The Literature of Reason and Revolution.ppt

TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution(17631810),LiteraryhistoryMajorwritersandtheirliteraryworksReviewquestionsforthisPartII,IILiteratureofRevolution1(17631810),Thehistoricalbackgroundpp.14-15Literaryhistory:(pp.16-18)17thC.Am.Litwasprimarilyreligious,18thC.Am.Lit.waspolitical.AlthoughAm.Lit.didnotachievefullmaturityinthe18thcentury,itsscopewasatleastwidened.PublicOccurrences,1stAm.newspaper,16901stmagazinesin1741,IILiteratureofRevolution-2,Towardtheendofthecentury,severalnotableliterarypersonalitiesemergedamidthetumultoftheAm.Revolution.,Maintable,Majorwriters,BenjaminFranklinThomasPaineThomasJeffersonPhillipFreneau,BenjaminFranklin(17061790),HislifeHisachievementsHisliteraryworks,Hislife1,oneofthemostextraordinaryhumanbeingstheworldhaseverknownthefoundingfatherofUniversityofPennsylvania,Hislife2,BornintothefamilyofaBostoncandlemakerin1706receivedsomeformaleducationbutwasprincipallyself-taughtapprenticedtohisfatherbetweentheagesof10and12workedforhishalf-brotherJames,asaprinter,Hislife3,movedtoPhiladelphia,whereheobtainedemploymentasaprinterin1723(1yearonly)thensailedtoLondonfor2moreyearsin1730FranklinmarriedDeborahRead,Hislife4,servedasclerk(1736-51)andmember(1751-64)ofthecoloniallegislatureandasdeputypostmasterofPhiladelphia(1737-53)anddeputypostmastergeneralofthecolonies(1753-74).Inaddition,herepresentedPennsylvaniaattheAlbanyCongress(1754),calledtounitethecoloniesduringthetheFrenchandIndianWar,Hislife5,duringtheyears1757-62and1764-75,FranklinresidedinEnglandreturnedtoPhiladelphiainMay1775andimmediatelybecameadistinguishedmemberoftheContinentalCongressinlessthanayearandahalfafterhisreturn,theagedstatesmansetsailonceagainforEurope,beginningacareerasdiplomat,Hislife6,in1785FranklinbecamepresidentoftheSupremeExecutiveCouncilofPennsylvaniain1787hewaselectedasfirstpresidentofthePennsylvaniaSocietyforPromotingtheAbolitionofSlaveryin1790attheageof84,FranklinpassedawayinPhiladelphiaandwaslaidtorestinChristChurchBurialGround.,Hisachievements,hailedasanoutstandingcontributorinthefieldsofscience,politics,economyandliterature,Aprinter,Attheageoftwenty-two,IopenedmyownprintingshopPennsylvaniaGazettePoorRichardsAlmanackappointedtheofficialprinterofPennsylvania,BenjaminFranklin-Inventor,Swimfins,/bifocals,aglassarmonica,watertightbulkheadsforships,thelightningrod,anodometer,andthewoodstove(calledtheFranklinstove),Statesman,theFrenchandIndianWarsenttoEuropetorepresentthecoloniessignedtheDeclarationofIndependence,FoundingFatherandthedocumentshesigned,theDeclarationofIndependenceTreatyofAmityandCommercewithFranceTreatyofAlliancewithFranceTreatyofPeacewithGreatBritainConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Librarian,startedalendinglibraryandin1731thefirstlendinglibrarywasfoundedinAmerica,Philosopher,“ButdostthouloveLife,thendonotsquanderTime,forthatsthestufflifeismadeof.”oneofAmericasgreatthinkers,Musician,foundsimplebeautyinsimpletunesplayedseveralmusicalinstruments,includingtheviolin,harp,andguitarHisgreatinterestinmusicleadhimtobuildhisownglassarmonica,Armonica,Thissimplemusicalinstrumentwasplayedbytouchingtheedgeofthespinningglasswithdampenedfingers.Thearmonicasbeautifultonesappealedtomanycomposers,includingMozartandBeethoven.,Ecomonist1,Franklinspersonalideasabouteconomyhelpedtoshapethecountryseconomy.,Economist2,helpedtoestablishthepapercurrencysysteminAmerica,Hisidea