高中英语语法系统讲解之二代词和数词

代词和数词代词根据指代对象的不同，代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。一. 人称代词：有主格个宾格两种形式，它们也有单复数变化，具体情况如下：数格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit1. 人称代词的主格在句中作主语或表语。如Tom waited a while but eventually he went home. Tom hoped the passenger would be Lily and indeed it was she. 温馨提示：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。如When he arrived, Tom went straight to the bank.2. 人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语。如I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.(前一个her作宾语，them作介词宾语，后一个her作表语)3. 人称代词的指代问题 不定代词anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，on one，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可he，his，him代替。如Nobody came, did he? 动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he，she，带有亲切的感情色彩。如Give the kitty some food. She is hungry. 指代国家、船舶、车辆等的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。如China will always do what she has promised to do.5. 并列人称代词的排列顺序 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称 + 第三人称 + 第一人称。如You, he and I are of the same age. 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称 + 第二人称 + 第三人称。如we + you + they二. 物主代词 单数复数形容词性名词性形容词性名词性第一人称mymineourours第二人称youryouryouryours第三人称hishistheirtheirsherhersitsits 形容词性物主代词作定语；名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语等句子成分。如He is my teacher.(定语) -Whose book is this?-Its mine.(表语)Ive finished my homework. Have you finished yours?(宾语)1. ones own意为“完全属于自己的”，作前置定语；of ones own后不可加名词，只能作后置定语。如I want to have free time of my own. = I want to have my own free time.2. “of + 名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.3. 形容词性物主代词（用ones替代）构成固定短语。如lose ones way; do ones homework; try ones best; make ones way; earn ones living; hold ones breath; keep ones word; make up ones mind; save ones life; take ones time. try ones luck.三. 反身代词：第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成，第三人称的反身代词由人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。人称数第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves 在句中反身代词可作宾语、表语、同位语等。1. 作宾语 有些动词常用反身代词作宾语，如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。 They enjoyed themselves very much last night. Please help yourself to some fish. I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 用于及物动词 + 宾语 + 介词。如take pride in, be annoyed with等。 Are you trying to make a fool of yourself?2. 作表语。如I am not myself today.3. 作同位语。如The thing itself is not important.4. 在不强调的情况下，but，except，for等介词后的宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如No one but myself (me) is hurt. 温馨提示： 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。如Myself drove the car.() I myself drove the car.() 四. 指示代词：用来指代或标记人或事物。常用的有this，that，these，those，such，so，the same等。具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。1. 指示代词this和that的区别 this（these）一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that（those）常指时间或空间较远的人或物。如This is my desk and that is yours. this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。如 I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come. 温馨提示： 在口语中，this和that可用作副词修饰形容词，表示程度。如I didnt realize it was going to be this far. (=as far as this) If your friend is that clever, why isnt he rich? 2. such用法such一般在句中作定语和主语；在作定语时，它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词a（an）应放在such之后；而such在与不定代词no，some，any，several，many，little，few，all等连用时，such放在它们的后面。如Such is Elbert Einstein, a famous physicist.Roger is such a nice person. All such problems have been solved.3. so的用法 有些动词，如think，say，hear，do，hope，believe，expect，fear，be afraid等后，常用so替代上文提到的内容或情况。