数字图书馆技术的渊源,进展,和反思

,DigitalLibrariesandtheFutureofLibraryProfessions数字图书馆技术的渊源，进展，和反思,蔡国瑞CollegeofInformationSciencesandTechnologyPennStateUniversity,PennStateandi-schoolmovement,宾州州立大学是iSchool团体的发起者。Refocusoninformationascoreconstruct,versuscomputingorcomputersMultidisciplinaryapproachWorkwith,anddirectlyincorporate,manydisciplinaryperspectivesCognitiveScience,CommunicationStudies,ComputerScience,Design,Economics,InformationManagement,Law,LibraryScience,OrganizationalScience,Policy,SoftwareEngineering,SystemAssurance,globalization,i-schoolcommunity,UniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyUniversityofCalifornia,IrvineUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngelesDrexelUniversityFloridaStateUniversityGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyUniversityofIllinoisIndianaUniversityUniversityofMarylandUniversityofMichiganUniversityofNorthCarolinaThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityUniversityofPittsburghRutgers,theStateUniversityofNewJerseySyracuseUniversityUniversityofTexasUniversityofTorontoUniversityofWashingtonWuhanUniversity,美国“大科学的先驱”范内瓦布什VannevarBush,科学家、教育家和政府官员罗斯福总统的科学顾问信息时代的教父曼哈顿计划,NSF,ARPA,Internet、硅谷，都与他密切相关。相当于中国的钱学森,信息时代的教父VannevarBush,1945年，布什发表著名的论文如我们所想（AsWeMayThink）,Busharguedthatthesheervolumeofinformationwouldoverwhelmtraditionalmethodsofacquisition,storage,andanalysis.Hearguedthatscienceandtechnologycouldhelpinthetaskoforganizingknowledge.,OurMindsneedtoolstohelp,Wehavetoolsforhands,eyes,clothing,food,Shelters,Whatabouttoolsforourmind?,MEMEX,Bush(1945)设想了一种能够存储大量信息，并能在相关信息之间建立联系的机器MEMEX。这个想象正是现在的DigitalLibraty和Internet。,Memex（memoryCitationanalysis;Practicalretrieval;Bibliometrics;Generallibrarysystemstheory(includinglibraryautomation);Sciencecommunication;Userstudiesandtheory;Indexingtheory;Citationtheory;andCommunicationtheory.,Crowdsourcing,Goalsforlibrarycrowdsourcing:gettinguserstomarktheerrorsinourcatalogues;ratingthereliabilityofinformation/records;addinginformationtorecords;verifyingnameauthorityfiles;addingusercreatedcontenttocollections;creatinge-books;correctingfulltext;transcribinghandwrittenrecords;describingitemsthatwehavenotmadeaccessiblebecausetheyarenotcatalogued/describedyet.,Example:DigitalHumanityScholarship,/lancelot_grail/,Crowdsourcing,Benefitstolibraries:Buildingnewvirtualcommunitiesandusergroups.Activelyinvolvingandengagingthecommunitywiththelibraryanditsotherusersandcollections.Utilisingtheknowledge,expertiseandinterestofthecommunity.Improvingthequalityofdata/resource(e.g.bytext,orcataloguecorrections),resultinginmoreaccuratesearching.Addingvaluetodata(e.g.byadditionofcomments,tags,ratings,reviews).Makingdatadiscoverableindifferentwaysforamorediverseaudience(e.g.bytagging).Gainingfirst-handinsightonuserdesiresandtheanswerstodifficultquestionsbyaskingandthenlisteningtothecrowd.,FutureLibrarianProfessionalpractices,Cataloging:notmuchleft,alldonecentrallyAcquisitions:mostlybecomeslargeandbundledCirculation:largelyautomated,replacedbyon-lineaccessReserveshelf:almostcertainlygoneReference:perhapsmorecomplex,anddifferentRemoteclientsEmphasisonelectronicsearching&deliverySpecialcollections:increasedinimportance,Reinventtheprofession,FromLibraryProfessiontoInformationProfessionBroadenthesenseof“information”and“informationScience”,Whatisinformation?,Manyinterpretations:Informationasphenomena(likephysics)Informationasresource(Librarytradition)Informationassignalstravelingthroughcomputersandnetworks(Electronicsandnetworks)Informationisthatwhichaffectsorchangesthestateofamind.Informationistreatedasdirectlyinvolvingcognitiveprocessingandunderstanding,“Information”intheBroadsense,Informationistreatedinacontext.Informationinvolvesnotonlymessages(firstsense)thatarecognitivelyprocessed(secondsense),butalsoacontextsituation,task,problem-at-hand,andthelike.Usinginformationthathasbeencognitivelyprocessedforagiventaskisanexample.Inadditiontoothersenses,itinvolvesmotivationorintentionality,andthereforeitisconnectedtotheexpansivesocialcontextorhorizon,suchasculture,work,orproblemat-hand.,MovementofInformationProfession,From“system-centered”to“Human-centered”Concentratesonthecognitive,interactive,andcontextualendoftheprocess.Itaddressedusers,use,situations,context,andinteractionwithsystems,ratherthanIRsystemsaloneasaprimaryfocus.,Data,Information,knowledge,SupportingKnowledgeproduction