,Franklinbelievedthattheonlytruewaytowealthwasthroughhardwork.,ThesouloftheAmericanDream,ThisnobleideabecamethesouloftheAmericanDream,theideathatallpeoplearecreatedequalandeachpersonhasthesameopportunitytoachievesuccess.,Writer,Hewouldhavebecomeamanoflettersifhehadshiftedintootherfieldsofstudythanliterature.Autobiography(anaccountofapersonslifewrittenbyhimselforherself),Franklin,Hisliteraryworks,TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklinMemoiresDeLaViePrivee.,publishedinParisinMarchof1791ThePrivateLifeoftheLateBenjaminFranklin,LL.D”publishedinLondonin1793/thefirstEnglishTranslation,Hisliteraryworks,PoorRichardsAlmanac(1729)TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin(1797/1793),PoorRichardsAlmanac1,thefirstvolumeofhisserialofcommonsensephilosophyandwittymaxims.Forthenexttwenty-fiveyearsitwouldbeoneofthemostwidelyreadjournalsintheBritishcoloniesandthemostfamousAmericanalmanac.Franklinstoppedwritingforthealmanacby1748andsolditin1758.Itcontinuedtobepublisheduntil1796.,PoorRichardsAlmanac2,Firstnumber(1733)ofBenjaminFranklinsPoorRichard,PoorRichardsAlmanac3,AdecoratedcopyofBenjaminFranklinsPoorRichardsAlmanackawaitsguestsThursdayevening,March23,2006intheBlueRoomoftheWhiteHouse,ataSocialDinnerhostedbyPresidentGeorgeW.BushandMrs.LauraBushinhonorofthe300thbirthdayofBenjaminFranklin.,PoorRichardsAlmanac4,Benusedittoexpresshissenseofhumor.,TheAutobiography2,thisclassicpieceofAmericanawasoriginallywrittenforFranklinssonWilliam,thentheGovernorofNewJersey.TheworkportraysafascinatingpictureoflifeinPhiladelphia,aswellasshrewdobservationsontheliterature,philosophyandreligionofthetime.,TheAutobiography3,FranklinwrotethefirstfivechaptersofhisautobiographyinEnglandin1771,resumedagainthirteenyearslater(1784-85)inParisandlaterin1788whenhereturnedtotheUnitedStates.Franklinendstheaccountofhislifein1757whenhewas51yearsold.,TheAutobiography4,ConsideredtobethegreatestautobiographyproducedinColonialAmerica,Majorthemesofhisliteraryworks,nationalidentityPuritanismrationalismthegrowingawarenessofAmericaasacountrywithvaluesandinterestsdistinctfromthoseofEngland,Hisstyle,P.1920Thepowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumorSarcasticessentiallyaneighteenth-centurywriteritsdidacticism,itsrefusaltolimitliteraturetobelleslettres,itsidealofthephilosopheoruniversalgenius,anditsemphasisontherhetoricofpersuasion,DetailedstudyofTheAutobiography,ActualreadingofthetextSelectsomeoftheideasorsayingsthathavecaughtyoureyeballDiscissionoftheselection,ReviewQuestions,BenjaminFranklinsachievementsFranklinsthemeandstyle,Readingsfornextweek,FreneauTheWildHoneysuckleTheIndianBuryingGround,Majorwriters,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,1.TEMPERANCEEatnottodullness;drinknottoelevation.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,2.SILENCESpeaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,3.ORDERLetallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,4.RESOLUTIONResolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,5.FRUGALITYMakenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself;i.e.,wastenothing.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,6.INDUSTRYLosenotime;bealwaysemploydinsomethinguseful;cutoffallunnecessaryactions.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,7.SINCERITYUsenohurtfuldeceit;thinkinnocentlyandjustly,and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,8.JUSTICEWrongnonebydoinginjuries,oromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,9.MODERATIONAvoidextreams;forbearresentinginjuriessomuchasyouthinktheydeserve.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,10.CLEANLINESSToleratenouncleanlinessinbody,cloaths,orhabitation.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,11.TRANQUILLITYBenotdisturbedattrifles,orataccidentscommonorunavoidable.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,12.CHASTITYRarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring,nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranotherspeaceorreputation.,BenjaminFranklinsThirteenVirtues,13.HUMILITYImitateJesusandSocrates,Majorwriters,ThomasPaine(1737-1809),HislifeHisliteraryworksTheAmericanCrisisHisstyle,ThomasPaine(17371809),ThemostarticulatespokesmanorpamphleteerofAm.RevolutionCametoUSwiththehelpB.FranklinIndictedfortreasonandforcedtotakerefugeinFrance,T.Paine,Painesmajorliteraryworks,CommonSense(1776):itcalledforindependence.ItdisplaysPainesgreatgeniusformemorablephrasesandemotion-packedlanguage.TheAmericanCrisis(17761783):itishischiefcontributiontoAm.RevolutionandAm.Lit.TheAgeofReason(1794):itisaboutreligion.,II.TheAmericanCrisis,backgroundThereadingofthetext,paine,GeorgeWashington(1732-1799),CommanderinChiefoftheContinentalarmyduringtheAmericanRevolutionfirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates(1789-97).,TheBattleofTrenton,AbattlefoughtatTrenton,NewJerseyonDec.26,1776Washingtonled2,400patriotsacrosstheDelawareRiver,surprisedandroutedtheHessiangarrisonof1,500menunderCol.JohaanRall,andcapturedover900.TheAmericanssuffered4wounded.ThisbrilliantvictorycoupledwiththatatPrincetononJan.3,1777,ledtotherecoveryofWesternNewJerseyandgreatlyraisedPatriotmorale.,Paine,Style:(definition),Thehabitualmannerofexpressionofanauthor.Anauthorsstyleistheproductofchoices,madeconsciouslyorunconsciously,anization,diction,imagery,pace,andevencertainrecurringthemesorsubjects.,Painesstyle-1,Hepossessedthegiftofusingkeywordsandphraseswhichhadamagneticeffectuponthosewhoreadthem.Hecouldelectrifyhisaudiencewiththewrittenwords.,Painesstyle-2,Theessayswerewritteninasimple,clear,andforcefulstyle.Hewrotewithurgency,excitement,andboldsimplicity.Hewasamasterofrhetorician.Hisargumentswerecruellysimple,hispresentationofissuesblandly(平淡无奇的）elementary.,ThomasJefferson(1743-1826),HisLifeDeclarationofIndependence,Hislife1,powerfuladvocateoflibertybornin1743inAlbermarleCounty,Virginia,HestudiedattheCollegeofWilliamandMary,thenreadlaw.In1772hemarriedMarthaWaylesSkelton,awidow,andtookhertoliveinhispartlyconstructedmountaintophome,Monticello.HediedonJuly4,1826.,Hislife2Epitaph,“HereliesThomasJefferson,AuthoroftheDeclarationofAmericanIndependence,oftheStatue（章程）ofVirginiaforReligiousFreedomandFatheroftheUniversityofVirginia.”,Hislife3,Jeffersonwaseloquentasacorrespondent,buthewasnopublicspeaker.Hecontributedhispenratherthanhisvoicetothepatriotcause.AsthesilentmemberoftheCongress,Jefferson,at33,draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.,Jefferson,TheDeclarationofIndependence1,DraftingcommitteeofDeclarationofIndependence(P35):JohnAdams,Franklin,RogerSherman,RobertR.LivingstonandThomasJefferson.