ZigBee-based_Intra-car_Wireless_Sensor_Network.pdf
基于ZigBee的车内无线传感器网络【中文6400字】
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基于
zigbee
无线
传感器
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中文
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基于ZigBee的车内无线传感器网络【中文6400字】,基于,zigbee,无线,传感器,网络,中文
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SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTPS/WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/224719440ZIGBEEBASEDINTRACARWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKCONFERENCEPAPERJULY2007DOI101109/ICC2007653SOURCEIEEEXPLORECITATIONS36READS2166AUTHORS,INCLUDINGCEMSARAYDARGENERALMOTORSCOMPANY33PUBLICATIONS2,191CITATIONSSEEPROFILEAMACDONALDGENERALMOTORSCOMPANY5PUBLICATIONS182CITATIONSSEEPROFILEOKTONGUZCARNEGIEMELLONUNIVERSITY265PUBLICATIONS6,999CITATIONSSEEPROFILEALLCONTENTFOLLOWINGTHISPAGEWASUPLOADEDBYCEMSARAYDARON22MAY2014THEUSERHASREQUESTEDENHANCEMENTOFTHEDOWNLOADEDFILEZIGBEEBASEDINTRACARWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKHSINMUTSAI1,CEMSARAYDAR2,TIMOTHYTALTY2,MICHAELAMES2,ANDREWMACDONALD2,ANDOZANKTONGUZ11CARNEGIEMELLONUNIVERSITY,ECEDEPARTMENT,PITTSBURGH,PA152133890,USA2GENERALMOTORSCORPORATION,ECILAB,RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,WARREN,MI480922031,USAEMAILHSINMUT,TONGUZECECMUEDU,CEMSARAYDAR,TIMOTHYTALTY,MICHAELAMES,ANDREWMACDONALDGMCOMABSTRACTDUETOANINCREASINGNUMBEROFSENSORSDEPLOYEDINCARS,RECENTLYTHEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINIMPLEMENTINGAWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKWITHINACARINTHISPAPER,WEREPORTTHERESULTSOFPACKETTRANSMISSIONEXPERIMENTSUSINGZIGBEESENSORNODESWITHINACARUNDERVARIOUSSCENARIOSTHERESULTSOFTHEEXPERIMENTSSUGGESTTHATBOTHRECEIVEDSIGNALSTRENGTHINDICATORRSSIANDLINKQUALITYINDICATORLQICANONLYBEUSEDASATHRESHOLDBASEDINDICATORTOEVALUATETHELINKQUALITYINDICATINGPOORLINKQUALITYWHENDROPPINGBELOWACERTAINTHRESHOLDPRELIMINARYEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATADETECTIONALGORITHMDEVELOPEDBYTHEAUTHORSBASEDONRSSI/LQI/ERRORPATTERNSANDANADAPTIVESTRATEGYMIGHTINCREASETHEGOODPUTPERFORMANCEOFTHELINKWHILEIMPROVINGPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFTHERADIOIINTRODUCTIONWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKSHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDINVARIOUSMONITORINGAPPLICATIONSSUCHASINDUSTRIAL,HEALTH,ENVIRONMENTAL,SECURITY,ETCRECENTLY,VEHICULARAPPLICATIONSHAVEENTEREDTHELISTOFAPPLICATIONS,MAINLYTHROUGHTIREPRESSUREMONITORINGSYSTEMSMOREWIDESPREADUSEOFWIRELESSSENSORSINAVEHICLEWILLRESULTFROMONEORMOREOFSEVERALDIFFERENTFACTORSINCLUDINGDIFFICULTYWITHWIREDSENSINGANDCOSTREDUCTIONOPPORTUNITYFUELEDBYTHEEMERGINGINTERESTINTHEINDUSTRYFORDEPLOYINGAHIGHERNUMBEROFWIRELESSSENSORS,THEREISANEEDTOUNDERSTANDANDCHARACTERIZETHEWIRELESSCHANNELWITHINAVEHICLETOTHISEND,WEREPORTACASESTUDYUSINGWIRELESSSENSORNODESTHATARECOMPLIANTWITHZIGBEEZIGBEEISANINDUSTRYALLIANCETHATPROMOTESASETOFRULESWHICHBUILDSONTOPOFTHEIEEE802154STANDARDS1CHANNELBEHAVIORUNDERVARIOUSSCENARIOSISOBSERVEDFORZIGBEENODESPLACEDTHROUGHOUTAMIDSIZESEDANTOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGETHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEFIRSTATTEMPTTOCHARACTERIZEZIGBEEPERFORMANCEWITHINAVEHICLEENVIRONMENTTHERESTOFTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSINSECTIONII,THEDETAILSOFTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUPAREDESCRIBEDTHERESULTSOFTHEEXPERIMENTSANDTHEDISCUSSIONSOFTHESERESULTSAREPRESENTEDINSECTIONIIIINSECTIONIV,WEPROPOSEASETOFDETECTIONALGORITHMSANDANADAPTIVESTRATEGYTHATCANADJUSTTOCHANNELCONDITIONSFORIMPROVINGTHEERRORPERFORMANCEOFTHEWIRELESSCHANNELANDPRELIMINARYEVALUATIONRESULTSAREPRESENTEDFINALLY,THECONCLUDINGREMARKSAREGIVENINSECTIONVIIEXPERIMENTALMETHODASENSORNODEHARDWAREINOUREXPERIMENTS,WEUSECROSSBOWMPR24002ASOURSENSORNODEHARDWAREPLATFORMTHESPECIFICATIONSARESHOWNINTABLEIFIG1THEBLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUPBEXPERIMENTALSETUPANDSENSORNODEFIRMWAREFIGURE1SHOWSTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUPINTHEEXPERIMENT,SENSORNODESSNAREPLACEDINDIFFERENTLOCATIONSINTHEVEHICLETHEBASESTATIONBSISPLACEDINSIDETHEINSTRUMENTPANELOFTHEVEHICLE,NEXTTOTHEVENTTHEBASESTATIONISCONNECTEDTOAMIB510PROGRAMMERANDARS232TOUSBCONVERTERISUSEDTOCONNECTTHELAPTOPANDMIB510THESENSORNODESPERIODICALLYRETRIEVESENSORINFORMATIONFROMTHEATTACHEDSENSORSANDSENDBROADCASTSENSORPACKETSTOTHEBASESTATIONTHEBASESTATIONACTSASABRIDGINGDEVICEBETWEENTHESENSORNODESANDTHELAPTOP,RELAYINGTHESENSORPACKETSFROMSENSORNODESTOTHELAPTOPANDTHECOMMANDPACKETSFROMTHELAPTOPTOSENSORNODES,ASWELLASLOGGINGVARIOUSMETRICSSUCHASRECEIVEDSIGNALSTRENGTHINDICATORRSSI,LINKQUALITYINDICATORLQI,CRC,ETC,ANDAPPENDINGTHEMTOEACHRECEIVEDPACKETTHEPACKETLOGGER/PARSERSOFTWAREINTHELAPTOPPROCESSESTHEPACKETSSENTBYTHEBASESTATION,ANDSAVESTHEMTOALOGFILEFORFURTHERANALYSISTHECOMMANDSENDERINTHELAPTOPCANBEUSEDTOISSUECOMMANDSTOADJUSTTHEPARAMETERSOFSENSORNODESSUCHASTRANSMITTINGPOWER,PACKETSENDINGRATE,ETCTHEFIRMWAREOFSENSORNODESANDTHEBASESTATIONISBASEDONTINYOS11153TINYOSISANOPENSOURCECOMPONENTBASEDOPERATINGSYSTEMANDPLATFORMTARGETINGWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKSOURIMPLEMENTATIONSUSEVARIOUSAPIANDLIBRARIESPROVIDEDBYTINYOS1424403537/07/25002007IEEETHISFULLTEXTPAPERWASPEERREVIEWEDATTHEDIRECTIONOFIEEECOMMUNICATIONSSOCIETYSUBJECTMATTEREXPERTSFORPUBLICATIONINTHEICC2007PROCEEDINGSTABLEICROSSBOWMPR2400MICAZSPECIFICATIONPARAMETERVALUE/DESCRIPTIONPROCESSORATMEGA128LPROCESSORRADIOCHIPCHIPCONCC2420RADIOOPERATINGFREQUENCY24GHZEFFECTIVEDATARATE250KB/SMODULATIONFORMATOFFSETQUADRATUREPHASESHIFTKEYINGOQPSKTABLEIISENSORNODELOCATIONSINTHECARNODENOLOCATIONBEMBEDDEDINTHEINSTRUMENTPANEL,NEXTTOTHEVENT6ONTHEDASHBOARD,NEXTTOTHELIGHTSENSOR7ONTHERIGHTSIDEOFTHETRUNK,NEXTTOTHESTABILITYACTUATOR1INTHEENGINECOMPARTMENT,NEXTTOTHEFUSEBOX0INFRONTOFTHERADIATOR,BETWEENTHETEMPERATURESENSORANDTHEAIRQUALITYSENSORCSENSORNODELOCATIONSTHEVEHICLEUSEDINTHEEXPERIMENTISAGENERALMOTORS2005CADILLACSTSFIGURE2ANDTABLEIISHOWTHELOCATIONSOFTHESENSORNODESASWELLASTHEBASESTATIONINTHEVEHICLEDEXPERIMENTALSCENARIOSWEPERFORMEDDIFFERENTEXPERIMENTSUNDERVARIOUSSCENARIOSSHOWNINTABLEIIITHEDETAILSOFTHESESCENARIOSAREDISCUSSEDINTHEFOLLOWING1LOCATIONAMAINTENANCEGARAGETHISISSIMILARTOTHESERVICEDEPOTOFAREGULARCARDEALERTECHNICIANSWALKBYFREQUENTLYANDSEVERALOTHERCARSAREPARKEDNEARBYTHEREAREALOTOFSERVICEEQUIPMENTSINTHEGARAGEBCORPORATEPARKINGLOTTHISISAREGULARCORPORATEPARKINGLOTTHETESTVEHICLEWASPARKEDINONEOFTHEPARKINGSPACEANDSURROUNDEDBYOTHERCARSPEDESTRIANSPASSEDBYTHETESTVEHICLESOMETIMESFIG2SENSORNODELOCATIONSINTHECARTHENUMBERSINTHECIRCLESARESHOWINGTHENUMBEROFTHESENSORNODESEETABLEIIFORDESCRIPTIONSTABLEIIIEXPERIMENTALSCENARIOSSCENARIONOLOCATIONDRIVERENGINE1MAINTENANCEGARAGEPRESENTON2MAINTENANCEGARAGENOTPRESENTOFF3CORPORATEPARKINGLOTPRESENTON4CORPORATEPARKINGLOTNOTPRESENTOFF5ONTHEROADPRESENTONNEARBYVEHICLESSOMETIMESMOVEDINOROUTOFTHEPARKINGLOTCROADTHISISTHEDRIVINGSCENARIOTHECARWASDRIVENONTHEHIGHWAYMOSTOFTHETIMEANDSOMETIMESONLARGEMULTIPLELANELOCALROADS2DRIVERIN“DRIVERPRESENT”SCENARIOS,THEDRIVERWASSITTINGINTHECARANDHASFREQUENTMOVEMENTS,SUCHASOPERATINGA/C,RADIO,STEERINGWHEEL,ETCIN“DRIVERNOTPRESENT”SCENARIOS,THEDRIVERSSEATWASEMPTY3ENGINEIN“ENGINEON”SCENARIOS,