,KnowledgeCrystallization,NewProfessionalPracticesandSkillsets,Technologyskills:(fromhightolow)DLarchitectureandsoftwareTechnicalandqualitystandardsWebmarkuplanguagesDatabasedevelopmentandmanagementsystemsWebdesignskillsLibrary-related:TheneedsofusersDigitalarchivingandpreservationCataloging,MetadataIndexingCollectiondevelopment,NewProfessionalPracticesandSkillsets,Others:CommunicationandinterpersonalskillsProjectmanagement/leadershipskillsLegalissuesGrant/proposalwritingskillsTeachingandgrouppresentationskills,反思,More-Fast-Better,EffectofindustrializationAccelerationofjustabouteverythin:work,love,life,speech,politics,work,TV,leisure.consumersapparentlyfeltnoneedtoconsumelargerquantitiesatafasterpace.WeareequippedtoproducemoreofthegoodsthatsatisfyhumanwantsthanwecanuseThismore-faster-betterphilosophyoflifeischallenged,NoTimetoThink,Theacceleratingpaceoflifeisreducingthetimeforthoughtfulreflection(Levy2009)thelossoftimetothinkisoccurringatexactlythemomentwhenscholars,educators,andstudentshavegainedaccesstodigitaltoolsofgreatvaluetoscholarship,Bushsvisionfailed,VannevarBush(60yearsago)wastoaugmentthescholarsabilitytothink.Byproposingtechnologiestoautomatethemoreroutineaspectsofthought,Bushhopedtofreeupmoretimeforscholarstodevotetothecreativeaspectsoftheirwork.Howhasitcometopassthattechnologiesdevelopedtomakemoretimetothinkhaveseeminglyhadtheoppositeeffect?whatdoesitmeanforlibrarians?,Leisure:Thebasisofculture,Pieper(1952)WorriesaboutthedehumanizingeffectsofeconomicandproductionworkPieperarguedthatleisurewasthehighestgood,theultimateaimofhumanlife,andworkwasalesser,thoughstillnecessary,formofactivity.DistinguishtwokindsofworkRatioisthepowerofdiscursivethought.Intellectusreferstotheabilityofsimplylooking,WaysofThinking,DeepreflectioncouldntbehurriedscholararederivedfromtheGreekwordforleisure,SupportingContemplativeScholarship,CreativeenvironmentfordiscussionandcontemplationLibraryasplaceforcontemplativescholarshipUnderstandcreativethinkingandfollowthenature.(neuroscienceismakinggreatstridesinunderstandingmindandbrainprocesses)Howtoavoidthetrendofaccelerationinscholarshipproduction?moreideas!,GeographicalInformationRetrieval,Problem,Document/Query,GeographicScope,ThematicScope,Footprints(coordinates)SpatialindexingSpatialrelevance,Keywords(termvectors)TextualindexingThematicrelevance,GeographicRepresentation,ThematicRepresentation,Problem,Document/Query,GeographicScope,ThematicScope,Footprints(coordinates)SpatialindexingSpatialrelevance,Keywords(termvectors)TextualindexingVectorspacerelevance,GeographicRepresentation,ThematicRepresentation,Onerelevancescore,How?,RelatedWork,Currentmethods:(Martinsetal.2005)(Cai,2002)(Vogt&Cottrell,1999)WeightedsumofindividualrelevancescoresProductofindividualscoresMaximum(winnertakeall)Step-linearfunctionAstaticformulaisusedtocombinegeo-andthematicrelevancescores.-Aproblem!AndradeandSilva(2006)showedthattherelativeimportanceofthematicandgeographicrelevanceisquery-dependent,OurWork,Infertherelativeimportanceofgeographicandthematicrelevancebyanalyzingthenatureofthequery.Userstendtousemorespecifictermswhentheyemphasizeanaspectofthequery.Thatleadstothenotionofqueryspecificity.,Method,Thenotionofqueryspecificity:howspecific(orgeneral)aqueryis.Thematicspecificity:howspecificthethematictermsinaqueryareGeographicspecificity:howspecificthegeographicscopeinaqueryisAssumption:Thematicorgeographicspecificityrevealstherelativepowerofcorrespondingrelevancescoreindeterminingthedocumentranking.,Method,ComputingThematicSpecificity,Considerthethematicspecificityasafunctionofthespecificityofitscomposingterms.(SUMisusedhere)Thematicspecificityofatermisdeterminedbycombiningacollection-basedmeasure(Jones,1972)withanontology-basedmeasure(ZakosandVerma,2005).(PRODUCTisusedhere),ComputingGeographicSpecificity,Theratiooftheareaofthegeographicscopeofthequerytermtothatofthedocumentcollection,DynamicCombinationScheme,Method1:weightedsum,Where,DynamicCombinationScheme,Method2:Dempster-ShafertheoryTworelevancescoresastwoindependentsourcesofevidencetoindicatetheprobabilitythatadocumentisrelevanttoauserqueryThespecificitymeasuresasindicatorsofthecertaintyforeachsourceofevidenceDonotassumecompleteknowledge(comparetoMethod1),Evaluation,ExperimentSetupDataset:3000ofnewsandblogsextractedfromtheWeb.Parsingandindexing:Thematicindexing:standardinvertedfile(Lucene)Geograp