福特-8D培训教材.ppt

Global8D8D系统,Welcome欢迎来到,CourseContent,SectionOverviewofthe8Dprocessdontjumptoconclusions仅包含事实，不要马上下结论Lookforclosecousinsobjectssimilarinshape,composition,form,function,etc.察看在外形、成分、形态、功用等方面类似的物品是否能正常使用。CreateatleastoneIsNotforeachIs为每一是信息填写至少一项不是Includeasmuchinformationasyoucanfromtheinformationathand包含尽可能多的你能从手中的信息中获得的信息。,Reviewnatureoftheproblem检查故障的特性,Istheproblemchangeinduced?会导致故障变化？IsG8Dthebestprocesstouse?使用G8D是最好的处理方法？Doestoproblemdescriptionaccuratelydescribewhatthecustomersand/oraffectedpartiesareexperiencing?故障详述是否准确的描述了顾客及/或者受影响团体所遇到的故障？,D2Practice-811FGasStrutsD2实践-811FGasStruts,Instructions:说明ThispracticeactivitywillhelpyoudevelopaproblemstatementandfillouttheIs/IsNotportionoftheProblemSolvingWorksheet.这个练习能帮助你完成故障概述并填写是/不是工作表。Readeachpageofthecasestudy.ThencompletetheIs/IsNotproblemsolvingworksheet.请阅读每页的案例研究。然后完成是/不是工作表。,D2AssessingQuestions/ChecklistD2评估/检查清单,Toensureconsistencyinapplicationoftheprocess,thequestionsinyourhandbookhavebeendevelopedtoassisttheteaminachievingtheobjectivesofthisdiscipline为确保此程序运用的一致性，手册中已有的故障会帮助达到这个目标。,D2Global8DSoftwareatD2,D2Quiz,D2Summary:DescribetheProblemD2概要：描述故障,Inthissectionyoulearnedhowto:在这个部分，你将学会：Explaintheprocessfordescribingaproblem.说明描述故障的步骤Developaproblemstatement.完成故障概述Developaproblemdescription.完成故障详述,D3,D3“DevelopanInterimContainmentAction(ICA)”D3“制定临时解决方案”,D3providestheopportunitytodevelopInterimContainmentActionsuntilPermanentCorrectiveActionsareimplemented.D3提供临时解决方案直到执行持久纠正方案为止。TheICAsisolatetheeffectsoftheproblemfromanyinternal/externalcustomer.AlsoatD3,ICAsmustbevalidated.ICAs不受任何内部和外部顾客的影响。在D3上，ICAs必须生效。,D3SectionObjectivesD3部分目标,DefineandexplainthefeaturesofanInterimContainmentAction(ICA)定义并说明临时解决方案的特征Distinguishbetweenverificationandvalidation核实与确认的区别ExplainhowtoverifyanICA说明如何核实ICAExplainhowtovalidateanICA说明如何确认ICA,WhyDevelopanInterimContainmentAction(ICA)?为什么制定临时解决方案,WhenyoudevelopanICA,you:你何时制定ICABuytimesothatyourG8Dteamcanfindtherootcauseoftheproblem争取时间你们的G8D小组可以找到引起故障的根源Protectthecustomerfromtheeffectsoftheproblem保护顾客不受故障的影响Containtheproblemfromacost,quality,andtimingperspective包含的故障有成本、质量和时间观点,WhyDevelopanInterimContainmentAction(ICA)?为什么制定临时解决方案,TherearefourstepstodevelopinganICA:这里有拟定临时解决方案的四个步骤：SelecttheICA.选择ICA2.VerifytheICA.核实ICAImplementtheICA.执行ICAValidatetheICA.确认ICA,WhatIsanICA?ICA是什么,Attacksthesymptomoftheproblem解决故障的征兆Isverifiedforeffectivenessbeforeitisimplemented实施前验证其有效性Ismonitoredwhileitisinuse使用过程中的监控Isdocumented证明文件IsreplacedbyaPermanentCorrectiveAction用永久性的纠正措施替代Addscosttotheprocess/operations在过程及操作中增加成本,D3Step1:SelectanICAD3步骤1：选择一个ICA,IfanICAisrequired,youneedtoselectthebestICAforyoursituation.