体验商务英语3 unit1Globalizationppt课件ppt课件

.,1,GLOBALIZATION,Chapter1,.,2,ChapterObjectives,UnderstandthetermofglobalizationUnderstandthemaindriversofglobalizationUnderstandthechangingnatureoftheglobaleconomyUnderstandthemainargumentsinthedebateovertheimpactofglobalizationUnderstandtheopportunitiesandchallengesforbusinessmanagerscreatedbyglobalization,.,3,CourseObjectives,haveabasicknowledgeoffundamentalissues(e.g,thoselistedintheCourseDescription)ininternationalbusiness,understandthepurpose,practice,significance,andcurrentstateofinternationalbusiness,understandthefactorsthatafirmneedstoconsiderwheninvestinginforeigncountries,achievearoundedunderstandingofwhatitwouldbeliketodobusinessinanothercountry,andimproveteamwork,presentation,problem-solving,andcriticalthinkingskills.,.,4,Introduction,Intheworldeconomytoday,weseeashiftawayfromself-containednationaleconomieswithhighbarrierstocross-bordertradeandinvestmentamovetowardamoreintegratedglobaleconomicsystemwithlowerbarrierstotradeandinvestmentabout$3trillioninforeignexchangetransactionstakingplaceeverydaytheestablishmentofinternationalinstitutions,.,5,Introduction,TheeffectsofthistrendcanbeseeninthefollowingExamplesinourdailylife:inthecarspeopledriveinthefoodpeopleeatinthejobswherepeopleworkintheclothespeoplewearinmanyotherways,.,6,WhatIsGlobalization?,Question:Whatisglobalization?Globalizationreferstothetrendtowardsamoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomy.Twokeyfacetsofglobalizationare:theglobalizationof_theglobalizationof_,.,7,TheGlobalizationofMarkets,Theglobalizationofmarketsreferstothemergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplace.1.ConvergingtastesandpreferencesofconsumersindifferentnationsQ:ImpactsonAmericanbusinesses?2.Examplesofglobalbrands:CocaCola,Starbucks,Sony,andMcDonalds,.,8,TheGlobalizationofProduction,TheglobalizationofproductionreferstothesourcingofgoodsandservicesfromlocationsaroundtheglobetotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesintheCOSTandQUALITYoffactorsofproduction(laborenergy,land,andcapital)ThegoalforcompaniesistolowertheiroverallcoststructureorimprovethequalityorfunctionalityoftheirproductandgaincompetitiveadvantageExamples:GE,Boeing,Dell,.,9,TheEmergenceofGlobalInstitutions,Severalglobalinstitutionshaveemergedtohelpmanage,regulate,andpolicetheglobalmarketplacepromotetheestablishmentofmultinationaltreatiestogoverntheglobalbusinesssystemExamples:WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)WorldBank,InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),UnitedNations(UN),.,10,DriversofGlobalization,Question:Whatfactorsdrivethemovetowardgreaterglobalization?Twomacrofactorsunderlyingthetrendtowardgreaterglobalizationdecliningtradeandinvestmentbarrierstechnologicalchange,.,11,DecliningTradeandInvestmentBarriers,InternationaltradeoccurswhenafirmexportsgoodsorservicestoconsumersinanothercountryForeigndirectinvestment(FDI)occurswhenafirminvestsresourcesinbusinessactivitiesoutsideitshomecountryDuringthe1920sand1930s,manynationserectedbarrierstointernationaltradeandFDItoprotectdomesticindustriesfromforeigncompetition.Examples:USA,Britain,.,12,DecliningTradeandInvestmentBarriers,AfterWWII,advancedWesterncountriesbeganremovingtradeandinvestmentbarriersUnderGATT(theforerunneroftheWTO),over100nationsnegotiatedfurtherdecreasesintariffsandmadesignificantprogressonanumberofnon-tariffissuesUndertheWTO,amechanismnowexistsfordisputeresolutionandtheenforcementoftradelaws,andthereisapushtocuttariffsonindustrialgoods,services,andagriculturalproducts,.,13,DecliningTradeandInvestmentBarriers,LowertradebarriersenablecompaniestoviewtheworldasasinglemarketandestablishproductionactivitiesinoptimallocationsaroundtheglobeThishasledtoanaccelerationinthevolumeofworldtradeandinvestmentsincetheearly1980s,.,14,TheRoleofTechnologicalChange,Theloweringoftradebarriersmadeglobalizationofmarketsandproductionatheoreticalpossibility,technologicalchangemadeitatangiblerealitySinceWorldWarII,therehavebeenmajoradvancesincommunication,informationprocessing,andtransportation,.,15,TheRoleofTechnologicalChange,ThedevelopmentofthemicroprocessorhasloweredthecostofglobalcommunicationandthereforethecostofcoordinatingandcontrollingaglobalorganizationWeb-basedtransactionshavegrownfromvirtuallyzeroin1994to$250billionin2007intheU.S.alone,andInternetusageisupfromfewerthan1millionusersin1990to1.3billionusersin2007Developmentofcommercialjetaircraftandsuperfreightersandtheintroductionofcontainerizationhavegreatlysimplifiedtransshipmentfromonemodeoftransporttoanother,.,16,TheRoleofTechnologicalChange,Question:Whataretheimplicationsoftechnologicalchangefortheglobalizationofproduction?Lowertransportationcostsmakeageographicallydispersedproductionsystemmoreeconomicalandallowfirmstobetterrespondtointernationalcustomerdemands,.,17,TheRoleofTechnologicalChange,LowcostcommunicationsnetworkshavehelpedcreateelectronicglobalmarketplacesLowcosttransportationhaveenabledfirmstocreateglobalmarkets,andhavefacilitatedthemovementofpeoplefromcountrytocountrypromotingaconvergenceofconsumertastesandpreferences,.,18,TheChangingDemographicsoftheGlobalEconomy,Inthe1960s:theU.S.dominatedtheworldeconomyandtheworldtradepicturetheU.S.dominatedworldFDIU.S.multinationalsdominatedtheinternationalbusinesssceneabouthalftheworld-thecentrallyplannedeconomiesofthecommunistworld-wasofflimitstoWesterninternationalbusinessToday,muchofthishaschanged.,.,19,TheChangingWorldOutputandWorldTradePicture,Intheearly1960s,theU.S.wastheworldsdominantindustrialpoweraccountingforabout40.3%ofworldmanufacturingoutputBy2007,theU.S.accountedforonly20.7%Otherdevelopednationsexperiencedasimilardecline,.,20,TheChangingWorldOutputandWorldTradePicture,RapideconomicgrowthisnowbeingexperiencedbycountriessuchasChina,Thailand,andMalaysiaFurtherrelativedeclineintheU.S.shareofworldoutputandworldexportsseemslikelyForecastspredictarapidriseintheshareofworldoutputaccountedforbydevelopingnationssuchasChina,India,Indonesia,Thailand,andSouthKorea,andadeclineinthesharebyindustrializedcountriessuchasBritain,Japan,andtheUnitedStatesSocompaniesmayfindbothnewmarketsandnewcompetitorsinthedevelopingregionsoftheworld,.,21,TheChangingForeignDirectInvestmentPicture,Theshareofworldoutputgeneratedbydevelopingcountrieshasbeenincreasingsincethe1960sThestockofforeigndirectinvestment(totalcumulativevalueofforeigninvestments)generatedbyrichindustrialcountrieshasbeenonasteadydeclineTherehasbeenasustainedgrowthincross-borderflowsofFDIThelargestrecipientofFDIhasbeenChina,.,22,TheChangingNatureoftheMultinationalEnterprise,AmultinationalenterpriseisanybusinessthathasproductiveactivitiesintwoormorecountriesSincethe1960s,therehasbeenariseinnon-U.S.multinationalstherehasbeenariseinmini-multinationals,.,23,TheChangingNatureoftheMultinationalEnterprise,TheglobalizationoftheworldeconomyhasresultedinadeclineinthedominanceofU.S.firmsintheglobalmarketplaceIn1973,48.5%oftheworlds260largestMNEswereU.S.firmsBy2006,just24oftheworlds100largestnon-financialMNEswerefromtheU.S.,13werefromFrance,12fromGermany,12werefromBritain,and9werefromJapan,and7oftheworldslargest100MNEswerefromdevelopingeconomies,.,24,TheChangingNatureoftheMultinationalEnterprise,WhilemostinternationaltradeandinvestmentisconductedbylargeMNEs,manysmallandmedium-sizefirmsareexpandinginternationallyTheInternethasmadeiteasierformanysmallercompaniestobuildinternationalsales,.,25,TheChangingWorldOrder,Today,manymarketsthathadbeenclosedtoWesternfirmsareopenThecollapseofcommunisminEasternEuropehascreatedahostofexportandinvestmentopportunitiesEconomicdevelopmentinChinahascreatedhugeopportunitiesdespitecontinuedCommunistcontrolFreemarketreformsanddemocracyinLatinAmericahavecreatedopportunitiesfornewmarketsandnewsourcesofmaterialsandproduct