英语写作常见十大语法错误ppt课件

英语写作常见十大语法错误,“TopTenCommonErrors”inEnglishWriting,1,一、句子不完整a.一个简单句有两个基本成分：主语和谓语动词，两者缺一不可。1.TheythinkbuyJapanesegoodsishavingnothingtodowithlovingthemotherland.TheythinktobuyJapanesegoodsishavingnothingtodowithlovingthemotherland.2.ResisttheJapaneseproductsisoneofthiswaysToresisttheJapaneseproductsisoneofthisways3.ThiswillonlyharmtoChinamore.ThiswillonlydoharmtoChinamore.,2,b.如果一个句子有从句，也必须保证从句的完整性。,1.ManypeopleareconsideringwhethertoboycottthepurchaseofJapanesegoodsornot,fortheDiaoyuIslandincident/events.ManypeopleareconsideringwhethertoboycottthepurchaseofJapanesegoodsornot,fortheChinesepeopleareenragedbytheDiaoyuIslandincident/events.2.SomeonethinkitnecessarytorefusetobuyJapanesegoods.SomeonethinkitisnecessarytorefusetobuyJapanesegoods.,3,c.介词后面一定要加名词、代词或者从句作宾语。1.PeoplewhosticktobeagainstthebehaviorofJapaneseclaimtodestroyallthegoodsPeoplewhosticktobeingagainstthebehaviorofJapaneseclaimtodestroyallthegoods2.TheyevenmakeextremebehaviorbythenameofChinese,likehitcarswhicharemadeinJapan.TheyevenmakeextremebehaviorbythenameofChinese,likehittingcarswhicharemadeinJapan.,4,二、句子成分多余a.一个简单句通常只有一个主语，如果主语超过一个，要使用连词构成并列主语。Smoking,drinkingarebannedinmanyplacesofwork.Smokinganddrinkingarebannedinmanyplacesofwork.,5,b.如果一个句子中出现多个谓语动词，要使用连词连接构成并列动词，或者在一些句子中使用关系代词构成复合句。有一些动词后面可以跟动词作宾语或者宾语补足语。1.Themediadistortsreality,categoriesthingsasallgoodorallbad.Themediadistortsrealityandcategoriesthingsasallgoodorallbad.2.ShouldweChineseboycottJapaneseGoodsishotlydebatedrecentlybecauseoftheterritorialdisputerforDiaoyuIslands.WhetherweChineseshouldboycottJapaneseGoodsishotlydebatedrecentlybecauseoftheterritorialdisputerforDiaoyuIslands.3.PeoplethinkitisterriblethatwestopbuyJapanesegoods.PeoplethinkitisterriblethatwestopbuyingJapanesegoods.,6,c.如果一个句子出现多个宾语，一般要使用连词连接构成并列宾语。但是也有一些动词，如give，offer等可以跟双宾语。Morepeoplewouldprefercycling,walkingifconditionswereright.Morepeoplewouldprefercyclingorwalkingifconditionswereright.,7,d.如果出现两个句子，中间除了用加连词这种方法之外，还可以用标点符号分割，比如用句号或者分号。句号和分号在语法上有连词的功能，其前后要有完整的句子；而逗号、括号则不能够连接完整的句子。Educationhasbeenmadeavailabletomorepeoplenowadays,however,manyadultshavesomeproblemswithliteracyandnumeracy.Educationhasbeenmadeavailabletomorepeoplenowadays;however,manyadultshavesomeproblemswithliteracyandnumeracy.,8,e.部分名词短语可独立作时间状语，前面不能加介词。Peoplecantraveltoandfromdutyineverydayonfootorbybike.Peoplecantraveltoandfromdutyeverydayonfootorbybike.,9,f.一般来说，because和so,although和but等连词不能够同时用在一个句子当中。Althoughthecrimerateisfallinginmanypartsoftheworld,butviolentcrimesareconstantlyrampant.Althoughthecrimerateisfallinginmanypartsoftheworld,violentcrimesareconstantlyrampant.,10,g.用词避免累赘，同义词或近义词最好不要同时出现。Teamworkisindispensable,essentialandcrucialifyouarenotanexperiencedlearnerorworker.Teamworkisindispensableifyouarenotanexperiencedlearnerorworker.,11,三、时态、语态使用错误a.情态动词后面加动词原形1.Wecandowhatweshouldtodo,wecandowhatwecouldtodowecandowhatweshoulddo,wecandowhatwecando2.Clothesfortravelshouldwaslightweightandpractical.Clothesfortravelshouldbelightweightandpractical.,12,b.助动词，主要有：do(does,did),be(am,is,are,was,were),have(has,had),shall(should),will(would)Isitseemreasonable?Doesitseemreasonable?助动词be后的动词不能是原形，一定要是动词的现在分词或者过去分词形式。Thebudgetofacountryshouldbebalanceeachyear.Thebudgetofacountryshouldbebalancedeachyear.,13,c.有些句子的谓语动词由助动词（或情态动词）与实义动词构成，以构成一定的语态或时态。IfeverybodybuysgoodswhicharemadeinChinareplaceJapanesegoods.IfJapanesegoodsarereplacedbyonesaremadeinChina.,14,d.动词的语态要分清主动和被动。1.ifweboycottJapanesegoodsentirely,twocountriesrelationswillcompletelybreak,ifweboycottJapanesegoodsentirely,twocountriesrelationswillcompletelybebroken,2.Consumerconfidencewillimprove,whichiscrucialtoaneconomicrecovery.Consumerconfidencewillbeimproved,whichiscrucialtoaneconomicrecovery.,15,e.被动语态中,如果谓语动词是由动介或动副短语构成且位于句尾，那么后面的介词或者副词不能够省略。Atthenursinghome,elderscanbewellcared.Atthenursinghome,elderscanbewellcaredfor.,16,四、前后不一致a.动名词和不定式做主语的时候谓语动词用单数。1.Raisingstandardsofliteracyarethegovernmentspriority.Raisingstandardsofliteracyisthegovernmentspriority.2.Torearachildalonearechallengingtoanyparent.Torearachildaloneischallengingtoanyparent.,17,b.当主语后跟着with,togetherwith,coupledwith,combinedwith,aswellas,like等词引导的短语时，谓语动词的数跟前面主语的数保持一致。Overworking,coupledwithpoordiet,leadtophysicaldegeneration.Overworking,coupledwithpoordiet,leadstophysicaldegeneration.,18,c.不定代词anybody,anything,everybody,everything,nobody,nothing,somebody,something,each,none等作主语，谓语动词用单数。Evenifsomebodyfallsick,everythinggoonasusual.Evenifsomebodyfallssick,everythinggoesonasusual.,19,d.neithernor或者eitheror引导主语的时候，谓语动词的数视邻近动词的那个主语而定。e.定语从句中动词的数应该与先行词的数保持一致。Parenting,whichareastressfuljob,hasbeenincreasinglyvaluedbysociety.Parenting,whichisastressfuljob,hasbeenincreasinglyvaluedbysociety.,20,f.由what,whether,how,that,where等词引导主语从句，从句的谓语动词用单数。Nowadays,whetherDiaoyuIslandsbelongtoChinaorJapanbecomethefocusofthedebate.Nowadays,whetherDiaoyuIslandsbelongtoChinaorJapanbecomesthefocusofthedebate.,21,g.thenumberof+名词的复数，后面谓语动词用单数；anumberof+名词的复数，后面谓语动词用复数；ahugeamountof+不可数名词，后面谓语动词用单数。Asignificantnumberofyoungpeoplehasbeenleavingthecountrysideforurbanareas.Asignificantnumberofyoungpeoplehavebeenleavingthecountrysideforurbanareas.,22,五、谓语动词使用错误a.及物动词后一定要加名词或者名词性质的成分作宾语，构成主语+谓语动词+宾语的基本句型；否则就是错误的。Iwilldiscussinsomedetail.Iwilldiscussthistopicinsomedetail.,23,b.不及物动词后不能直接加任何名词或者名词性的词语作宾语，如果要加宾语，则要加介词；不及物动词没有被动语态。1.Theaccidentwassimilartoonethatwashappenedlastyear.Theaccidentwassimilartoonethathappenedlastyear.2.Idisagreemanypointsmadebythesupportersofglobalization.Idisagreewithmanypointsmadebythesupportersofglobalization.,24,c.有些动词词组不用被动语态。常见的有dependon,relyon,surviveon,ariseform,stemfrom,belongto,consistof，等等。1.PeoplewhofavortheviewbelievethatDiaoYuislandsarebelongedtoChina.PeoplewhofavortheviewbelievethatDiaoYuislandsbelongtoChina.2.Asuccessfulorganizationshouldnotbeconsistedentirelyofolderpeople.Asuccessfulorganizationshouldnotconsistentirelyofolderpeople.,25,d.有一些及物动词后面常跟双宾语，构成主语+谓语动词+双宾语的基本句型（如bring,deny,grant,rend,show等等）Weshouldnotdenychildrenthattheyhavetheopportunitytostudywhattheylike.Weshouldnotdenychildrentheopportunitytostudywhattheylike.,26,e.