如果ICA是必需的，你需要在你的实际情况中选择最佳的ICA。ToselectanICA:选择一个ICAEstablishselectioncriteria.建立选择标准AnalysebenefitsofimplementingtheICA分析实施ICA的好处AnalyserisksofimplementingtheICA分析实施ICA的风险性ChoosetheICAwiththebestbalanceofbenefitsandrisks找出ICA好处与风险性间的最佳点选定ICA,D3PracticeD3实践,Instructions:指南Readthecaseandthendeterminewhatyouthinktheproblemis.阅读案例，然后确定你所思考的故障是什么。,D3Step2:VerifyanICAD3步骤2：验证ICA,WhenyouverifyanICA,you:当你验证ICA时，你：,Prove,beforeimplementation,thatitwillpreventthecustomerfromexperiencingtheproblem实施前，检验预防顾客从经验中所产生的故障Provideabefore-and-aftercomparison提供前后的比较ProvethattheICAwillnotintroduceanynewproblems证明ICA不会产生任何新的故障,D3Step2:VerifyanICAD3步骤2：验证ICA,Methodsofverificationmayinclude:验证方法包括：Tests试验Demonstrations示范ComparisonsbetweentheICAandsimilarprovenactionsICA与类似的检验措施间的比较Reviewsofpre-releasedesigndocuments先期发布的设计文件的评审,D3Step3:ImplementanICAD3步骤3：实现ICA,ToimplementanICA:实现ICAFollowthemanagementcycle按照管理步骤图Createanactionplan制定行动计划Themanagementcycleisaprocessformakingandeffectivelyimplementingdecisionsoractions.管理步骤图是一个制定有效决定和行动的流程,D3Step3:ImplementanICAD3步骤3：实现ICA,Thestepsinthemanagementcycleare:管理步骤图过程如下1.PlanDeterminewhichactionsmustbeaccomplishedtoreachyourobjectivesbyyourtargetcompletiondate.计划-在完成目标的期限前必须决定那些事情必须给完成2.DoImplementtheplan.实现-执行计划3.Study(monitor)Recordtheresultsoftheimplementation.学习（监督）-记录所完成的结果4.ActEvaluatetheresults.实践-评估结果,D3Step3:ImplementanICAD3步骤3：实现ICA,Anactionplandescribes:行动计划描述Whatactionsarenecessarytoreachanobjective为实现目标什么行动是必需的Whoisresponsibleforcompletingspecificactions谁能完成具体的行动Whentheactionsmustbecompleted什么时候目标必须被完成,D3Step4:ValidateanICAD3步骤4：验证ICA,Validationshouldalwaysfollowsuccessfulverification.目标的验证必须根据检定标准Validationcantaketwoforms:验证的两种形式Pre-customervalidation售前的验证Customervalidation顾客验证,D3PracticeValidateICAD3实践-验证ICA,Reviewthecharttothebelow.CanyouvalidatetheICAbasedonthisinformation?观察下列图表，你能根据下列信息验证ICA吗？,D3PracticeICAD3实践-ICA,Instructions:说明Readthecasestudyandwriteyouranswers.阅读案例并写出答案,D3AssessingQuestions/ChecklistD3故障评估/故障表列,Toensureconsistencyinapplicationoftheprocess,thelistofquestionsinyourhandbookhasbeendevelopedtoassisttheteaminachievingtheobjectivesofthisdiscipline为了确保过程应用的连贯性，手册中的故障清单被发展成帮助团队实现目标的练习,Global8DSoftwareatD3,D3Quiz,D3Summary:DevelopanInterimContainmentActionD3总结采取暂时的措施,Inthissectionyoulearnedhowto:在这个部分你可以学会DefineandexplainthefeaturesofanICA定义和解释ICA的特征Distinguishbetweenverificationandvalidation区别检验和验证ExplainhowtoverifyanICA解释如何验证ICAExplainhowtovalidateanICA解释如何检验ICA,D4,D4“DefineandVerifytheRootCauseandEscapePoint”D4-定义和验证根本起因和遗漏点,D4providestheopportunitytotesteachrootcausetheoryagainsttheproblemdescriptionbyisolatingandverifyingtherootcause.D4提供了机会去验证根本起因而不是根据孤立的故障描述去验证根本起因AlsoatD4,usersisolateandverifytheplaceintheprocesswheretheeffectoftherootcausecouldhavebeendetectedandcontained.