《系统解剖学》教学资料theskull颅骨

1,TheSkull,李文春教授DepartmentofAnatomyHubeiUniversityofMedicine,【目的和要求】,1掌握颅的组成、脑颅和面颅各骨的名称；颅整体观的重要结构（颅底内面的主要结构，颅侧面的主要结构，眶、骨性鼻腔的形态特征，鼻旁窦的名称、位置及开口）。2熟悉脑颅和面颅各骨的形态结构。3了解新生儿颅的特征及其生后变化。,面部的年龄变化,Theskull颅,Theskullcontains23bones.Theskullisdividedintotwoparts:cerebralcranium（脑颅）andfacialcranium(面颅),frontalbone额骨ethmoidbone筛骨Unpairedsphenoidbone蝶骨occipitalbone枕骨parietalbone顶骨pairedtemporalbone颞骨,(一）Thecerebralcranium,Thecerebralcraniumconsistsofeightcranialbones.,maxillae上颌骨palatinebone腭骨pairedzygomaticbone颧骨bonesnasalbone鼻骨lacrimalbone泪骨inferiornasalconchae下鼻甲vomer犁骨Unpairedmandible下颌骨boneshyoidbone舌骨,(二）Thefacialcranium,Thefacialcraniumarefifteeninnumber.,(二）Thefacialcranium,1.Themandible,2.Thehyoidbone,angleofmandible,长方脸,圆脸,方脸,瓜子脸,下颌角与面型的关系按流行的分类方法，中国人的脸形可分为方脸、圆脸、长方脸、长圆脸，其中以长圆脸俗称瓜子脸最受青睐。,芳龄24岁的林小姐下颌角向外膨隆，形成一典型的国字脸。这张脸要是男子汉倒能显出几分粗犷，几分威严，但却给爱美的林小姐凭添无数烦恼。,怎么办呀！,短脸、方脸通过整形可以变成漂亮的瓜子脸。,下颌角肥大矫正术,12,世界首例3D打印下颌移植手术,技术人员可根据移植患者的具体需求来设计骨骼部件的效果图，然后利用高精度的镭射枪来熔解钛粉，并将它们一层层地喷涂叠加起来，最终形成一个立体的人造骨骼部件成品。,通过3D立体打印技术制作人造骨骼对于医疗移植技术的未来发展来说是至关重要的，因为它可以贴合各种需求制作出复杂精细的骨骼或软组织构造，提高移植手术的速度和成功率。,(三）Theskullasawhole颅的整体观,1.Thesuperioraspectoftheskull,coronalsuture冠状缝sagittalsuture矢状缝lambdoidsuture人字缝,Theskullisgenerallyovoidwhenfromabove,andiswiderbehindthaninfront.Itformedbyfourcranialbones.,2.Theposterioraspectoftheskull,Themostoutstandingfeatureoftheoccipitalboneisexternaloccipitalprotuberance枕外隆凸.Theridge骨嵴passingoneachsidelaterallyoftheprotuberanceisthesuperiornuchalline上项线,3.Theinternalsurfaceofthebaseofskull,Itisdividedintothreefossa.Thesearetheanterior,themiddleandtheposteriorcranialfossa.,frontalcrest额嵴foramencecum盲孔cristagalli鸡冠cribriformplat筛板cribriformforamina筛孔,(1)Theanteriorcranialfossa颅前窝,Inthecenteristhehypophysialfossa垂体窝.Infrontofthehypophysialfossaistheopticcanal视神经管.Lateraltothehypophysialfossaisthecarotidsulcus颈动脉沟.Thereareaseriesofforaminainthelateralportionofthemiddlecranialfossa:foramenrotundum圆孔,foramenovale卵圆孔foramenspinosum棘孔,(2)Themiddlecranialfossa颅中窝,Itisthelargestanddeepestofthethreecranialfossa.Thelowestpartofthefossapresentstheforamenmagnum枕骨大孔，Therearehypoglossalcanal舌下神经管内口abovetheanterolateralmarginoftheforamenmagnum.,(3)Theposteriorcranialfossa,Behindtheforamenmagnum,therearetheinternaloccipitalprotuberance枕内隆凸,sulcusfortransversesinus横窦沟,sulcusforsigmoidsinus乙状窦沟,jugularforamen颈静脉孔.internalacousticpore内耳门,Foramenmagnum枕骨大孔,Sulcusfortransversesinum横窦沟,Sulcusforsigmoidsinus乙状窦沟,Jugularforamen颈静脉孔,Internalacousticpore内耳门,Posteriorcranialfossa颅后窝,4.Theexternalsurfaceofthebaseofskull,incisiveforamen切牙孔greaterpalatineforamen腭大孔posteriornasalapertures鼻后孔occipitalcondyle枕髁hypoglossalcanal舌下神经管外口jugularforamen颈静脉孔styloidprocess茎突stylomastiodforamen茎乳孔,5.Thelateralviewofskull,externalacousticpore外耳门mastoidprocess乳突zygomaticarch颧弓temporalfossa颞窝infratemporalfossa颞下窝,pterion：inthetemporalfossa,thearea,wherethefourbones,frontal,parietal,temporalandsphenoid,isknownaspterion翼点.,(p)tirin,硬膜外血肿,26,颅内血肿微创穿刺引流术,6.Thefrontviewofskull,(1)theforehead额区superciliaryarch眉弓,(2)theorbits眶orbitalopening眶口supraorbitalforamen(notch)眶上孔infraorbitalforamen眶下孔orbitalapex:opticcanal视神经管口superiorwall:lacrimalfossa泪腺窝,medialwall:lacrimalsacfossa泪囊窝,nasolacrimalcanal鼻泪管inferiorwall:infraorbitalfissure眶下裂lateralwall:supraorbitalfissure眶上裂,(3)thebonynasalcavitynasalseptem鼻中隔superiormiddleconchae甲inferiorsuperiormiddlemeatus道inferiorsphenoethmoidalrecess蝶筛隐窝,(4)theparanasalsinuses鼻旁窦,thefrontal额sinuses,theethmoidal筛sinuses,thesphenoidal蝶sinuses,themaxillary上颌sinuses,(5)theoralcavity骨性口腔,(四）Theskullatbirth（自学）,anteriorfontanelle,posteriorfontanelle,Question,Theskullisdividedintotwoparts:cerebralcra