《Arguments and Fallacies》2019章节测试题与答案

Arguments and Fallacies2019章节测试题与答案第1章 单元测试1、Every argument has more than one premise.答案：错2、The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.答案：错3、To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.答案：错4、“33 + 66 = 99” is an argument.答案：错5、All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.答案：错6、Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes.答案：错7、An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.答案：错8、When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.答案：错9、You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.答案：对10、All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.答案：对11、To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.答案：错12、An explanation answers a question about why something happened.答案：对13、Language is completely arbitrary.答案：错14、The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.答案：错15、“Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is an argument.答案：商品16、An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects the arguments premises.答案：对17、When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.答案：对18、A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.答案：对第2章 单元测试1、The word “ since ” is always a premise marker.答案：错2、If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.答案：对3、Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.答案：对4、An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.答案：对5、The word“too”in “too small” introduces an evaluation.答案：对6、“If then ” is an argument marker.答案：错7、A(n) _term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.答案：第一空： accountant 第二空： mechanic 第三空： chef 第四空： tour guide8、A(n) _ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.答案：第一空： accountant 第二空： mechanic 第三空： chef 第四空： tour guide9、A(n) _ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.答案：第一空： accountant 第二空： mechanic 第三空： chef 第四空： tour guide10、A(n) _ term can be either positive or negative.答案：/11、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker12、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker13、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker14、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker15、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker16、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker17、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker18、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker19、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker20、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker21、Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best. From Steven Jay Gould “The Pandas Thumb” : The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolutionpaths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.答案：P = a premise marker第3章 单元测试1、He is so strong that he can lift 100 kilograms.答案：N = not an argument2、Since Mrs. White did not commit the murder, Colonel Mustard did it. Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?答案：Either Mrs. White or Colonel Mustard committed the murder.3、Joe does not like steak. Therefore, some farmers dont like steak. Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?答案：Joe is a farmer.4、An argument is sound (in the technical sense used in this course) when and only when答案：the argument is valid and its premises are true.5、If jellyfish were birds, then they would have feathers; so jellyfish are not birds. Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?答案：Jellyfish do not have feathers.6、You ought to wear a coat, because it is freezing. Which of the following sentences could be added as a suppressed premise to make this argument valid?答案：You ought to wear a coat when it is freezing.7、He can l