在D4项，用户即可根据过程描述找到根本起因在故障中的表现,D4SectionObjectivesD4部分的目标,Usetheproblemsolvingprocessandworksheettoidentifytherootcauseofaproblem使用故障解决流程和工作单去鉴别根本起因Identifytheescapepointofaproblem鉴别故障的遗漏点Verifytherootcauseandescapepointofaproblem验证根本起因和疏漏的地方,WhyDefineandVerifytheRootCause?为什么要定义和验证根本起因,Identifyingtherootcausemayseemtime-consuming,butitisactuallymoretime-efficientinthelongrunbecause:鉴别根本起因也许会消耗时间，但它实际上在长期运作中更有效，因为：Youdonthavetocomeupwithone“quickfix”afteranother你不需要处理另一个一样的故障Youdontwastetimeandeffortondamagecontrol你不必浪费时间在失效控制上Youdonthavetoconstantlyrebuildcustomersatisfaction你不需要定期的去重建顾客满意度Yousolvetheproblemonceandforall你可以一劳永逸,WhatIstheRootCause?什么是根本起因,Possiblecauseanycause,frequentlyidentifiedonaCauseandEffectDiagram.可能的起因-任何起因，经常被鉴定在起因和作用表上Mostlikelycauseatheory,basedonavailabledata,thatbestexplainstheproblemdescription.疑似起因-按推测建立在有效的数据上，它可以很好地解释故障Rootcauseaverifiedcausethataccountsfortheproblem.根本起因-一个被验证的起因能揭示故障,IdentifyingtheMostLikelyCause?区别最可能的起因,Toidentifythemostlikelycause:区别最可能的起因Reviewtheproblemdescription(Is/IsNotAnalysis)察看故障描述（是/不是分析）Completeacomparativeanalysisforchange-inducedsituations(identifydifferencesandchanges)改变环境参数完成比较分析（区别差异和变化）Developrootcausetheories完善根本起因Testtheoriesagainsttheproblemdescription检验推测和故障描述,IdentifytheRootCause区别根本起因,TheProblemSolvingWorksheet故障解决工作单TherearefourpagestotheProblemSolvingWorksheet故障坚决工作单包括4页Page1:ProblemDescription故障描述Page2:ComparativeAnalysis比较分析Page3:RootCauseTheories根本起因Page4:TrialRunofRootCauseTheories审核根本起因,ReviewtheProblemDescription回顾故障描述,Toidentifytherootcause,firstreviewtheproblemdescription(theIs/IsNotWorksheet).Keepinmind:为了鉴别根本起因，第一回顾故障描述（是/不是工作单）必须牢记Describedintermsofwhat,where,when,andhowbig.描述按照什么，何地，何时，程度来描述AllanswerstotheIs/IsNotquestionsmustbefacts.根据事实所有问答按照是/不是Allcontrastinginformationshouldbesimilarincategory,shape,form,function,andcomposition.所有相似信息因按目录分类如形状，形成，功能，成份Allinformationmustbegatheredbeforeidentifyingtherootcausecanbegin.所有信息将在开始区别根本起因前采集,CompleteaComparativeAnalysis完成比较分析,Tocompleteacomparativeanalysis,compareeachIswithitscorrespondingorcontrastingIsNot.在完成比较分析前，比较每一个和它相对应的是还是不是Askyourself:“Whatisunique,peculiar,different,distinctive,orunusualabouttheIs?”问自己“什么是独特的，特有的，不同的，有区别的，或者通常是什么？”Considerfeaturessuchaspeople,methods,materials,machines,andtheenvironment.