有一些及物动词后面跟宾语和宾语补足语，构成主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语的基本句型。注意：make,have,let这三个使役动词后面跟的宾语补足语常用不加to的动词不定式。1.InordertoletJapaneseknownthatweareunifiedintoaunitedfrontwithourgovernment.InordertoletJapaneseknowthatweareunifiedintoaunitedfrontwithourgovernment.2.Whetherwelikeitornot,ourfamiliesshapeourlivesandmakeustobewhatweare.Whetherwelikeitornot,ourfamiliesshapeourlivesandmakeuswhatweare.,27,f.系动词后面接表语，构成主语+系动词+表语的基本句型。比如be,seem,look,get,stay,remain等。1.副词不能作表语，形容词则可以。Cyclingisbeneficiallytoourhealth.Cyclingisbeneficialtoourhealth.2.系动词一般不用被动。Mostchildrenareseemedtobebetteratrememberingbadhabits,insteadofgoodones.Mostchildrenseemtobebetteratrememberingbadhabits,insteadofgoodones.,28,六、词性理解错误a.可数名词和不可数名词1.单数可数名词前一定要加限定词；对不可数名词则无此约束。Computerisamachineforcollecting,processingandpresentinginformation.Acomputerisamachineforcollecting,processingandpresentinginformation.,29,2.有一些词或者短语后面要加复数可数名词（例如afew,few,avarietyof,various,other,numerous,anumberof,different,oneof,many等）Smokingcessationisoneofthelikelyfactorthatcontributetothedevelopmentofobesity.Smokingcessationisoneofthelikelyfactorsthatcontributetothedevelopmentofobesity.,30,3.有一些词或者短语后面要加单数可数名词（例如anyother,another,each,neither,either）Manyteenagersbeginsmokinghabitsduetopeerpressurebutnotforanyotherreasons.Manyteenagersbeginsmokinghabitsduetopeerpressurebutnotforanyotherreason.,31,4.有一些词或者短语后面要加不可数名词（例如alittle,little,much等）。Littleprogresseshavebeenmadetowardstacklingpoverty.Littleprogresshasbeenmadetowardstacklingpoverty.,32,5.当主语被some/any,aproportionof,amajorityof等修饰的时候，谓语的数要与主语的数保持一致。Inmostdevelopedcountriesahighproportionofthepopulationnowentershighereducationatsometimeintheirlives.Inmostdevelopedcountriesahighproportionofthepopulationnowenterhighereducationatsometimeintheirlives.,33,b.冠词1.有一些形容词前面常加定冠词（比如only,very“恰好”,same等）Peoplewithsameexperienceshouldbepaidsame.Peoplewiththesameexperienceshouldbepaidthesame.,34,2.序数词和形容词最高级前要加定冠词。1.Tourismhasbecomethetopearnerofforeigncurrencyformanycountriessincelatetwentiethcentury.Tourismhasbecomethetopearnerofforeigncurrencyformanycountriessincethelatetwentiethcentury.2.Thecigaretteismostcommonmethodofsmokingtobacco.Thecigaretteisthemostcommonmethodofsmokingtobacco.3.unique,university,union,European等词的第一音节为辅音，不定冠词应该用a；而hour和honour等单词的第一个音节为元音，因此不定冠词要用an。,35,c.介词1.介词后不能跟句子，注意其与连词的区别。比较容易被误用为连词的介词或者介词短语有despite,inspiteof,during,becauseof等。Manysmokersareunwillingtoceasesmokingdespitetheyhaveknowledgeofillhealtheffects.Manysmokersareunwillingtoceasesmokingdespitetheirknowledgeofillhealtheffects.,36,2.to在句子中可能是介词（需要加名词或者具备名词性质的内容），也可能是动词不定式符号。要根据具体情况注意区分。如，在contributeto,leadto,payattentionto,giveriseto等词组中，to都是介词。Thoughitleadstonumerouspeopleareunemployed,weshouldadoptsomemeasurestohandlethissituation.Thoughitleadstonumerouspeoplesunemployed,weshouldadoptsomemeasurestohandlethissituation.,37,3.有一些词既可以作介词也可以作连词（跟句子），如for,since,after,before等。Traditionalbuildingsaredesiredsometimes,forthesimplereasonisthattheyareofcommercialandculturalvalues.Traditionalbuildingsaredesiredsometimes,forthesimplereasonthattheyareofcommercialandculturalvalues.4.