国际货物运输 International Cargo Tranport

InternationalCargoTransport,Chapter6,Objectives,thedifferentmodesoftransport,esp.oceantransportthenatureoflinertransportgeneralconsiderationsoncargotransportthevariouskindsofB/Lthecontentsofthetransportclause,Focus,Thetimeofdelivery,Shipmentterms,Difficultpoints,Applicationoftransportdocuments,Modesoftransport(oceantransport),Transportdocuments,Chapter6,1,6.1.ModesofTransport6.2.GeneralConsiderationsonCargoTransport6.3.MajorTransportDocuments6.4.ClauseofShipment,2,ChapterSix,Whatarethemajortypesoftransportation?Canyoudescribetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthemodesoftransportationyouhavementioned?Whatshouldweconsiderwhenchoosingacertainmodeoftransportation?,Questions,3,4,Overview,Transportaidstradegreatly.Bymovinggoodsfromplacesinonecountrywheretheyaresoldtoplacesinanotherwheretheyarebought,transporthelpstobringabouttherealizationofatransaction.Transportisindispensabletoimportandexportbusiness.Ininternationaltrade,boththesellerandthebuyershouldnegotiateandstipulatethetermsandconditionsoftheshipmentclause,suchasshipmentdate,portofshipmentanddestination,partialshipment,transshipment,etc.Withoutspecificstipulationsoftheshipmentclauseinthesalescontract,somedisputeswouldarisefromtheperformanceofthesalescontractandleadtoseriousoutcome.,Theconceptofdelivery,Thesellerdeliversthecontractedgoodsattheagreedtime,placeandintheagreedmannertothebuyer.Ininternationaltrade,thedeliveryalsomeanstotransportthenecessarydocumentsatthestipulatedtimetothebuyer.Theformeriscalledphysicaldeliveryofgoods,whichisappliedinsalesunderEtermsandDterms,whilethelateriscalledsymbolicdeliveryofgoods,whichisappliedinthesalesunderFtermsandDterms.,5,6.1.ModesofTransport(InternationalCargoTransportation),InlandTrans.WaterTrans.ContainerTrans.River-seaCostalTrans.CombinedSeaTrans.InshoreTrans.Trans.LandBridgeTrans.Ocean-goingTrans.ICTIntlMultimodalTrans.RailTrans.LandTrans.AirTrans.RoadTrans.PipeTrans.PostalTrans.,6,(1)Featuresofoceantransport(2)Operationalmodesofoceantransport(3)FreightRates,7,1.Ocean/Sea/MarineTransport,FeaturesofOceanTransport,Advantages:Theeasypassagesinceabout70%oftheearthiscoveredbywater.Largecapacity.Theunitdistributioncostreduced.Goodadaptabilitytocargoesofdifferentsize,weight,shape,etc.Disadvantages:Thelowpassageofoceantransport.Vulnerabletobadweatherandlesspunctualcomparedwithroadorairtransport.,8,1)LinerTransport（班轮运输）,Apassengerorcargovesselthatoperatesoveraregularrouteaccordingtoanadvertisedtime-table.Featuresfixedroute,ports,scheduleandrelativelyfixedfreightloadingandunloadingchargesincludedinfreightsimpleproceduresandidealforcargoofsmallquantity,TypesofShippingServices,9,2)CharterTransport租船运输（TrampShipping)不定期船运输,Thepracticeofpayingmoneytoashippingcompanytousetheirboats.Muchcheaperthanthatoftheliner.Shippersmaychoosedirectroute.Widelyusedintransportingbulkcargoes.,10,CharterTransport,VoyageCharter,TimeCharter,BareboatCharter,.,Thecharterorhiringofavesselandcrewforasinglevoyage,singletripcharter单航次租船returntripcharter来回程航次租船consecutivevoyages连续航次程租,Thecharterofashipforadefiniteperiodoftime.,Theshipownerisresponsibleforprovidingseaworthyshipandtherelatedcharges.Therenterhastherighttodispatchtheship,butbearallexpendituresintransit,suchaschargesforfuels,portandloading8.6X8X40(IAA);8X8X20(IC),29,ContainerTransport,Containerizationoffers:adoortodoorserviceunderFCL/FCL（整装整拆）,doortocontainerfreightstation(CFS)serviceunderFCL/LCL（整装拼拆）CFStoCFSserviceunderLCL/LCL（拼装拼拆）CFStodoorserviceunderLCL/FCL（拼装整拆）,30,ContainerFreight,Basedoncontainercapacity/originanddestinationofthemerchandiseInlandtransportationcostisincludedBasedonthetypeofcommodityForLCL,eachcommodityischargedseparatelyforthefreight,31,InternationalMulti-modalTransport,AtleasttwomodesoftransportOnecontract,onetransportdocument,oneoperator,onefreightrateUseofcontainersAdvantagesHighefficiencyGoodqualityCostandtimesavingEconomyandsimplicityofdocumentation,32,6.2.GeneralConsiderationsonCargoTransport,(1）Reliability(2）SpeedandFrequency(3）Cost,33,6.3MajorTransportDocuments,BillofladingConsignmentnote(forRailandRoad)AirwaybillCombinedtransportdocuments(CTD),34,BillofLading(B/L),1.DefinitionandFunctionAbillofladingisashippingdocumentthatservesas:1)areceiptofthegoods(货物收据)2)adocumentoftitle(物权凭证)3)theevidenceofthecontractbetweentheconsignorandthecarrier(运输契约的证明),35,Billoflading(B/L)Abilloflading(B/L)isusedforseashipmentandisacertificateofownershipofgoods.Itmustbeproducedattheportoffinaldestinationbytheimporterinordertoclaimgoods.Asadocumentoftitle,thebillofladingisalsoanegotiabledocumentandyoumaysellthegoodsbyendorsingorhandingitovertoanotherauthorizedparty,evenwhilethegoodsarestillatsea.Althoughnegotiablebillsofladingareincommonuse,somecountriesdonotallowthemormakeitdifficultforthemtobeused.YouhavetobesurethatanegotiableB/Lisacceptedinyourcountry.Otherwise,anon-negotiableB/Lisissued.TheB/Lisaformal,signedreceiptforaspecifiednumberofpacks,whichisgiventotheexportagentbytheshippinglinewhentheshippinglinereceivestheconsignment.Ifthecargoisapparentlyingoodorderandproperlypackedwhenreceivedbytheshippingline,thebilloflading,isdeemedasclean.Theshipownerthusacceptsfullliabilityforthecargodescribedinthebill.SeesampleB/L,36,2.TypesofB/L,Asperwhetherthegoodsareshippedonboard:Shipped(onboard)B/L已装船提单ReceivedforshipmentB/L备运提单AsperwhethertheB/Liscleanornot:CleanB/LUnclean/FoulB/LUncleanB/Lcannotusedfornegotiation.,Someremarkscannotberegardedas“unclean”.