考虑特征因素如人，方法，材料，机器和环境Listallfactswithoutprejudiceastothepossiblecause.在理性情况下列举事实导致可能的因素,ListallofthedifferencesintheDifferencescolumnoftheComparativeAnalysissectionoftheProblemSolvingWorksheet.在故障解决单上的比较分析部分中的差别栏，罗列差异Keepinmindthatthedifferences:差异需要牢记Arefacts事实AreuniquetotheIs特殊性HavenotalreadybeenstatedintheIscolumn在差异栏还没有出现,CompleteaComparativeAnalysis完成比较分析,Ask:“Whathaschangedin,on,around,oraboutthisdifference?”提出疑问“什么差异已经改变”Keepinmindthateachdifferencemaynothaveacorrespondingchange.也许差异没有相应的改变ListthechangesintheChangescolumnoftheProblemSolvingWorksheet.罗列变化在故障解决单的改变栏里Lookatthedateseachchangeoccurred.查看每个改变的时间Considercategoriesofpeople,machines,materials,methods,measurements,ortheenvironment.考虑人，机器，材料，方法，测量手段或者环境因素,CompleteaComparativeAnalysis完成比较分析,Practice-LeakingGasStruts实践-漏气杆,Instructions:说明UsingthedatagivensofaronthestrutproblemcompletetheIs/IsNotProblemsolvingworksheet.完成是/不是故障解决工作单,DevelopRootCauseTheories完善根本起因的资料库,Todevelopyourtheories:完善自己的推测Usebrainstorming使用大脑风暴Ask:“Howcouldthischangehavecausedtheproblem?”提问“这些改变如何导致这个故障？”Listatleastonetheoryforeachchange至少在一个改变列举出一个推测Listeachtheoryindividuallyontheworksheet独个在工作单上列举出推测Listeverypossibility列举出各种可能性Startwiththesimplestsinglechange/singlevariable从最简单的单个改变/或者单一变化着手Bespecific使具体化,Practice-LeakingGasStruts实践漏气杆,Instructions:说明Readthecasestudyandwriteyouranswerstothefourquestions.阅读案例分析并写出4个故障的答案,TesttheTheories检测推测,AtStep4,youandyourteamapplycriticalthinkingtoruleouttheoriesandsettleonamostlikelycause.Toapplycriticalthinking,youandyourteamwillputeachtheorythroughatrialrun.在第4步，你和你的团队使用尖锐的思考去衡量推测和采用最可能的起因。使用这样思考方法，你和你的团队将可把你们的推测进行过程审核Thetrialrunisanattempttotestifeachtheorycanexplainwhatdidhappentocausetheproblem.Itisnotanexplanationofwhatmighthappeninthefuture.过程审核可以去检测是否推测能够再现故障的起因。他不是也许在未来会发生的事情的解释。,TesttheTheories检测推测,Practice-LeakingGasStruts实践-漏气杆,Instructions:说明Readthecaseandwriteyouranswers.阅读案例并写出答案,VerifytheRootCause验证根本起因,Verificationisdonepassivelyandactively:主动，被动验证Passiveverificationisdonebyobservation.被动验证可以通过观察来实现Activeverificationisdonebymanipulatingtherootcausevariable.主动验证可以通过再现根本起因的变化来实现Therecanbemorethanoneverifiedrootcause.这有更多的方法来验证根本起因,DetermineandVerifytheEscapePoint决定和验证遗漏,Anescapepointisthepointclosesttotherootcauseatwhichtheproblemcouldhavebeendetectedbutwasnot.遗漏往往被疏忽但是它与根本起因往往相关Acontrolsystemisasystemdeployedtomonitortheproduct/processandensurecompliancetoqualityrequirements.监控系统会监管产品/过程和确保产品质量的一致性,DetermineandVerifytheEscapePoint决定和验证遗漏,Tounderstandhowtheproblemescapedtothecustomerandidentifytheescapepoint:学会理解如何故障在客户那儿被遗漏和鉴别遗漏Reviewtheprocessflowfocusingonthelocationintheprocesswheretherootcauseoccurred.