如-The new English teacher is very strict. -Ive heard so. -Can you beat the Bulls? -Yes, I believe so. Who do you think dare say so then? 另外，so还可以用于以下句型中作替代词使用： so + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词 + 主语 （甲乙两个不同的对象具有相同的情况） so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词（甲陈述某一情况，听话人乙赞同甲的说法） 主语 + 助动词 /情态动词 / 连系动词 + so（甲吩咐、命令乙去做某事，乙照办了） 如-He must be going now.-So must I. -John studies French.-So he does. He asked me to open the window. I did so.4. the same的用法 the same单独使用时，指刚提到过的同一人或物。如I bought a new house last year, but soon sold the same. the same后跟as，用以引出所谈及的范围。如He is the same age as you. 温馨提示：the sameas “与一样的（不是同一个）”， This is the same pen as I lost. the samethat指“同一个”。 This is the same watch that I lost.五. 不定代词：指代不明确的人或物。代替名词或形容词，表示不同的数量概念。可数one, each, many, both, another, eigher, neither, (a) few不可数much, (a) little可数不可数none, any, other, all, some复合不定代词anyone, anybody,anything; someone, somebody, something;everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing 1. 不定代词的语法特征 every和no只能用作形容词，不能用作代词。 复合不定代词只起代词作用，作主语时，谓语动词一概用单数。表物类的复合不定代词，指代代词用单数，即it，its；表人类的复合不定代词，指代代词通常用复数，即they，their或them等。如He said something was lost, but he didnt say what it was. Someone is waiting for me at the school gate, but I have no idea who they are (or who he or she is). 复合不定代词都不可接of短语，但some one，every one，any one都是两个词，之后可接of短语（但no one不可接of短语）。如Every one of the students can speak good English.2. 不定代词的用法辨析 one，some与any的用法 one可以泛指任何人，复数形式是ones，可用作主语和宾语；ones是它的物主代词形式，可用作定语；oneself是它的反身代词形式，可用作主语和宾语。some和any通常都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前，表示“某一”。some用于数词前，表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句中。 如-Do you have a pen?-Yes, I have one (= a pen).(泛指) One should not praise oneself. I have some money in my pocket, but it is not enough. Do you have any? 温馨提示： some可用于表示邀请、请求、答案肯定的问句中，如Could you let me have some coffee?(请求) Would you like some bananas?(邀请) some和any可用作主语和宾语。如Some are singing, while others are dancing.(主语) Does any of you know Mr Wang?(主语) I dont like any of the books.(宾语) another，other，the other，others，the others的用法不定代词意义用法说明another三者以上中的任何一个，另一个指三者或三者以上中的任何一个，用作代词或形容词，如I dont like this coat. Show me another,please.other另外的，相当于形容词只作定语，常与复数名词或不可数名词连用；但如果前面有the，this，that，some，any，each，every，no，one及my，your，his等时，则可与单数名词连用，如any other plant, every other daythe other两者中的另一个常与one连用，构成：onethe other“一个另一个”；作定语修饰复数名词时，表示另一方中的“全部其余的”others泛指别的人或物是other的复数形式，泛指别的人或物（但不是全部），不能作定语，构成someothersthe others特指其余的人或物是the other的复数形式，特指其余的人或物，常构成somethe othersall，both，either，each，neither和every的用法词性数量意义、用法allpron.三个以上的人或物1.作主语指“所有的人”时谓语为复数，指“所有的事情”时，谓语为单数。 2.not无论放在all前还是后，都是部分否定，全部否定用none，除了all之外，both，each，every以及由every构成的不定代词，加not都是部分否定，若要表示全部否定，需要借助neither，nothing，no one，nobody和no构成不定代词等词。 3.可以和of短语连用。bothpron.两个人或物可以和of短语连用。eitherpron.两者中任何一个还可作副词，表示“也”，用在否定句句尾。neitherpron.两者都不还可表示“也不”，此时以neither开头常用倒装形式。eachpron.adj.两者以上的每一个1.强调个体 2.可以与of短语连用everyadj.三者以上中的每一个1.强调整体 2.不能与of短语连用 none，no one，nothing与no的用法A. none既可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指概念，常用来回答how many / much引导的疑问句；no one只能指人，且只能是泛指概念，常用来回答who引导的疑问句；nothing“什么也没有”，否定一切，常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如-How many people are there in the room now?-None. -Who is in the room?-No one / Nobody.B. none后面可加of引导的介词短语，而something / anything / everything / nothing; someone / anyone / everyone / no one却不能。C. no = not any，在句子中作定语，修饰可数或不可数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。 