不明白地表示货物或包装不能令人满意，如：“旧包装”，“旧箱”强调承运人对于货物或包装性质引起的风险不负责任否认承运人知悉货物内容、质量、重量等发货人装载并计数,37,38,AsperthenameoftheconsigneeStraightB/L记名提单BlankB/L/BearerB/L不记名提单OrderB/L指示提单(widelyused),Comparisons,Asperthemodesoftransport,DirectB/L直达提单TransshipmentB/L转船提单ThroughB/L联运提单LinerB/L班轮提单ContainerB/LCombinedB/LAsperthecontentoftheB/LLongformB/L全式提单ShortformB/L简式提单AspertheeffectofB/LOriginalB/L)正本提单CopyB/L副本提单,39,AspertheissuingdateofB/L,OndeckB/L甲板提单Whencargoisplacedonthedeckofashipfordelivery,anOnDeckB/Lisgiventotheexporterwhentheshipleavesport.StaleB/L过期提单BillspresentstotheconsigneeorbuyerorhisbankafterthestipulatedexpirydateofpresentationorafterthegoodsaredueattheportofdestinationAnte-datedB/L倒签提单WhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthatstipulatedintheL/C,thecarriersometimes,attheshippersrequest,issuesaB/Lwithadateofsignaturethatsuitstherequirementsoastoavoidnon-acceptancebythebank.AdvancedB/L预借提单WhentheexpirydateoftheL/Cisduebuttheexporterhasntyetgotthegoodsreadyforshipment.ThepurposeofissuingsuchabillistonegotiatepaymentwiththebankintimewithinthevalidityoftheL/C.,40,Anti-datedB/L&AdvancedB/L,倒签提单和预借提单被认为是典型的海运欺诈行为。不论出于什么原因，承运人通过倒签和预借提单，总是向收货人或提单持有人传达了一个关于装船时间的虚假情况。如果是应托运人的要求所为，那么从买卖关系上说，承运人则是帮助卖方掩盖了未能按时交运的违约事实。倒签和预借提单的主要原因是卖方不能按照买卖合同的约定时间交运货物，有时也因为承运人船期延误。,CaseStudy(1),我国某公司与瑞士某公司签订某农产品3500公吨的合同，每公吨CIF鹿特丹24英镑共值84000英镑。装船日期为当年12月至次年1月，对方以不可撤销的即期信用证进行支付。我国某公司在租船装运时，因原订货船临时损坏，在国外修理，不能在预定的时间到达我国口岸装货，临时改派香港某公司租船装运，但又因连日风雪，迟至2月11日才装完毕，2月13日开航。我某公司了取得符合信用证所规定的装船日期（即19年12月1日至次年1月31日）提单，要求外轮代理公司按次年1月31日签发提单，并以此提单向我银行办理议付。货物到达鹿特丹，经买方聘请律师上船查阅航行日志，查实提单的签发日期是伪造的立即凭证向当地法院起诉，并由法院发出扣船通知。船由外轮公司以30000英镑担保放行，我方经四个月的谈判，共赔偿20600英镑，买方才撤回上诉而结案，既损失了外汇，又对外造成了不良的影响。试对此案进行分析。,分析:倒签提单是一种违法行为，一旦被识破，产生的后果是严重的。但是在国际贸易中，倒签提单的情况相当普遍。尤其是当延期时间不多的情况下，还是有许多出口商会铤而走险。当倒签的日子较长的情况出现，就容易引起买方怀疑，最终可以通过查阅船长的航行日志或者班轮时刻表等途径加以识破。,CaseStudy(2),我国A公司与某国B公司于2004年10月20日签订购买52500吨化肥的CFR合同。A公司开出信用证规定，装船期限为2005年1月1日至1月10日，由于B公司租来运货的“顺风号”轮在开往某外国港口途中遇到飓风，结果装运2005年1月20日才完成。承运人在取得B公司出具的保函的情况下签发了与信用证条款致的提单。“顺风号”轮于1月21日驶离装运港。A公司为这批货物投保了水渍险。2005年1月30日“顺风号”轮途经巴拿马运河时起火，造成部分化肥烧毁。船长在命令救火过程中又造成部分化肥湿毁。由于船在装货港口的延迟，使该船到达目的地时正遇上了化肥价格下跌A公司在出售余下的化肥时价格不得不大幅度下降，给A公司造成很大损失。请根据上述事例，回答以下问题：问题:(1)途中烧毁的化肥损失属什么损失，应由谁承担?为什么?(2)途中湿毁的化肥损失属什么损失，应由谁承担?为什么?(3)A公司可否向承运人追偿由于化肥价格下跌造成的损失?为什么?,回答:,(1)属单独海损，应由保险公司承担损失。途中烧毁的化肥属于单独海损，依CFR术语，风险由A公司即买方承担；而A公司购买了水渍险，赔偿范围包含单独海损，因此由保险公司承担。(2)属共同海损，应由A公司与船公司分别承担。因船舶和货物遭到了共同危险，船长为了共同安全，有意又合理地造成了化肥的湿毁。(3)可以。因为承运人迟延装船，又倒签提单，须对迟延交付负责。,ConsignmentNote(forrailandroad),ContractofcarriageReceiptofgoodsNotadocumentoftitle,41,AirWaybill,ReceiptofgoodsContractofcarriageCertificateofinsuranceCustomsdeclarationInstructionsheettothecarrierBillforthefreight,42,43,TimeofshipmentHowtostipulatethetimeofshipmentinthecontract?1、Adefinitetimeisgivenforshipment.e.g.:ShipmentatorbeforetheendofMarch.ShipmentonorbeforeMay,15th.(thelatesttime)ShipmentnotlaterthanOctober31st.ShipmentduringJanuary.Shipmentwithinsixtydays.(acertainperiodoftime)ShipmentduringJan./Feb.,6.4.ClauseofShipment,2.WhenthepaymentismadebyL/C,thetimeofshipmentisusuallymadeinconnectionwiththetimeofreceiptofL/C.e.g.:TheBuyermustopentherelativeL/CtoreachtheSellersbefore15Oct.Shipmentwithin45daysafterreceiptofL/C.3.RecentshipmentImmediateshipmentPromptshipmentShipmentassoonaspossible,44,PartialShipment&Transshipment,ShipmentduringOct./Nov./Dec.2007,withpartialshipmentsandtransshipmentallowed.ShipmentduringJan./Feb.2007intwoequalmonthlylots(intwoequalmonthlyshipments),withtransshipmentallowed,45,某公司出口2000公吨大豆，国外来证规定：不允许分批装运。