在根本起因发生的地点回顾过程流Determineifacontrolsystemexiststodetecttheproblem.测定是否控制系统能检测到故障,D4AssessingQuestions/ChecklistD4故障评估/故障清单,Toensureconsistencyinapplicationoftheprocess,thelistofquestionsinyourhandbookhasbeendevelopedtoassisttheteaminachievingtheobjectivesofthisdiscipline为了确保过程应用的连贯性，手册中的故障清单被发展成帮助团队实现目标的练习,Global8DSoftwareatD4,TheG8DsoftwareatD4helpsyoutodocumentthefollowinginformation:G8D软件在D4项可以使下面的的信息成文化Aconcisedescriptionoftherootcause根本起因的简单描述Detailsabouttherootcauseverification验证根本起因的细节Associatedescapepoints相关的遗漏故障ThereareseveralpartstoeachsectionofthesoftwareatD4.在这个软件D4项有每个部分的多个分枝,Global8DSoftwareatD4,Global8DSoftwareatD4,D4Quiz/测验,D4Summary/总结,Inthissectionyoulearnedhowto:/在该部分已经学到怎样：Usetheproblemsolvingprocessandworksheettoidentifythemostlikelyrootcauseofaproblem./用解决故障的过程和工作表来确定故障的最可能起因。Identifytheescapepointofaproblem./确定故障的逃出点Verifytherootcauseandescapepointofaproblem./验证故障的根本起因和工作表,D5,D5“ChooseandVerifyPermanentCorrectiveActions(PCAs)forRootCauseandEscapePoint”/选择和验证适合于根本起因和逃出点本的永久措施,D5providestheopportunitytoselectthebestPermanentCorrectiveActionstoremovetherootcause./D5提供了选择去除根本起因的最佳的永久措施的机会。,D5SectionObjectives/D5部分的目标,DefinePermanentCorrectiveAction(PCA)/定义永久措施ChooseaPCAusingtheseven-stepdecision-makingprocess/使用七步决策过程来选取永久措施UseaDecisionMakingWorksheet/使用决策工作表ExplainhowtoverifyaPCA/解释怎样验证永久措施,WhyChooseandVerifyaPermanentCorrectiveAction?/为什么要选择和验证永久措施,D5focusesondecisionmakingandverification./D5集中在决策和验证上Byfocusingonthesetwosteps,youcan:/通过集中在这两步，可以：Makethebestdecisionsbasedonbenefitsandrisks/基于好处和风险做出最好的决定Verifythatthechosensolutionwillwork/8验证选取的决定会起作用,WhatIsaPermanentCorrectiveAction?什么是永久措施,APermanentCorrectiveAction(PCA),ontheotherhand,isthebestactionoractionsthateliminatetherootcauseofaproblem./永久措施是消除故障的根本起因的最好措施,AlthoughERAsandICAsprotectcustomersfromtheeffectsofaproblem,theygenerallydonoteliminatetherootcause./尽管应急措施和临时措施保护顾客不受故障后果的影响，但他们通常不会消除故障的起因,ChooseaPCA/选择永久措施,AnyPCAyouchooseshould:/选择的任何永久措施应该：Fixtheproblemattherootcauselevel/从根本起因的层次上解决故障Generatenoadditionalproblems/不会产生另外的故障Beverifiedtowork/被验证能够起作用,ChooseaPCA/选择永久措施,Thedecision-makingprocesshassevensteps:/决策过程有七步：Step1:Describetheendresult./描述最终结果Step2:Listdecisioncriteria(givensandwants)./列出决策标准（强制和想要）Step3:Determinetherelativeimportanceofwants./决定想要满足的标准的相对重要性Step4:Identifychoices./确定选择Step5:Comparechoicestodecisioncriteria./比较选择和决策标准Step6:Analyserisks./分析风险Step7:Makethebestchoice./做出最佳选择,ChooseaPCA/选择永久措施,Step1:DescribetheEndResult/第一步：描述最终结果,Youandyourteamneedtoidentifytheendresultto:/你和团队需要确定最终结果以便：Definethescopeofthedecision/定义决策的范围Provideafocusforyourthinking/为思考提供中心,D5ExampleStep1/D5实例第一步,Heresanexampleofdescribingtheendresult:/这里是一个描述最终结果的实例：BobswifeNancyhasabirthdaycomingupsoon.Everyyear,BobandthekidswaituntilthelastminuteandthenendupbuyingagiftthatNancyhates./鲍勃的妻子南希的生日就要到了。