THEENGINEWASSTARTEDANDKEPTRUNNINGTHROUGHOUTTHEWHOLEMEASUREMENTTHEAIRCONDITIONERANDTHERADIOINTHEVEHICLEWEREALSOTURNEDONIN“ENGINEOFF”SCENARIOS,THEENGINEWASTURNEDOFFNOTINTHEACCESSORYMODEANDTHEKEYWASREMOVEDFROMTHEVEHICLEECOMMUNICATIONPARAMETERSTRANSMITTINGPOWERINTHEEXPERIMENT,WESETTHETRANSMITTINGPOWEROFTHESENSORNODESTOBEAT5DIFFERENTLEVELS0,5,10,15,AND25DBMTHETRANSMITTINGPOWEROFTHEBASESTATIONWASFIXEDAT0DBMTHEBASESTATIONONLYTRANSMITSWHENSENDINGCOMMANDSTOSENSORNODESPACKETSENDINGRATEWECONFIGUREDTHESENSORNODETOSENDASENSORPACKETEVERY100MSTHISSENDINGRATEISSUFFICIENTFORNONSAFETYSENSORSINTHEVEHICLECHANNELSELECTIONTHEPHYSICALLAYERSTANDARDOFMICAZNODESFOLLOWSIEEE802154STANDARD4SINCE80211B/GDEVICESARETHEMOSTCOMMONDEVICESIN24GHZISMBANDANDARELIKELYTOCREATEALOTOFINTERFERENCE,WESELECTACHANNELTHATISAWAYFROMTHEBANDWIDTHOCCUPIEDBY80211B/GSTANDARDTHEBANDWIDTHUSEDBY80211B/GAND802154DEVICESARE3MHZAND22MHZ,RESPECTIVELYINOUREXPERIMENT,WECONFIGUREDTHESENSORNODESTOUSECHANNEL262480MHZTOAVOIDINTERFERENCEFROM80211B/GDEVICESINTHISCASE,THECLOSEST80211B/GCHANNELISCHANNEL112462MHZANDDOESNOTOVERLAPWITHOUR802154CHANNELPACKETFORMATFIGURE3SHOWSTHESENSORPACKETFORMATUSEDINTHEEXPERIMENTTHETOTALSIZEOFMACPROTOCOLDATAUNITMPDUPLUSTHEFRAMELENGTHFIELDIS31BYTESNOTETHATMOSTOFTHEFIELDSINTHEAPPLICATIONLEVELPAYLOADAREUSEDTORECORDTHEINFORMATIONFORTHEEXPERIMENTSFOREXAMPLE,WEUSED12BYTESTORECORDTHESENSORINFORMATION,ASWELLAS1BYTEEACHTORECORDTRANSMITTINGPOWERANDVERSIONNUMBEROFTHEFIRMWARETHESIZEOFTHESENSORPACKETCANBEREDUCEDBYREMOVINGTHISFULLTEXTPAPERWASPEERREVIEWEDATTHEDIRECTIONOFIEEECOMMUNICATIONSSOCIETYSUBJECTMATTEREXPERTSFORPUBLICATIONINTHEICC2007PROCEEDINGSFIG3SENSORPACKETFORMATTHENUMBERABOVEEACHFIELDREPRESENTTHESIZEOFTHEFIELDINBYTE5UNNECESSARYFIELDSANDRESULTSINALOWERPACKETERRORRATEDEPENDINGONAPPLICATIONS,THESIZEOFTHESENSORINFORMATIONFIELDCANALSOBEREDUCEDNODETRANSMISSIONSINTHEEXPERIMENTSCONDUCTED,ONLYONEOFTHESENSORNODESTRANSMITTEDATATIMEWEUSEDTHISSETTINGTOAVOIDINTERFERENCEFROMOTHERSENSORNODESANDFOCUSONMEASURINGTHELINKQUALITYMACRELATEDPARAMETERSINTHEEXPERIMENT,WEDISABLEDTHEAUTOMATICACKFEATURE,ASWELLASTHERETRANSMISSIONSTHESENSORNODESUSEAMACPROTOCOLSIMILARTOTHECARRIERSENSEMULTIPLEACCESSCSMAUSEDIN80211B/G,INWHICHITWILLWAITUNTILTHECHANNELISCLEARPERFORMCLEARCHANNELASSESSMENTANDTHENSTARTTRANSMITTINGDATACOLLECTIONFOREACHSCENARIO/TRANSMITTINGPOWER/SENSORNODE,WECONFIGUREDTHESENSORNODETOTRANSMIT6000SENSORPACKETS,WHICHTOOK10MINUTESTHETOTALTIMETOCOMPLETETHEDATACOLLECTINGPROCESSFOREACHSCENARIOWASAROUND200MINUTESFOBSERVABLEENTITIESTHEFOLLOWINGDESCRIBESVARIOUSOBSERVABLEENTITIESRECORDEDBYTHEBASESTATIONLINKQUALITYINDICATORLQILQIISCALCULATEDBYCHIPCONCC2420RADIOCHIPANDISACTUALLYCHIPCORRELATIONINDICATORCCIITISRELATEDTOTHECHIPERRORRATELQIRANGESFROM50TO110ANDISCALCULATEDOVER8BITSFOLLOWINGTHESTARTFRAMEDELIMITERRECEIVEDSIGNALSTRENGTHINDICATORRSSIRSSIISMEASUREDBYCHIPCONCC2420RADIOCHIPANDREPRESENTSTHEAMOUNTOFENERGYRECEIVEDBYTHESENSORNODEACCORDINGTO5,RSSIHASARANGEFROM100DBMTO0DBMANDTHEMAXIMUMERRORACCURACYIS6DBTHERSSIISCALCULATEDOVER8SYMBOLPERIODSSEQUENCENUMBERINTHESENSORDATAPACKET,THEREISANAPPLICATIONLEVELSEQUENCENUMBERFIELDWHICHWILLBEINCREASEDEACHTIMETHESENSORNODESENDSOUTAPACKETTHISCANBEUSEDBYTHEBASESTATIONTODETECTALOSTPACKETCYCLICREDUNDANCYCHECKCRCFIELDCHIPCONCC2420RADIOCHIPHASAUTOMATICCRCCHECKINGCAPABILITYANDTINYOSHASACRCFIELDINITSRADIOPACKETINDICATINGWHETHERTHEPACKETRECEIVEDPASSTHECRCCHECKINGTHECRCSCHEMEUSEDINCC2420ISCRC16ITUTGDEFINITIONSOFMETRICSINTHISSUBSECTION,WEDEFINETHEMETRICSUSEDLATERFIRSTWEDEFINETHEFOLLOWINGVARIABLESGDEFINESTHENUMBEROFPACKETSRECEIVEDBYTHEBASESTATIONANDPASSEDTHECRCCHECKLEDEFINESTHENUMBEROFPACKETSRECEIVEDBYTHEBASESTATIONANDEITHERTHELENGTHOFTHEPACKETORTHETYPEOFTHEPACKETINDICATEDBYTHETYPEFIELDWASNOTCORRECTCEDEFINESTHENUMBEROFPACKETSRECEIVEDBYTHEBASESTATIONANDFAILEDTHECRCCHECKADEFINESTHETOTALNUMBEROFPACKETSTRANSMITTEDNOTETHATOURPACKETPARSERWILLFIRSTDETECTLENGTH/TYPEERRORSIFTHELENGTH/TYPEOFTHEPACKETISNOTCORRECT,ITWILLBEPUTINTOLECATEGORYTHECRCFIELDOFTHESEPACKETSMIGHTINDICATETHATITISINERROR,BUTTHESEWILLNOTBEINCLUDEDINCENOWWEDEFINETHEFOLLOWINGERRORRELATEDPERFORMANCEMETRICSUSINGTHEABOVEVARIABLESPACKETRECEPTIONRATEPRRPRRGLECEA1PACKETERRORRATEPERPERLECEGLECE2GOODPUTGOODPUTGA3HEXPERIMENTFORUNDERSTANDINGTHEIMPACTOFBLUETOOTHTOSTUDYHOWTHEEXISTENCEOFANINTERFERENCESOURCECANIMPACTTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEZIGBEESENSORNODES,WEUSEDTHEINTEGRATEDBLUETOOTHHANDSFREEINTHECADILLACANDAMOTOROLARAZRV3CELLPHONETOCREATEINTERFERENCEWEPERFORMEDTHEEXPERIMENTWITHANDWITHOUTTHEBLUETOOTHINTERFERENCEINSCENARIONO3INTABLEIIIWITHLIMITEDBLUETOOTHDATASETEACHNODETRANSMITTEDUSINGONLYONETRANSMITTINGPOWERSETTINGINTHEEXPERIMENTWITHBLUETOOTHINTERFERENCE,THECELLPHONEWASUSEDTOPLACEAPHONECALLANDMAINTAINABLUETOOTHCONNECTIONWITHTHEHANDSFREEDURINGTHEWHOLEEXPERIMENTPERIODTHEBLUETOOTHPROTOCOLUSESAFREQUENCYHOPPINGSPREADSPECTRUMFHSSMECHANISMITHOPSTOONEOFTHEAVAILABLECHANNELSEVERY0625MSACCORDINGTOAHOPPINGSEQUENCESPECIFIEDBYTHEMASTERNODETHEBLUETOOTHSTANDARDUSEDINUSHAS791MHZWIDECHANNELSSPREADFROM2402MHZTO2480MHZHENCE,THELASTTWOCHANNELSWILLOVERLAPWITHTHE802154CHANNEL2479MHZUSEDINOUREXPERIMENTANDWILLCREATEINTERFERENCETOTHESENSORNODESTHISFULLTEXTPAPERWASPEERREVIEWEDATTHEDIRECTIONOFIEEECOMMUNICATIONSSOCIETYSUBJECTMATTEREXPERTSFORPUBLICATIONINTHEICC2007PROCEEDINGS3025201510505405060708090100TRANSMITTINGPOWERDBMCHANNELLOSSDBNODE6NODE7NODE1NODE0RECEIVESENSITIVITY94DBMFIG4CHANNELLOSSOFTHECHANNELSTOALLSENSORNODESTHEERRORBARSSHOWONESTANDARDDEVIATIONFROMTHEMEANIIIEXPERIMENTALRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONINTHISSECTION,WEPRESENTTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSANDDISCUSSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHESERESULTSACHANNELLOSSTHEATTENUATIONOFSIGNALSTRENGTHEXPERIENCEDASTHESIGNALPROPAGATESFROMTHETRANSMITTERANTENNATOTHERECEIVERANTENNAISREFERREDTOASCHANNELLOSSANDITISTYPICALLYMEASUREDINDECIBELSDBCLDBPTRANSMITTEDPRECEIVED4NOTETHATCLINCLUDESTHEANTENNAGAINSTHECHANNELLOSSDEPENDSONACOMPLEXSETOFFACTORS,INCLUDINGTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHETRANSMITTERRECEIVERPAIRANDTHETYPEOFMEDIUMALONGTHEPATHBETWEENTHETRANSMITTERANDTHERECEIVERTHELOCATIONOFEACHOFOURWIRELESSSENSORSIDENTIFIESACHANNELBETWEENTHEBASESTATIONNODEANDTHECORRESPONDINGWIRELESSSENSORNODEASSEENINFIGURE4,THEBESTCHANNELAMONGTHEFOURTHATWEREMEASUREDINOUREXPERIMENTSISTHECHANNELTONODE6ONTHEDASHBOARDNEXTTOTHETWILIGHTSENSORWHEREASTHEWORSTCHANNELHASBEENOBSERVEDASTHECHANNELTONODE0INFRONTOFTHERADIATORBETWEENTHEAIRQUALITYSENSORANDTHEAMBIENTTEMPERATURESENSORSINCEWEFIXTHELOCATIONSOFOURWIRELESSSENSORNODES,IDEALLYTHECHANNELLOSSCURVESHOULDBEAFLATLINEINDEPENDENTFROMTHETRANSMITTINGPOWERFOREACHCHANNELHOWEVER,ITCANBEOBSERVEDFROMOURRESULTSTHATFORLOWTRANSMITPOWERVALUES,ESPECIALLYFORTHECHANNELTONODE0,CHANNELLOSSSEEMSTOBEDECREASINGSUCHARESULTAPPEARSTOBECOUNTERINTUITIVE,HOWEVERACAREFULCONSIDERATIONOFTHECIRCUMSTANCESREVEALSTHATIFTHECHANNELLOSSISLARGEANDTRANSMITTINGPOWERLEVELISSUFFICIENTLYLOW,THERECEIVEDPOWERLEVELWILLBELOWERTHANTHERECEIVESENSITIVITYOFTHERECEIVERHARDWAREMOSTOFTHETIMEANDWILLNOTBERECEIVEDSUCCESSFULLYWITHOUTTHESEHIGHCHANNELLOSSPACKETS,THEAVERAGECHANNELLOSSISHIGHERTHANTHEEXPECTEDVALUEOBSERVEFROMFIGURE4THATINSUFFICIENTAMOUNTOFDATAANDSTATISTICALEFFECTSRESULTINSOMEVARIATIONSOFTHECHANNELLOSSCURVES,ASOPPOSEDTOPERFECTLYFLATLINESBERRORMETRICSANDRSSIPROFILESTHERECEIVESENSITIVITYOFTHERADIOCHIPINTHESENSORNODESIS95DBMTYPICALAND90DBMMINIMUM,ASSPECIFIEDBY5THESENSITIVITYCORRESPONDSTOTHEMINIMUMRECEIVEDSIGNALSTRENGTHBEYONDWHICHTHEPACKETERRORRATEEXCEEDS1,ASDEFINEDIN4TOSTUDYTHERELATIONBETWEENVARIOUSERRORMETRICSANDRSSI,WECOMPUTEDTHEPLOTSASFOLLOWSEACH6000PACKETSEQUENCEOFONESETTINGWASSPLITTOSEGMENTSOF50CONSECUTIVEPACKETSFOREACHOFTHESEGMENTS,ERRORMETRICSWERECALCULATEDOVERTHESE50PACKETS,WHICHISREPRESENTEDBYYTHEMEANOFTHERSSISOFTHESE50PACKETSWEREALSOCALCULATEDANDREPRESENTEDBYXTHENWEPLOTTHEPOINTWITHCOORDINATEX,YONTHEFIGURETOREPRESENTTHISSEGMENT,ANDREPEATTHISPROCEDUREWITHALLSEGMENTSINTHISSETTING,ANDALLTHEDATAOFOTHERSETTINGSFIGURE5AESHOWSTHEPROFILESOFPRRVERSUSRSSIFOREACHOFTHESCENARIOSFIGURE6ANDFIGURE7SHOWTHEPROFILESOF1PERANDGOODPUTVERSUSRSSI,RESPECTIVELYINFIGURE5,ONECANOBSERVETHAT,INAGREEMENTWITHTHESPECIFIEDRECEIVESENSITIVITY,THEPRRDROPSFROM1TO0WITHINTHERANGE91TO94DBMTHEOUTLIERSTHATVIOLATETHISGENERALOBSERVATIONAREDUETOEXTERNALEFFECTSSUCHASDRIVERMOVEMENTWITHINTHECABIN,INTERFERENCEFROMOTHERWIRELESSDEVICES,ETCFORINSTANCE,80211B/GACCESSPOINTSAREDEPLOYEDINTHEMAINTENANCEGARAGEINSCENARIONO1AND2,WHICHISCONFIGUREDTOOPERATEONCHANNEL11,WHICHISRATHERCLOSETOTHEFREQUENCYBANDTHEWIRELESSNODESOPERATEATASARESULTOFSUCHEFFECTS,THERECEIVESENSITIVITYBOUNDARYEXPERIENCESSLIGHTSHIFTSTOTHERIGHTOFTHEFIGURE,REPRESENTINGALESS“FRIENDLY”PROPAGATIONENVIRONMENTONECANALSOOBSERVETHATTHETRUNKDATAMANIFESTSAHIGHERLEVELOFFLUCTUATIONSMOREOUTLIERS,POSSIBLYDUETOTHERICHMULTIPATHENVIRONMENTCAUSEDBYTHEPRESENCEANDTHEMOTIONOFTHEPASSENGERALONGTHEDIRECTPATHTHATLIESBETWEENTHESENSORNODEANDTHEBASESTATIONNODEINFIGURE6,WEOBSERVETHATINSCENARIOSWHERETHEENGINEISONORTHEDRIVERISPRESENT,THEREISAHIGHERNOISELEVELWHICHLEADSTOPOORERPERPERFORMANCEWEALSOOBSERVETHATTHEREAREFEWEROUTLIERSASCOMPAREDTOTHERESULTSINFIGURE5,WHICHCOULDBEEXPLAINEDBYARELATIVELYLOWERIMPACTOFTHEDRIVERORTHEENGINENOISEONTHECORRELATIONBETWEENPERANDRSSIINFIGURE7,ONECANALSOOBSERVETHATTHEGOODPUTPERFORMANCEISGOODONLYWHENRSSIISMUCHLARGERTHANTHERECEIVEDSENSITIVITYBOUNDARYCERRORMETRICSANDLQIPROFILESINFIGURE8,WECALCULATETHEMEANXANDTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONXOFTHELQISOFTHE50PACKETSINASEGMENTTHENWEPLOTTHEPOINTSXX,YANDXX,Y,ANDCONNECTTHESETWOPOINTSWITHALINETOREPRESENTTHISSEGMENTANDREPEATTHEPROCEDUREFORALLOTHERSEGMENTSTHISFULLTEXTPAPERWASPEERREVIEWEDATTHEDIRECTIONOFIEEECOMMUNICATIONSSOCIETYSUBJECTMATTEREXPERTSFORPUBLICATIONINTHEICC2007PROCEEDINGS1009080706050400020406081RSSIDBMPRRSCENARIO1NODE6NODE7NODE1NODE0RECEIVESENSITIVITYASCENARIO11009080706050400020406081RSSIDBMPRRSCENARIO2NODE6NODE7NODE1NODE0RECEIVESENSITIVITYBSCENARIO21009080706050400020406081RSSIDBMPRRSCENARIO3NODE6NODE7NODE1NODE0RECEIVESENSITIVITYCSCENARIO31009080706050400020406081RSSIDBMPRRSCENARIO4NODE6NODE7NODE1NODE0RECEIVESENSITIVITYDSCENARIO41009080706050400020406081RSSIDBMPRRSCENARIO5NODE6NODE7NODE1NODE0RECEIVESENSITIVITYESCENARIO5FIG5PRRVERSUSRSSIPROFILESASSHOWNINFIGURE8,ONECANOBSERVETHATTHEVARIANCEOFEACHSEGMENT50PACKETS,WHICHISRECEIVEDINAPERIODOF5SECONDSINTHESEPLOTSISTOOLARGE,ANDHENCEWECONCLUDETHATITISDIFFICULTTOESTIMATELINKQUALITYBASEDONTHESHORTTERMAVERAGESTHATOURDATAPOINTSREPRESENT6ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATWEOBSERVEARELATIVELYHIGHCORRELATIONBETWEENLQIANDGOODPUTBASEDONTHESEOBSERVATIONS,WECANDEVELOPARULEOFTHUMBWHICHSAYSTHATTHEGOODPUTCOULDBEUSEDASANUPPERBOUNDIFLQIISSMALLERTHANACERTAINVALUETHEGOODPUTCANNOTBEHIGHERTHANACERTAINVALUECLOSERLOOKATFIGURE8SHOWSANEXAMPLEOFSUCHACURVEBLACKDASHEDCURVEWHICHCOULDBEUSEDASTHISBOUNDINGFUNCTIONDBLUETOOTHSIMPACTFIGURE9COMPARESTHEGOODPUTPERFORMANCEWITHANDWITHOUTTHEBLUETOOTHINTERFERENCEASEXPECTED,BLUETOOTHINTERFERENCEHASABIGIMPACTONTHEGOODPUTPERFORMANCETOALLNODESANDTHEGOODPUTSDECREASEBY340,DEPENDINGONTHEINDIVIDUALNODEANDRECEIVEDPOWERONECANALSOOBSERVETHATTHEIMPACTONGOODPUTISLARGERONNODESWHICHHAVEPOORERCHANNELQUALITYTHANOTHERSIVDETECTIONALGORITHMANDADAPTIVESTRATEGYEXISTINGSTUDIESINTHEOPENLITERATUREOFWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKUSUALLYCONCENTRATEONHOWTOUSEVARIOUSOBSERVABLE96949290888684828000102030405060708091RSSIDBM1PERSCENARIO1SCENARIO1FITTEDCURVESCENARIO2SCENARIO2FITTEDCURVESCENARIO3SCENARIO3FITTEDCURVESCENARIO4SCENARIO4FITTEDCURVESCENARIO5SCENARIO5FITTEDCURVERECEIVESENSITIVITYFIG61PERVERSUSRSSIPROFILETHEFITTEDCURVESINTHEFIGUREREPRESENTTHEORETICAL1PERCURVESWITHADDITIVEWHITEGAUSSIANNOISEAWGNTHECURVEFITTINGISDONETOGETTHEBESTFITWITHRESPECTTOTHEAWGNENTITIESSUCHASRSSITOEVALUATETHELINKQUALITYANDCHOOSEONEOFTHEAVAILABLEROUTESORLINKSBASEDONTHELINKQUALITYEVALUATIONINOUREXPERIMENT,WEASSUMETHATSTARTOPOLOGYISUSEDFORTHEWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKI
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