美国文学总结

第一部分 殖民主义时期 the colonial period1. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.代表人物: cotton mather 科顿.马瑟 Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森.爱德华兹 Anne brandstreet 安妮.布雷斯特里特 殖民时期第一位诗人，最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯第二部分 理性和革命时期文学reasoning and revolution1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林 代表作： Poor Richards Almanac穷人理查德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 Autobiography 自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Thomas Paine 托马斯.潘恩 Rights of man 人的权利 The age of reason 理性时代 American Crisis美国危机, signed “Common Sense”.署名为“常识”3、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period（18th century）. 是革命战争后期（18世纪）最杰出的作家。 the “Father of American Poetry” 美国诗歌之父poet of American revolution 4、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言第三部分 浪漫主义文学/Romanticismtranscendentalism超验主义：1、 Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生 be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。 Nature论自然新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书The American Scholar美国学者 our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。 The Oversoul论超灵; THE Divinity school Address Self-reliance论自立; The Transcendentalist超验主义者; Representative Men代表人物; English Traits英国人的特征; School Address神学院演说2、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗 Walden 沃尔登成名作Civil Disobedience平民反抗（essay 随笔。）3、 Herman Melville赫尔曼梅尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸；Moby Dick”白鲸，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。在书中说：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。 Pierre皮尔埃; Piazza广场故事; Billy Budd比利巴德4、Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文 美国文学之父Sketch Book 见闻札记 奠定了他在文学史上的地位The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说Rip van winkle 瑞普.凡.温可尔Legends of the Conquest of Spain西班牙征服记A History of New York纽约的历史美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作5、 James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀The spy 间谍 the pilot 领航者Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集，the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物纳蒂.班波 包括“The Deerslayer”杀鹿者、 “The Pathfinder”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、 Hawkeye 鹰眼人“The Prairie”大草原 “The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人 6、 Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡首开近代侦探小说先河，the father of American detective story又是法国象征主义运动的源头 Annabel Lee安娜贝尔李 to Helen 致海伦 The Raven乌鸦他的诗中大多是古怪、奇特、病态的形象，着重描写犹豫的情绪，他认为诗歌就是“美得节奏之创造”7、 Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔.霍桑清教传统对他影响颇深，反对超验主义，常用象征和隐喻的手法，擅长揭示人物的内心冲突和心理描写，作品宗教气氛浓厚 The Scarlet Letter红字 the ministers black veil 牧师的黑面纱 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事; Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼布朗; The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇; The Marble Faun玉石雕像8、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets corner of Westminster Abbey.朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟/夜之声; Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼 Excelsior 向上 THE QUADROON GIRL9、 Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼擅长free verse (自由诗体) ：Leaves of Grass草叶集:象征着一切平凡的事物和普通的民众，发展中的美国，是19世纪美国的史诗。Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌; Song of Myself自我之歌I hear America Singing我听见美国在歌唱; When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloomd小院丁香花开时;和O captain ,my captain!林肯死后的赞美和哀思Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;10、 Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森19世纪最伟大，最富影响力的女诗人，是个虔诚的教徒，被称为“阿莫斯特的修女”赞成宗教、超验主义I died for Beauty 我为美而死Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径 11、 William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特To a Waterfowl 致水鸟 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗第四部分 现实主义文学/RealismThe age of realism is also what Mark Twain referred as 镀金时代：The Gilded AgeIn the late 19th century, although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。 Realism：（现实主义）1、Mark Twain马克吐温 （美国文学中的林肯）The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利费恩历险记;The Innocents Abroad傻瓜出国记; The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索耶历险记; 用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写 The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿; Life on the Mississippi A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事对美国早期幽默文学的总结自然主义：naturalism: 产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末代表作家：1、 Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩 the pioneer wrote in the naturalistic tradition Maggie: A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）； the black riders war is kind The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章； The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇2、Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯, Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat（realistic）小麦诗史2、 Jack London 杰克.伦敦The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们Martin Eden (autobiographical novel自传体小说) The Son of the Wolf狼之子, The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼; White Fang白獠牙 Love of Life热爱生命; Revolution革命; What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么; 3、 Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.揭露美国社会贫富分化以及道德沦丧 Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘; Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）; Darwinism: 达尔文主义1、O. Henry 欧.亨利 short story 短篇小说 世界三大短篇小说大师之一“曼哈顿的桂冠诗人”，“美国生活的幽默百科全书” 代表作：“The Four Million”四百万 小说集 、The Gift of the Magi麦琪的礼物 单部小说 Sixes and Sevens七上八下 the Man Higher Up黄雀在后 The cop and the anthem 警察与赞美诗2、 Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯Daisy Miller苔瑟米乐； The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人 The Ambassadors大使；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼； The Golden Bowl金碗3、 Kate Chopin 凯特.肖邦 乡土文学作家一生未嫁Wise than a god 智胜神明 at fault 过错阿卡迪亚 a night in acadie第五部分 现代主义时期 the period of modernismImagism 意象派Lost Generation：迷惘的一代1、Modernism现代主义现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliots “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.2、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 了不起的盖茨比 novel Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”太阳照样升起 “A Farwell to Arms” 告别了，武器 William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 喧嚣与骚动3、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家： Eugene ONeill : “The Emperor Jones”琼斯国王、Anna Christie安娜.克里斯蒂 The Hairy Ape毛猿 4、 The Jazz Age(享乐时代)代表作家：1、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯菲茨杰拉德 （迷惘的一代） The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉; Tender in the Night夜色温柔; The Last Tycoon最后的巨头2、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家 迷惘的一代 写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。“创造了冰山原则简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感、深刻的思想 代表作：“The Sun Also Rises”太阳照样升起 Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation” “A Farewell to Arms”永别了，武器“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、丧钟为谁而鸣“The Old Man and the Sea” 老人与海In Our Time在我们的年代里; The Torrents of Spring春潮; 短篇小说： Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论： To Have and Have Not贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥3、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳 美国南方文学的代表作家，创造了“约克纳帕塔法县“作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。 作品：短篇小说：“The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、押沙龙，押沙龙 “Go Down, Moses” 去吧，摩西 揭露奴隶制、种族主义和清教的罪恶Dry September干燥的九月 Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）; Soldiers Pay兵饷（小说）narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流 2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者4、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人 Imagism 意象派的代表人物。 major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”The Spirit of Romance罗曼史精神 ; The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）; Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Donts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）5、Robert Frest罗伯特弗罗斯特 自然主义诗人 poet Boys Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北（Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）（The Road Not taken没有选择的道路）;he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖. “The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑6、 Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人 代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”带蓝吉他的人； “Necessary Angel”必要的天使，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论. “Anecdote of the Jar”坛子的轶事jar man made art, wildness nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体 特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。 (2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。 (3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象与现实)7、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人代表作： “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliots poetry as a whole. “Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔传统和个人天才, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。 “The Waste Land”荒原one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。 名诗： Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三; Four Quarters四个四重奏 “Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会8、 John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。 代表作： “Of Mice and Men”人鼠之间 portrayed the tragic friendship between tw