往年，鲍勃和孩子们一直等到最后一分钟，结果买了南希讨厌的礼物,D5ExampleStep1/第一步：描述最终结果,Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistolisttheendresult.Bobandthekidsstatetheendresultas:/决策的第一步是描述最终结果。鲍勃和孩子们将最终结果描述为：BuyabirthdaygiftthatMum(Nancy)willlike.买母亲（南希）喜欢的生日礼物,Step2:ListDecisionCriteria/第二步：列出决策标准,Decisioncriteriasetyourparametersformakingadecisionanddescribethebenefitsoftheendresult.决策标准为作决定设置参数并描述最终结果的好处,Step2:ListDecisionCriteria/第二步：列出决策标准,Therearetwotypesofdecisioncriteriagivensandwants./有两类决策标准-强制满足标准和想要满足的标准Givens:/强制满足的标准：Areobjectivelymeasurable/是客观可测量的Arenon-negotiable/是不可商量的Arerealisticfeaturesofthedecision/是决策的现实特征Ofteninvolvemoney,deadlines,companyprocedures,orlegislation/通常涉及金钱、期限、公司程序或法规,Step2:ListDecisionCriteria/第二步：列出决策标准,Wants:/想要满足的标准：Aremeasurable(objectivelyandsubjectively)/是主观和客观可测的Arethedesirable(ratherthanessential)featuresofthedecision/是决策的令人想要（而不是基本的）的特征Allowyoutodeterminewhichoftheremainingchoicesarepreferable/用来决定剩下的选择那一个更好Generatethecriteriathatarerequiredforanidealchoiceintermsofresourcesthatcanbeused/根据可用资源产生的对一个理想选择必需的标准,ExampleStep2/实例第二步,Step3:DeterminetheRelativeImportanceofWants/第三步：确定希望满足标准的相对重要性,Todeterminetherelativeimportanceofeachwant:/为了确定每一个希望满足标准的相对重要性：Assignthemostimportantwantaratingof10onascaleof1to10(with10beingthehighest)./以1到10为尺度（10为最高），将最重要的希望满足标准定为10。Compareeachremainingwanttothemostimportantwant.Ifanotherwantisonlyhalfasvalued,rateita5.Ifanotherwantisalmostasvaluable,rateitan8or9./将剩下的标准同最重要的标准比较，如果剩下的标准、只有一半价值，评分为5。如果具有差不多的价值，评分为8或9。,ExampleStep3/实例第三步,Step4:IdentifyChoices/第四步确定选择,Generatealistofalternativesthatwouldsolvetheproblemattherootcause/列出可以从根本起因上解决故障的可选项Youcanmakeahigherqualitydecisionwhenyouhavearangeofoptionsfromwhichtochoose/当拥有大范围的选项供选择时，更能够做出高质量的决定,ExampleStep4/实例第四步,Bobandthekids,afteralotofconsiderationandonenightoflookingthroughstorefliersandsaleads,havecreatedthefollowinglistofchoicesforNancysbirthdaygift:/经过大量考虑和看了一晚上的商店传单和销售广告后，鲍勃和孩子们列出了下面的选择作为南希的备选生日礼物。,Twoticketstoanewopera($90)/两张新剧剧票($90）,Onebreadmaker($91.95)/面包机($91.95),Oneexercisebicycle($69.99)/健身自行车($69.99）,ExampleStep4/实例第四步,Step5:CompareChoicestoDecisionCriteria/第五步：比较选择和决策标准,Tocomparechoicestodecisioncriteria:Compareeachchoiceagainsteachgiven.Ifthechoicemeetsagivencriteria,markit“yes.”Ifanychoicedoesnotsatisfythegiven,markit“no”andeliminateitfromfurtherconsideration./，针对每一个强制满足标准比较每一个选择。