如There is no water in the well.(定语) None of them knows the story.(主语) I know none of them.(宾语) 易错误区：全部否定和部分否定 none, no one, nobody, nothing, neither, not any以及no + 名词均表示全部否定；但当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句中时，not在其前或其后均表示部分否定。 如Both of us are not teachers.(或Not both of us are teachers.) (部分否定) Neither of us in a teacher.(全部否定) All of the books are not English books.(或Not all of the books are English books.) (部分否定) None of the books are English books. (全部否定) 另外：any所修饰的名词或由any构成的复合名词作主语时，谓语动能不能用否定式。 如Anything cannot stop him going there.() Nothing can stop him going there.() few, a few, little 与a little的用法词义用法例句few几乎没有（否定）修饰可数名词复数Few of them can speak French.a few有几个（肯定）修饰可数名词复数I have only a few books.little几乎没有（否定）修饰不可数名词Little has been done to end the strike.a little有一点（肯定）修饰不可数名词A little water is enough.温馨提示：not a bit = not at all not a little = very (much) -Would you mind my opening the window?-Not a bit. I have been working foe ten hours without stopping. Im not a little tired. many与much的用法 主要用于疑问句和否定句，肯定句多用a lot of；many修饰可数名词；much修饰不可数名词。如Do you have many friends there? Do they take much interest in it? much用作副词修饰比较级，“得多”。如I feel much better now.六. 相互代词（each other，one another）：相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each others，one anothers，作定语。一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。如They looked at each other and laughed. We can wear each others clothes. We all try and help one another.七. 疑问代词（who，whom，which，what，whose等）：在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、和表语等。八. 连接代词：引导名词性中从句的从句；关系代词：引导定语从句。九. 替代词it（them），one（ones），that（those）的用法1. it指代前面出现的单数名词；them指代前面出现的复数名词。如Yesterday I lost my pen, but Ive found it. Yesterday I lost my pens, but Ive found them.2. one指代一个不确定的泛指的人或物，它代替的名词是“a + 名词”。其复数为ones。 如Yesterday I lost my pen, but now Ive bought one. Yesterday I lost my pens, but now Ive bought ones.3. that指代特定的，但不是同一事物，可指代可数名词或不可数名词，它代替的名词是“the + 名词”。其复数为those。如My seat is next to that of our teacher. Compare your answers with those of your classmates.十. it的用法1. 用作人称代词，代替上文提到过的事物。如He bought a new house last year and he has moved into it now. Its a cold-blood one.2. 用以代替指示代词this，that。如-What this?-Its a flag.3. 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。如Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? -Who is making such a noise?-It must be the children.4. it无指代性，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark.5. it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如Its awfulIve got so much work I dont know where to start.6. 可在介词后占有宾语的位置，然后通过that引出一个介词宾语从句。如You may depend on it that they will support you.7. 作形式主语：当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。如Its foolish talking like that.8. 作形式宾语：当不定式或动名词短语作宾语说，常把它们置于宾补之后，而用it作句子的形式宾语。如I felt it my right to know the truth.9. 用于强调句型：要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、状语、宾语），可以用于强调句型“It is（was）+ 被强调部分 + that（who）+ 句子的其余部分”。如果强调的部分是人， 可用who，whom代替that。10. it引起的几个易混时间句型： It + be + 时间 + since-clause，“自从以来已多久了”如It is three years since she life Beijing. It is three years since she lived in Beijing. It + be + 时间 + before-clause，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为“过多长时间才”；主句中的谓语动词是否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be；用was时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be时，before从句常用一般现在时。如It was not long before she learned those poems by heart. It was long before the police arrived. It will be hours before he makes a decision. It + be + 时间 + when-clause，主句中的谓语顶次和从句中的位于动词在时态上一般是一致的，主句是will be，when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。