“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallMenarecreatedequal,theyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights:thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness.”,TheDeclarationofIndependence2(textanalysis),Aprofoundandeloquentstatementofpoliticalphilosophy-thephilosophyofdemocracyandfreedom;Astatementofspecificgrievances(不满、冤情）designedtoprovethatGeorgeIIIhadsubverted（破坏）Americanfreedom;Asolemnstatementofindependenceandpledgeofsupportforthatpolicy.,Maintable,Questionsforreview,PainescontributiontoUSAandhiswritingstyle.Whatisthebasicargumentfor“TheDeclarationofIndependence”?,PhillipFreneau(1752-1832),HislifeHisliteraryworksHisthemesHisstyleSomeliteraryterms“TheWildHoneySuckle”,PhillipFreneau(17521832),“PoetoftheRevolution”,“FatherofAmericanPoetryNotedasimportantprecursoroftheRomanticmovementinpoetry.GenerallyconsideredthemostimportantearlyAmericanpoetbeforeWilliamCullenBryant.,PhillipFreneau,Freneausliteraryworks,“ThePowerofFancy”“TheHouseofNight”:Itisinfusedwithahaunting,gloomyatmosphere,foreshadowingtheGothicmoodofPoe.“TheBeautiesofSantaCruz”:Itblendsthepraiseofnaturewithsocialprotestinhischaracteristicmanner.Itreflectshisromanticappreciationforthatnaturalbeautyoftheislands.,Phiilipfreneau,Freneausthemes,Nature(TheWildHoneysuckle.)War(TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans)Indiancustoms(TheIndianBuryingGround),Phillipfreneau,Freneausstyle,Hewasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteandyetromanticinessentialspirit.Hisearlycoupletswereornate，butlaterhedevelopedanatural,simple,andconcretediction,bestillustratedin“TheWildHoneysuckle”.,Phillip,Someliteraryterms,ClassicismNeoclassicismRomanticism,Classicism-1,Classicism(古典主义）：ItisacriticaltermorbodyofdoctrinethoughtwhichisderivedfromortoreflectthequalitiesofancientGreekandRomanculture,particularlyinliterature,philosophy,art,orcriticism.,Classicism-2,Itstandsforcertaindefiniteideasandattitudes,mainlydrawnfromthecriticalutterancesoftheGreeksandRomansordevelopedthroughanimitationofancientartandliterature.,Classicism-3,Theseincluderestraint;restrictedscope;dominanceofreason;senseofform;unityofdesignandaim;clarity;simplicity;balance;attentiontostructureandlogicalorganization;interestinstyle;severityofoutline;moderation;self-control;intellectualism;decorum;respectfortradition;conservatism,andgoodsense.,terms,Neoclassicism-1,Neoclassicism(新古典主义)：atypeofclassicismwhichdrawsitsnamefromitsfindinginclassicalliteratureofancientGreekandRomanwritersandincontemporaryFrenchneoclassicalwritingsthemodelsforitsliteraryexpressionsandagroupofattitudestowardlifeandart.,Neoclassicism-2,Neoclassicidealshadconcreteeffectsonliterature.TheNeoclassicistsbelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.,Neoclassicism-3,Theyfollowedsomefixedlawsandrules:Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic(教导的，说教的），satiricordramatic.Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Dramashouldbeinheroiccouplet（英雄双韵体）;thethreeunitiesoftime,spaceandactionshouldbestrictlyobserved.,terms,Romanticism-1,Romanticism:FriedrichSchlegel:establishedthetermromantischinliterarycontexts(thatwhichisromanticdepictsemotionalmatterinanimaginativeform,hesaid.)AugustSchlegel(hisbrother):impliedthatromanticliteratureisincontrasttothatofclassicism.,Romanticism-2,ManyholdtothetheorythatitwasinEnglandthattheromanticmovementreallystarted.Atanyrate,quiteearlyinthe18thc.onecandiscernadefiniteshiftinsensibilityandfeeling(sentiment),particularlyinrelationtothenaturalorderandNature.,Phillipfreneau,“TheWildHoneysuckle”1786,anaturelyric(抒情诗：ashortpoemdirectlyexpressin