如果选择满足强制满足标准，标记为是。如果任何选择不能满足，标记为不是并不再考虑Next,compareorapplyeachwanttotheremainingchoices.Rateeachchoiceona1to10scaleastohowwellthechoicemeetsthatwant.Assigna10tothechoicethatbestsatisfiesthewantcriteria.Thebestchoicemustbea“10.”/接下来，将每一个希望满足的标准同剩下的选择比较。根据每一个选择和希望满足标准的满足程度评分，评分的尺度为1分到10分。,ExampleStep5/实例第五步,ExampleStep5/实例第五步,163,190,Step6:AnalyseRisks/第六步分析风险,Howseriousistherisktothedecision?风险对决策怎样严重Howprobableisitthattheriskwillhappen?风险发生的可能性,Ariskhastwoelementstoconsider:对于风险有两个要素需要考虑：,Step6:AnalyseRisks/第六步分析风险,Toanalyserisks:/为了分析风险：Ask:“Whatthingscouldhappen(thatwehaventconsideredyet)thatmightaffectoursuccess?”/问：“有什么我们还未考虑到的可能影响我们成功的事情可能发生？Next,ask:“Whatcouldjeopardiseasuccessfulimplementation?”/接下来，问:“什么可能危及成功地执行”？Considertherisksoffailingtomeetagivencriteria.Alsoconsidertherisksoffailingtomeetawant./考虑不能满足强制标准的风险。也考虑不能满足希望标准的风险,ExampleStep6/实例第六步,Bobanalysestherisksinvolvedwiththefamilys#1choice,thebreadmaker.Firsthelooksatthegivens:鲍勃分析与他们的第一选择面包机有关的风险。首先注意强制标准：Costslessthan$100/$100Buywithin48hours/在48小时内能够买到Exchangeable/可以交换NextBoblooksatthewants:/接下来，鲍勃考虑希望标准Getsalotofuse/经常使用Goodquality/质量好Surprise/惊喜,Step7:MaketheBestChoice/第七步：作出最佳选择,Abalancedchoicemustbebasedonalltheinformationavailabletomakesureitsthebestchoicepossibleforthesituation./平衡了好处和风险的选择必须是以所有可能得到的信息为基础以确保它是该情形下可能的最佳选择。Oftenthebestchoicemightnotbethefirstormostobviouschoice./最佳选择通常、不是第一选择或最明显的选择。,ExampleStep7/实例第七步,Bobdecidestobuyhiswifethebreadmaker.Heslookedatthebenefitsandanalysedtherisks./鲍勃决定给妻子买面包机。他考虑了好处并分析了风险。Hefeelstherisksareminimalcomparedtothepotentialbenefits./他感觉相对于潜在的好处，风险是最小的BobandthekidsgiveNancythebreadmakerandshelovesit./鲍勃和孩子们将面包机送给南希，她喜欢它。Problemsolved!/故障解决了！,Practice-GasStruts/练习-气动支撑,Readthenotesbelowandusethedecisionmakingworksheetstoselectapermanentcorrectiveaction/阅读下面的注释并用作决策工作表来选择永久措施。,VerifyaPCA(TestforFeasibility)/验证永久措施（试验可行性）,Remember,youcanverifyaPCAinthefollowingways:/记住，可用下面的方法验证永久措施。Conducttestsanddemonstrations,suchasoff-lineproductionruns/进行试验和演示，如离线生产运行。Comparethenewactiontosimilarprovenactions/将新措施和相似的证明过的措施比较。Reviewnewdesigndocumentsbeforetheirrelease/审阅新设计发布前的文件,D5AssessingQuestions/Checklist/D5评估用的故障和检查清单,Toensureconsistencyinapplicationoftheprocess,thefollowinglistofquestions(inhandbook)hasbeendevelopedtoassisttheteaminachievingtheobjectivesofthisdiscipline/为了确保在该过程使用上得一致性，开发了下列的故障（在手册中）来协助团队达到这一步的目标。,D5Global8DSoftwareatD5/D5在D5阶段的G8D软件,TheP