College English Grammar 5 Modifiers：Appositives.ppt

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWriting,Unit5,Modifiers：AppositivesGrammar:AppositivesWriting:Correcting:CluttersRewriting:Howtoorderyourideas,Appositives,Anappositiveisanounorapronounthatisplacednexttoanothernounorpronountoidentifyitorgiveadditionalinformationaboutit.Jackisourneighbor.Heisawell-knowncaptain.OurneighborJackisawell-knowncaptain.Anappositivephraseisanappositiveplusanywordsthatmodifytheappositive.St.PeterisoneofthemostfamousfortsinEurope.Itisoftenvisitedbyyoungmeninwinter.St.Peter,oneofthemostfamousfortsinEurope,isoftenvisitedbyyoungmeninwinter.,Wegenerallyusecommastosetoffanyappositiveorappositivephrasethatisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence.SheissavingmoneytotraveltoRome.RomeisthecapitalofItaly.SheissavingmoneytotraveltoRome,thecapitalofItaly.(TheappositivephrasethecapitalofItalyisnotessentialbecauseItalyhasonlyonecapital.),Anessentialappositivegivesnecessaryinformationaboutanounandisnotsetoffwithcommas.TheScarletLetterisHawthornesbook.Thebookhasbeentakenasoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories.HawthornesbookTheScarletLetterhasbeentakenasoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories.(Hawthornewrotemanybooks,soTheScarletLetterisnecessarytomakeclearwhichoneistheoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories.),Apartfromindicatingallmeaningofthenounorpronounitgoesalong,anappositivecanalsodenotepartofitsmeaning.WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballgames.Weoftenseedashesbeforesuchexpressionsasnamelyandforinstance,expressionsthatintroduceappositives.Allofthemnamely,mostofthemhavethecourse.Somevegetablesforinstance,carrotsandgarliccanhelpcurecertaindiseases.,Whenapronounisfollowedbyanappositive,choosethecaseofthepronounthatwouldbecorrectiftheappositivewereomitted.Weareyoungmen.Weshouldtakethetaskofreconstructionofourhomesaftertheearthquake.Weyoungmenshouldtakethetaskofreconstructionofourhomesaftertheearthquake.Sheisthebestteacherofthecollege.Thecollegegaveheranawardforexcellence.Thecollegegaveher,itsbestteacher,anawardforexcellence.,Appositivegiveextrainformationaboutthesubjectbutdontchangeitsnumber.Makesureyoudontmistakeawordinanappositiveforthesubjectofthesentence.Thestudentseachhasadictionary.Thestudentseachhaveadictionary.E.T.isoneofmyfavoritefilms.ItisdirectedbyStevenSpielberg.E.T.,oneofmyfavoritefilms,isdirectedbyStevenSpielberg.,Anappositiveprovidesmoreinformationaboutanounlikeanadjectiveclause.Infact,wemaytakeanappositiveasasimplifiedadjectiveclause,thatis,toomittherelativepronounandtheverbbe.ToniMorrison,whoisthewinnerofNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993,isanAfro-Americanauthoress.ToniMorrison,thewinnerofNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993,isanAfro-Americanauthoress.Hehassentathank-youlettertothecompany,whichisafriendlyacquirerinatakeover.Hehassentathank-youlettertothecompany,afriendlyacquirerinatakeover.However,notalladjectiveclausescanbereducedtoappositivesinthisway-onlythosethatgiveextrainformationandalsohaveaformoftheverbtobe(is,are,was,were).,1.Kindsofappositives,Appositivesusuallyappearinfourforms.1)SingleappositiveThemostcommontypeofappositivesissingleappositivewhichisanounoranounphraseusedtoidentifyorrenameanouninasentenceandsometimesmayinsteadrepeatanounforthesakeofclarityandemphasis:Titanicwasagreatship.TheshipwasinSouthampton.TheshipsailedonApril10th,1912.ItsdestinationisNewYork.Thegreatship,Titanic,sailedforNewYorkfromSouthamptononApril10th,1912.,2)MultipleappositivesTwo,three,orevenmoreappositivesmayappearalongsidethesamenountogiveanexplanationorextrainformation:Myhousewasflooded.Allofmyschoolworkgotwashedaway.Myschoolworkincludesphysics,literature,sociology,andcalculusAllofmyschoolworkphysics,literature,sociology,andcalculusgotwashedawaywhenmyhousewasflooded.Commasordashesmaybeusedtosetoffanappositive.Dashesareusefultopreventconfusionwhentheappositiveitselfcontainscommas.Also,usingdashesinsteadofcommasservestoemphasizetheappositive.,3)ListappositivesListappositivesoftengobeforeapronounsuchasallorthoseoreveryone.Thepronounhelpstoclarifythesubjectbydrawingtheitemstogetherthoughitisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence:theopeninglistcouldservebyitselfasthesubject.Thehillseemstoimpactonme.Theriverseemstoimpactonme.Eventhetreeseemstoimpactonme.Eventhepieceofrockseemstoimpactonme.Thehill,theriver,eventhetree,thepieceofrock,allseemtoimpactonme.,4)NegativeappositivesMostappositivesidentifywhatsomeoneorsomethingis,buttherearealsonegativeappositivesthatidentifywhatsomeoneorsomethingisnot.Negativeappositivesusuallybeginwithawordsuchasnot,never,orratherthan.Malestudentsareunlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool.Femalestudentsaremostlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool.Femalestudents,notmalestudents,aremostlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool.Peoplearetherealcreatorsofthehistory.Heroesarehardlytherealcreatorsofthehistory.People,ratherthanheroes,aretherealcreatorsofthehistory.,2.Positionofappositives,Anappositivemostoftenappearsdirectlyafterthenounorpronounitidentifies,explainsorrenames:Hetoldmethisbyhimself.HisuncleisnamedJim.Hisuncleisablackpoet.Hisuncleisworld-famous.HehimselftoldmethathisuncleJimisaworld-famousblackpoet.,Occasionally,anappositivemaycomesbeforeawordthatitidentifiesorrenames.Whenatthebeginningofasentence,theappositiveisalwaysseparatedbyacommafromtherestofthesentence.MexicoCityhasmanyarchaeologicalsites.Thesesitesareinteresting.MexicoCityisthebiggestcityintheworld.Thebiggestcityintheworld,MexicoCityhasmanyinterestingarchaeologicalsites.,Anappositivemayalsobeplacedattheveryendofasentence.Theendappositiveisusuallygivenaspecialemphasis.Compare:a)Thetrainfinallyarrivedandtwoyoungmenonebigandbroad，theothersmallandslightsteppedontotheplatform.b)Thetrainfinallyarrivedandtwoyoungmensteppedontotheplatformonebigandbroad,theothersmallandslight.TheappositiveinsentenceAmerelyinterruptsthesentencetogiveextrainformationwhileitmarkstheclimaxofthesentenceB.,Exercises1:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoonesentencewithanappositivephrase.,HeisnowanAmericancitizen.HeisapersonofFrenchorigin.ApersonofFrenchorigin,heisnowanAmericancitizen.ThomasJeffersonmaybelessfamousthanGeorgeWashington.ThomasJeffersonmaybelessfamousthanAbrahamLincoln.ThomasJeffersonisthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates.ThomasJefferson，thethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates，maybelessfamousthanGeorgeWashingtonandAbrahamLincoln.Theyputthetoolsinplace.Thetoolsareofmynewbusiness.Thetoolsarecurrycomb,brushandpitchfork.Theyputinplacethetoolsofmynewbusinesscurrycomb,brushandpitchfork.,Whoisthatman?Themanisthefirstinthefrontrow.Whoisthatman,thefirstinthefrontrow?5.Maryisplanningtoattendtheuniversity.Iknowsomemostintelligentgirls.Maryisoneofthem.Mary,oneofthemostintelligentgirlsIknow,isplanningtoattendtheuniversity.6.Myfavoriteprofessorsgavetalks.Dr.Harryandshearemyfavoriteprofessors.Thetalkswereinteresting.Myfavoriteprofessors,Dr.Harryandshe,gaveinterestingtalks.7.Grandmotherlefthermoney.Themoneywasgiventoherfavoritepeople.SimonandIwereherfavorite.Grandmotherlefthermoneytoherfavoritepeople,Simonandme.,Clutters,“Clutter”inwritingmaybedescribedasanythingthatclogsupthechannelbetweenthewritersimaginationandthereadersexperience.Whenrevising,weshouldaimtocutoutanylanguagethatisvague,empty,orrepetitious.Inotherwords,clearoutthedeadwood,beconciseandgettothepoint!Dontuseadependentclauseifaphrasewilldo.Dontuseaphraseifawordwilldo.,1.ReduceLongClausesWhenrevising,trytoreducelongclausestoshorterphrases.Mostattributiveclausesthatbeginwith“who/that,which+be”canbereducedtophrasesbydeletingthepart“who/that,which+be”.Mostadverbialclausesthatbeginwith“apronoun+be”canalsobereducedtophrasesbydeletingthepart“apronoun+be”.Wordy:Imetayoungladywhowasstillinherteens.Concise:Imetayoungladystillinherteens.Wordy:Whenyouareindifficulty,youmayaskforherhelp.Concise:Whenindifficulty,youmayaskforherhelp.,2.ReducePhrasesSimilarly,trytoreducephrasestosinglewords:Wordy:Whatwillhappenintheeventthatyoufailagain?Concise:Whatwillhappenifyoufailagain?Wordy:AstheMinistersays,thenumberofthepeopleregularlygoinginforsporthasrisenby95thousand.Concise:AstheMinistersays,thenumberofthepeopleregularlytraininghasrisenby95thousand.,3.AvoidEmptyOpenersAvoid“Therebe”asasentenceopenerwhenitaddsnothingtothemeaningofasentence:Wordy:Thereisnothingunusualthere.Concise:Nothingisunusualthere.Wordy:Therewasasteepriseinprices.Concise:Pricesrisesteeply.,4.AvoidRedundanciesRedundanciesareneedlesswordsthataddnothing(ornothingimportant)tothemeaningofourwriting.Checkoutthefollowinglistofcommonredundanciesandreplacethemwithprecisewordsordeletethewordswithoverlappingmeaningswhilewriting.,advance(forward)(advance)warningadd(anadditional)(brief)summaryclassify(intogroups)combine(together)(completely)destroyedconnect(together)drop(down)enter(into)(final)conclusion,join(together)kneel(down)meet(together)might(possibly)mix(together)present(time)reasonis(because)rise(up)slow(speed)small(size)warn(inadvance),Exercises:Cutcluttersfromthefollowingsentences,butdontcutdetailsorchangethewritersmeaning.,Therewasathiefrunningacrossthestreet.Thereasonwhyhedidntcomeisbecausehewasill.Youngpeopleareoftenunhappywhentheyarewiththeirparents.Workersareconstructingabuildingthatismeantforstorage.Mygrandmotherissomeonewhoisadmiredverymuchbyherfamily.MyolderdaughterJenneywasthefirsttogetup.Therewillbeariseinunemploymentnextyear.Althoughitwasataskthathasnotyetbeenfinished,Ibelieveitwillbecarriedon.TheCrossistheonethathasbeenadaptedbyChristiansastheirsymbol.Wegrewmanydifferentvegetablesincludingcabbages,beans,eggplants,potatoes,tomatoes,andetc.,Correcting:1.Athiefwasrunningacrossthestreet.2.because3.whentheyare4.thatismeant5.issomeonewho6.MyolderdaughterJenneygotupfirst.Unemploymentwillrisenextyear.itwasataskthathasnotyetbeenfinishedTheCrossistheonethathasbeenadaptedandetc,Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsen