersofKidsFACEworldwideandistheworldslargestyouthenvironmentalorganization.译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。,4.Oneofthereasonsthatmadeitcoolforhimnottocarewasthepowerofhispeer(同龄人)group.(NMET2008辽宁卷C篇)64.WhydidTomgiveupstudying?A.Hedislikedhisteachers.B.Hisparentsnolongersupportedhim.C.Itscoolforboysofhisagenottocareaboutstudies.D.Thereweretoomanysubjectsinhissecondaryschool.,C,4.Oneofthereasonsthatmadeitcoolforhimnottocarewasthepowerofhispeer(同龄人)group.(NMET2008辽宁卷C篇)译文：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。,5.Theendlesschoicegivesbirthtoanxietyinpeopleslives.Buyingsomethingasbasicasacoffeepotisnotexactlysimple.Easyaccesstoawiderangeofeverydaygoodsleadstoasenseofpowerlessnessinmanypeople，endingintheshoppergivingupandwalkingaway，orjustbuyinganunsuitableitem(商品)thatisnotreallywanted.(NMET2008重庆卷E篇)73.Whydomorechoicesofgoodsgiverisetoanxiety?A.Professionalsfindithardtodecideonasuitableproduct.B.Peoplearelikelytofindthemselvesovercomebybusinesspersuasion.C.Shoppersmayfindthemselveslostinthebroadrangeofitems.D.Companiesandadvertisersareoftenmisleadingabouttherangeofchoice.,C,5.Theendlesschoicegivesbirthtoanxietyinpeopleslives.Buyingsomethingasbasicasacoffeepotisnotexactlysimple.译文：无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。,Easyaccesstoawiderangeofeverydaygoodsleadstoasenseofpowerlessnessinmanypeople，endingintheshoppergivingupandwalkingaway，orjustbuyinganunsuitableitem(商品)thatisnotreallywanted.对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花瞭乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆而去，或者仅仅买了一件并非真正需要的不合适的商品。,6.Astheonlygirlinafamilyofsevenchildren，sheoftenfeltlikeshehad“sevenfathers，”becausehersixbrothers，aswellasherfather，triedtocontrolher.Feelingshyandunimportant，sheretreated(躲避)intobooks.Despiteherloveofreading，shedidnotdowellinelementaryschoolbecauseshewastooshytoparticipate.(NMET2008天津卷A篇)36.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutCisnerosinherchildhood?A.Shehadsevenbrothers.B.Shefeltherselfanobody.C.Shewastooshytogotoschool.D.Shedidnothaveanygoodteachers.,B,Astheonlygirlinafamilyofsevenchildren，sheoftenfeltlikeshehad“sevenfathers，”becausehersixbrothers，aswellasherfather，triedtocontrolher.作为家庭七个孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一种感觉，就是她拥有“七个父亲”，原因是她的六个兄弟和她的父亲都想控制她,Feelingshyandunimportant，sheretreated(躲避)intobooks.Despiteherloveofreading，shedidnotdowellinelementaryschoolbecauseshewastooshytoparticipate.由于羞怯和觉得无地位的缘故，她总是埋头苦读。尽管她酷爱读书，可是在小学她的成绩不佳，因为她太害羞而不能积极地参与。,7.Theymaythinkthateatinglunchisthecauseofthesleepiness.Or，insummer，theymaythinkitistheheat.However，therealreasonliesinsidetheirbodies.Atthattimeabouteighthoursafteryouwakeupyourbodytemperaturegoesdown.Thisiswhatmakesyouslowdownandfeelsleepy.44.Whydopeoplefeelsleepyintheearlyafternoonaccordingtothetext?A.Theyeattoomuchforlunch.B.Theysleeptoolittleatnight.C.Theirbodytemperaturebecomeslower.D.Theweatherbecomesalotwarmer.,C,7.Theymaythinkthateatinglunchisthecauseofthesleepiness.Or，insummer，theymaythinkitistheheat.However，therealreasonliesinsidetheirbodies.他们可能认为吃午饭是他们困乏的原因。或者在夏天，他们可能认为是炎热的缘故。