如It was already 8 oclock when we got home. It was the next morning when we finished our work. It will be midnight when they get there.数词一. 数词的基本用法1. 基数词100以下的基本基数词100以上的基本基数词110111920901 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen20 twenty30 thirty40 forty50 fifty60 sixty70 seventy80 eighty90 ninety100 a / one hunderd1,000 a / one thousand1,000,000 a / one million1,000,000,000 a / one billion (美) a / one thousand million (英) 112为独立单词 1319在个位数词的词干上加后缀-teen构成 2090以-ty结尾 2199在十位与个位之间加连字符“-”，如36写成thirty-six 101999由hundred加and再加二位数或末位数，如263写成two hunderd and sixty-three 506写成five hunderd and six hundred，thousand，million以及billion表示确切数字时不能加-s，如five hunderd；而在表示不确定数目时，表示“数以计的”，要用复数形式，如hundreds of；thousand of；millions of。 温馨提示： 英语中没有表示“万”和“亿”的数词，“万”用“十千”即“ten thousand”表示；“亿”则用“100个百万”即“one hundred million”表示。 书写四位以上的数字时，右起每三位加一个“，”。每一个“，”号的前一位依次为thousand，million，billion。如123，406，571，982，读作“one hundred and twenty-three billion four hundred and six million five hundred and seventy-one thousand nine hundred and eight-two”. dozen的用法A. 与数词，many，several等连用时，不加“-s”，所修饰的名词前常省去“of”。如two dozen eggs many dozen pencilsB. 当所修饰的名词之前有限定词these，those，my，your等或是人称代词宾格them，us，you时，这时需要加of。如two dozen of these pens three dozen of themC. dozen用其复数形式，后加of表示不的数量，意为“许多，几十”。如dozens of people score的用法A. 单复数形式相同，与基数词连用共同修饰名词时，除a score of外，其他情况下不加of。 如two score eggs three score people four score and ten pigs B. 其复数形式后加of，表示不确定数量，意为“许多”，如scores of students2. 序数词 从第一至第十九 其中，onefirst, twosecond, threethird, fivefifth, eighteighth, nineninth, twelvetwelfth为特殊形式，其他的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。如sixsixth 从二十至第九十九 整数第几十的形成由其对应的基数词改变词尾字母y为i，再加“eth”构成。 如twentytwentieth。表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“-”和个位序数词形式一起表示。如第三十一 thirtyfirst 第一百以上的多位序数词 由基数词的形式变最后数为序数词形式来表达。如第一百二十一 one hundred and twenty-first 序数词的缩写形式 温馨提示： 序数词前面通常加定冠词the，表示“第几”，但也可以在前面用不定冠词a或an，意为“又再。如Try a secone time and youll succeed. After having the fourth apple, the boy ate a fifth one. 基数词与序数词连用时，通常是序数词在前。如the first three pages of the book 序数词之前已有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用定冠词。如Ill never forget that first lesson taught by Mr Wang. Have you read his second novel?二. 小数、分数、百分数的表达法及基本用法1. 分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数形式。如三分之一one (a) third 三分之二 two thirds 一又三分之二one and two thirds 注意：二分之一one (a) half 四分之一one (a) quarter 2. 百分数由基数词后直接加percent构成。如30% 30 percent (per cent)3. 表示几分之几（或百分之几）的人或物时，须在分数（或百分数）和人或物间加of。若充当主语，谓语动词的数须和of后的名词的数保持一致。如About three-fifths of the workers in that steel works are young people. Sixty percent of her income was spent on clothes. 温馨提示：分数、百分数等也可用于下面的各种表达法中。如We increased 20% as many products as last year. We lost the game by one score.三. 倍数的表达法 表示倍数时，一倍用once，两倍用twice / double，三倍以上用基数词 + times。数词表达倍数主要有以下几种方式：1. double / twice / three times / four times as many / muchas型 如We have produced three times as many computers as we did last year.2. double / twice / three times / four times the size of型 用法与size相同的名词常用的有：weight, height, depth, width, age, length等。如China is almost twice / double the size of Mexico in area.3. double / twice / three times / four times + what从句型 如The length of the road is twice / double what is was three years ago.4. double / twice / three times / four times + 比较级 + than型 如I am twice older than you. He has read three times more books than I have.5. 比较级 + than + by + 倍数程度型 如The line is longer than that one by twice.四.