有些介词的用法是固定的，对于这种情况，必须牢记。IfwespendoneRMBonJapanesegoods,whichisequaltoweprovideabullettoJapan.IfwespendoneRMBonJapanesegoods,whichisequaltoweprovideabulletforJapan.,38,c.动词和非谓语动词1.不定式短语可以作后置定语修饰一个名词或者代词，常和这个名词或者代词在逻辑上形成动宾关系，此时如果不定式短语中的动词是不及物动词，需加上相应的介词。2.有些动词加不定式作宾语或宾语补足语，如want,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,cause,urge,force等。,39,e.代词Askingforadvicefromyourfamilyisbetterthanovercomingaproblemourselves.Askingforadvicefromyourfamilyisbetterthanovercomingaproblemyourself.,40,f.分词（分词具有形容词的性质）1.分词有时候放在名词后作定语，可以看作是定语从句的作用。2.分词常可以放在句首或者句末充当状语。这个时候，要注意分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作或者状态。Infacedoftheterritorialdisputes,wecandowhatweneedtodo,wecandowhatweshoulddoFacedwiththeterritorialdisputes,wecandowhatweneedtodo,wecandowhatweshouldtodo,41,g动名词和不定式动名词和不定式的一个常见区别是：动名词常表示状态、性质，描述抽象的、经常性的、已经发生的事情；而不定式常表示的是目的、原因，描述具体的、一次性的、将要发生的事情。但具体的区别需要根据具体情况而定。例：ThemainroleofateacheristeachingthestudentstheknowledgeaccumulatedovercenturiesofhumanexperienceThemainroleofateacheristoteachthestudentstheknowledgeaccumulatedovercenturiesofhumanexperience,42,h形容词和副词1副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句；形容词只可以用来描写或修饰名词和代词。例：TherearenoteasyanswerstotheproblemsfacingthiscountryTherearenoeasyanswerstotheproblemsfacingthiscountry,43,2双音节的形容词或者副词比较级应该加er，最高级应该加est。对于这类词的比较级和最高级要加以特别注意，很多考生经常将strong，young，healthy这些词误以为是三音节词。例：Inextremecircumstances，womenappeartobemorestrongthanexpectedInextremecircumstances，womenappeartobestrongerthanexpected3副词在句子中作状语，形容词作表语。例：YoungdriversalemorepossiblytohaveaccidentsthanolddriversYoungdriversaremorelikelytohaveaccidentsthanolddrivers,44,i连词1句子中的并列成分要用并列连词连接。例：Animmigranttoanewcountryisnormallyunemployed，homeless，friendlessAnimmigranttoanewcountryisnormallyunemployed，homelessorfriendless2从属连词(because，although，that等等)一定要连接两个句子。例：BecauseitisnotseriousBecauseitisnotserious，manycountriesdonottakeanyrealcountermeasures,45,3.疑问词who，what，which，where，how和when后直接加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语，它在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、表语等。例：Wedonotknowwhatdonext,aswehaveneverseenanythinglikeit.Wedonotknowwhattodonext，aswehaveneverseenanythinglikeit.Howdotheythink?Whydotheydothis?Howcantheythink?Whydotheydothis?,46,4however，therefore，otherwise，thus，hence等副词常被误认为是连词，这些词是不可以连接句子的。例：Today，manyyoungpeopleprefertoeatfastfoodsuchasfriedchickenorpizzainfastfoodrestaurant，therefore，youngpeoplehaveagreaterriskofoverweightToday，manyyoungpeopleprefertoeatfastfoodsuchasfriedchicken，orpizzainfastfoodrestaurants；therefore，youngpeoplehaveagreaterriskofoverweight,47,七、单词使用错误因为各种原因，很多同学对单词的理解有误，因此在写作过程中错用单词。常见的例子是insteadof，很多同学以为这是“代替”的意思，而insteadof不是动词，是介词。这样的例子还有很多，在这里不赘述。例1：TourismhasinsteadofagricultureasthemainindustryinmanyplacesTourismhasreplacedagricultureasthemainindustryinmanyplaces例2：Manypeoplecometothestreetandagainsttheso-calleddiaoyuislandsnationalization.Manypeoplecometothestreetandopposetheso-calleddiaoyuislandsnationalization.,48,例3：SomepeoplewhodothisthinkitwillstraightlyblockthedevelopmentofJapan.SomepeoplewhodothisthinkitwillstraightblockthedevelopmentofJapan.