然而，真正的原因在于他们身体的内部。,Atthattimeabouteighthoursafteryouwakeupyourbodytemperaturegoesdown.Thisiswhatmakesyouslowdownandfeelsleepy.在那时，也就是说，在你醒来大约八个小时之后，你的体温开始呈下降的趋势。这就是使你行动迟缓并且感到困乏的原因。,8.Thesebraindifferencesalsoexplainthefactthatmorementakeupjobsthatrequiregoodspatialskills，whilemorewomenspeechskills.Itmayallgobacktoourancestors(祖先)，amongwhomwomenneededspeechskillstotakecareoftheirbabiesandmenneededspatialskillstohunt，accordingtooneresearch.题目Whichofthefollowingdoyouagreewithaccordingtothefourthparagraph?A.YoungboysmaybestrongerthanyounggirlsB.MorewomentakeupjobsrequiringspeechskillsC.Womenmayhavestrongerfeelingsthanmen.D.Ourancestorsneededmorespatialskills.,B,Thesebraindifferencesalsoexplainthefactthatmorementakeupjobsthatrequiregoodspatialskills，whilemorewomenspeechskills.大脑这些差异也解释了这样的事实：更多的男性从事空间技能的工作，而更多的女性则从事需要语言技能的工作。,Itmayallgobacktoourancestors(祖先)，amongwhomwomenneededspeechskillstotakecareoftheirbabiesandmenneededspatialskillstohunt，accordingtooneresearch.这种现象也可以追溯到我们的祖先时代，据一项研究表明，在他们当中，女性做的是照看孩子这样的需要语言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩猎这样的需要空间技能的工作。,9.Inthosedays，IPrightswereeasilyprotectedsinceitwasverydifficulttoobtainintellectualpropertywithoutpayingforit.However，alotofIP，includingsongs，films，booksandartwork，canbedownloadedtodayfreeofchargeusingtheInternet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)69.WhatdoweknowabouttheInternetaccordingtothepassage?A.ItmakesIPrightshardertoprotect.B.Itsellssongsandfilms.C.ItdoesnotaffectthewayweunderstandIPrights.D.Itpreventstheproductionofartwork.,A,Inthosedays，IPrightswereeasilyprotectedsinceitwasverydifficulttoobtainintellectualpropertywithoutpayingforit.However，alotofIP，includingsongs，films，booksandartwork，canbedownloadedtodayfreeofchargeusingtheInternet.译文：在那个时代，知识产权很容易受到保护，因为不付费想得到知识产权是很困难的。然而，现在许多知识产权包括歌曲、电影、书籍和艺术品通过使用因特网都可以免费下载,10.Thebusierweare，themoreimportantweseemtoourselvesand，weimagine，toothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamily，andtobeunabletofindtimetorelaxthishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife.(NMET2008湖北卷D篇)74.AccordingtoParagraph4，asuccessfulpersonisonewhoisbelievedto_.A.beabletoworkwithoutstressB.bemoretalentedthanotherpeopleC.bemoreimportantthananyoneelseD.bebusyworkingwithouttimetorest,D,Thebusierweare，themoreimportantweseemtoourselvesand，weimagine，toothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamily，andtobeunabletofindtimetorelaxthishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife.译文：我们越忙，对我们自己而言，而且我们也以为在其他人看来，我们越重要。我们无空帮助朋友，找不到时间照顾家庭，找不到自己放松的时间，这已经成为了成功生活的模式。,11.Theresearcherssaidthatamongtheproblemswithsomeearlierstudiesisthattheyoftenfailedtotakeintoaccountthosepeoplemostatriskforskincancerpeoplewithfairskinandfreckles(雀斑)，forexamplearemorelikelytousesunscreen.Asaresult，itmayappearthatsunscreenusersgetcancermoreoften.73.Peoplewithfairskinandfreckles_.A.seldomusesunscreenB.aremoreindangerofskincancerC.canbefreefromtheharmofthesunD.oftenexposethemselvestothesun,B,Theresearcherssaidthatoneamongtheproblemswithsomeearlierstudiesisthattheyoftenfailedtotakeintoaccountthosepeoplemostatriskforskincancerpeoplew