结果我方在规定的期限内分别在大连和青岛各装1000公吨于同一航次的同一船只上，提单上也注明了不同的装货港和不同的装船日期，试问：我方做法是否违约？银行能否议付？理由何在?,CaseStudy,RelevantLinktoUCP600,46,Article31PartialDrawingsorShipmentsa.Partialdrawingsorshipmentsareallowed.b.Apresentationconsistingofmorethanonesetoftransportdocumentsevidencingshipmentcommencingonthesamemeansofconveyanceandforthesamejourney,providedtheyindicatethesamedestination,willnotberegardedascoveringapartialshipment,eveniftheyindicatedifferentdatesofshipmentordifferentportsofloading,placesoftakinginchargeordispatch.Ifthepresentationconsistsofmorethanonesetoftransportdocuments,thelatestdateofshipmentasevidencedonanyofthesetsoftransportdocumentswillberegardedasthedateofshipment.Apresentationconsistingofoneormoresetsoftransportdocumentsevidencingshipmentonmorethanonemeansofconveyancewithinthesamemodeoftransportwillberegardedascoveringapartialshipment,evenifthemeansofconveyanceleaveonthesamedayforthesamedestination.c.Apresentationconsistingofmorethanonecourierreceipt,postreceiptorcertificateofpostingwillnotberegardedasapartialshipmentifthecourierreceipts,postreceiptsorcertificatesofpostingappeartohavebeenstampedorsignedbythesamecourierorpostalserviceatthesameplaceanddateandforthesamedestination.,第三十一条部分支款或部分发运a.允许部分支款或部分发运。b.表明使用同一运输工具并经由同次航程运输的数套运输单据在同一次提交时，只要显示相同目的地，将不视为部分发运，即使运输单据上表明的发运日期不同或装货港、接管地或发运地点不同。如果交单由数套运输单据构成，其中最晚的一个发运日将被视为发运日。含有一套或数套运输单据的交单，如果表明在同一种运输方式下经由数件运输工具运输，即使运输工具在同一天出发运往同一目的地，仍将被视为部分发运。c.含有一份以上快递收据，邮政收据或投邮证明的交单，如果单据看似由同一快递或邮政机构在同一地点和日期加盖印戳或签字并且表明同一目的地，将不视为部分发运。,Considerationsfordecidingthetimeofshipment,ThesupplyofthegoodsTransportationThemarketconditionsofthegoodsTheconditionsofthegoods,47,Follow-upPractice,1ReviewandDiscussionQuestions1)Whatarethemajortypesoftransportationininternationalcargotransport?2)Whatarethecharacteristicsoflinertransport?3)Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoyagecharterandtimecharter?4)WhatarethemainfunctionsofB/L?5)Whatshouldbeconsideredwhenchoosingportofshipmentandportofdestination?6)Whytheadviceofshipmentcancoordinatetheresponsibilitiesoftheexporterandtheimporter?7)Whatarethemainresponsibilitiesofmulti-modaltransportoperator?8)Whatmainpointsareincludedintheclauseofshipment?,48,2Choosetherightanswerfromeachofthefollowing.,1)_canbefreelyboughtandsoldjustlikecommodities.A.RailwaybillB.AirwaybillC.ShippingadviceD.Oceanbilloflading2)Freightunderlinertransportation_.A.needstostipulatedemurrageanddispatchmoneybetweentheshipperandthecarrierB.doesnotincludeloadingandunloadingcostC.consistsofbasicchargesandadditionalchargesD.iscollectedbasedongrossweightofthegoods3)AirwaybillisNOT_.A.atransportcontractbetweentheconsignorandthecarrierB.adocumentforcustomsclearanceC.adocumentforbanknegotiationD.adocumentoftitle4)_isthemostcommonlyusedtransportationmode,whichoccupies2/3ofinternationaltransportation.A.RailwaytransportationB.MaritimetransportationC.AirtransportationD.Parceltransportation5)Ininternationaltrade,theimporteroftendoesnotrequire_.A.shippedB/LB.cleanB/LC.blankB/LD.orderB/L,49,6)_canbetransferredafterendorsement.A.straightB/LB.blankB/LC.orderB/LD.throughB/L7)Multi-modaltransportoperatorisresponsiblefor_.A.thefirstvoyageB.thewholevoyageC.theoceantransportC.thelastvoyage8)Under_character,theship-owneronlyrentsthecharterertheboat.A.demiseB.timeC.voyageD.booking9)_issuitableforconveyingfresh,emergentandseasonalgoods.A.scheduledairlinesB.charteredcarriersC.consolidatedconsignmentD.liners10)Ifitemsmarkedwith“ADVal.”,thefreightistobecalculatedonthebasisof_ofthecargoconcerned.A.weightB.priceorvalueC.measurementD.volume,50,3.Judgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.,1)Theloadingandunloadingchargesareincludedinthefreightoftheliners.()2)Demurrageistheextrachargesashipperpaysfordetainingafreightshipbeyondtimepermittedforloadingorunloading.()3)Dispatchmoneyisafineimposedonthechartererforthedelayintheloadingandunloadingofthegoods.()4)StraightB/Lcanbetransferredthroughendorsement.()5)Abillofladingisbothareceiptformerchandiseandanevidenceofcontracttodeliveritasfreight.()6)Advantagesofcontainerizationincludelesshandlingofcargo,moreprotectionagainstpilferage,lessexposuretotheelements,andreducedtimeofshipping.()7)OrderB/Lcanbetransferredwithorwithoutendorsement.()8)Ininternationalmulti-modaltransportation,amulti-modaltransportoperatorwillissueacombinedtransportdocumentandberesponsibleforthesafecarriageofthewholevoyage.()9)Inordertoclarifywhowillbeartheloadingandunloadingchargesinvoyagechartertransportation,theclause“Freeinandout”issetforthintheVoyageCharterParty.Thismeansthecharterershallberesponsibleforbothloadingandunloadingcharges.10)Freeinandfreeoutmeansthatship-ownerisresponsibleforbothloadingandunloadingcharges.(),51,AChinesecompany(CompanyA)signedasalescontractwithaBraziliancompany(CompanyC).CompanyAentrustedashippingcompany(CompanyB)toshipthe10000sacksofcoffeebeansfromShanghaiPorttoaportinBrazil.CompanyBissuedacleanB/Levidencingthateachsackweights60kgsinapparentgoodcondition.Whenthegoodsarrivedatthedestination,CompanyCfoundthattheweightof600sacksofgoodswas25%lessinquantitythancontractedandthepackageswereloosened.Therefore,CompanyCsuedCompanyBforthequantitydiscrepancybetweenthedeliveredgoodsandthedescriptionsontheB/L,andaskedCompanyBtocompensatefortheloss.CompanyBlaterprovidedevidencetoprovethattheloosenedpackagesandtheshortweighthadexistedwhenthegoodswereloadedonboard,andthecompanyissuedthecleanB/Lbecauseoffailureincheckingeverypackage.SincethediscrepancyindeliveredquantitywasnotcausedbyCompanyB.thecompanyshouldnotcompensatefortheloss.Investigationalsoconfirmedthattheshortweightof600sackswasnot