例4：ManyChineseciviliansarehavingonthisboycottbehaviourforJapanesesaggressiononmilitary、politicalandeconomic.ManyChineseciviliansarehavingonthisboycottbehaviourforJapanesesaggressiononmilitary、politicalandeconomicaffairs.,49,八、词序和语序a副词的位置1动词带有一至三个助动词时，频度副词一般放在第一个助动词之后；动词前有情态动词时，频度副词放在情态动词之后。例：TheimportanceofabalanceoftradetoahealthyeconomyhasbeenneverclearerthanitisnowTheimportanceofabalanceoftradetoahealthyeconomyhasneverbeenclearerthanitisnow,50,2在疑问句中，副词一般只能放在句中或句末。在有一个助动词或情态动词的疑问句中，副词常放在实义动词之前；在有两个助动词或情态动词的疑问句中，副词的位置与其在陈述句中的位置相同。例：Canyousayhonestlythatyouhaveneverlied?Canyouhonestlysaythatyouhaveneverlied?,51,3有的副词位置非常灵活，如sometimes，often，soon，perhaps等，可放在句首、句中或句末。b形容词的位置形容词大部分时候放在所修饰的词的前面，但是也有例外：复合不定代词的定语后置。例：NearlyeveryimmigrantcomestorealiseimmediatelythatthereisincomprehensibleandpeculiarsomethingaboutthelocalcultureNearlyeveryimmigrantcomestorealiseimmediatelythatthereissomethingincomprehensibleandpeculiaraboutthelocalculture,52,九、倒装和平行结构a倒装1Sothat和suchthat句型中，如果so或者such放在句首，则需要倒装。例：SopopularInternetisthatitsimpactsonourdailylivesareworthyofconcernSopopularisInternetthatitsimpactsonourdailylivesareworthyofconcern2“only+状语”放在句首的时候，需要倒装。例：OnlywhentheexternalconditionsarefavourablewecantacklethisproblemOnlywhentheexternalconditionsarefavourablecanwetacklethisproblem,53,3否定词语放在句首要倒装，如never，hardly，rarely，seldom，barely，nowhere等。例：WehavemadeitclearthatundernocircumstanceswewoulduseitforpersonalaffairsWehavemadeitclearthatundernocircumstanceswouldweuseitforpersonalaffairs4具备否定意义的连词放在句首也要倒装，如notonlybutalso,nor,notuntil等。例：AquickdishdoesnotnecessarilymeanacompromiseofflavorNorfastfoodhastobejunkfoodAquickdishdoesnotnecessarilymeanacompromiseofflavorNordoesfastfoodhavetobejunkfood,54,1and和or的平行结构例1：Itiswidelyacceptedthattheprocessofeducationbeginsatbirthandcontinuingthroughout1ifeItiswidelyacceptedthattheprocessofeducationbeginsatbirthandcontinuesthroughoutlife例2：Whiletertiaryeducationhasbeenpresentthroughoutmuchofhistory,itisnotuntilrecentlythatitseconomic，societyandpoliticsimportancehasbecomeprominentWhiletertiaryeducationhasbeenpresentthroughoutmuchofhistory,itisnotuntilrecentlythatitseconomic,socialandpoliticalimportancehasbecomeprominent,55,2neithernor，aswellas，bothand，notonlybutalso，notbut，thesameas的平行结构。例：ItisarguedthatanimalsshouldhavethesamerightsashumanbeingItisarguedthatanimalsshouldhavethesamerightsashumanbeings,56,十、从句使用错误a.定语从句(充当主句的定语，类似于定语形容词的功能)1如果先行词指人，关系代词都用who或that，不用which。例：Theelderly,whicharenormallyincapableoflookingafterthemselves,needtimeandcompassionfromtheirfamilyTheelderly,whoarenormallyincapableoflookingafterthemselves,needtimeandcompassionfromtheirfamily,57,2如果关系代词在从句当中作定语，那么要用whose，而不是which或者who。例：Ofthosefast-growingcountries,China,whicheconomyhasbeengrowingat9percentperyear,isparticularlysuccessfulOfthosefast-growingcountries,China,whoseeconomyhasbeengrowingat9percentperyear，isparticularlysuccessful,58,3关系代同如果是在介词后面，只能用which或者whom，不能用that。例：ThereareplentyofnaturalresourcesinChina，mostofthatareu